Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:44:44.294Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Trends in the Fashion Business: Spain and Italy in Comparison, 1973–2013

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2019

VERONICA BINDA  and
ELISABETTA MERLO
VERONICA BINDA
Affiliation:
Veronica Binda’s research focuses on business history in southern European countries, global economic history, and the history of international business. Her main publications include The Dynamics of Big Business (Routledge 2013) and articles in Business History, Business History Review, and the European Journal of International Management, among other journals. Contact information: Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, and Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics, Universidad Pública de Navarra. E-mail: [email protected].
ELISABETTA MERLO
Affiliation:
Elisabetta Merlo’s research interests focus on the history of the Italian fashion industry. Her main publications include articles in Business History, Business History Review, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, and Investigaciones de Historia Económica-Economic History Research. Contact information: ICRIOS—the Invernizzi Center for Research on Innovation, Organization, Strategy and Entrepreneurship, and Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University. E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article investigates the dynamics that characterized the top fashion industry companies in Italy and Spain in the last three decades of the twentieth century and the first thirteen years of the new millennium. The first section describes the sources and the methodology adopted. The second compares the features and transformations of the largest firms in the industry. The third focuses on these companies in 2013. The fourth discusses our findings, focusing on the impact that globalization and a possible “advantage of backwardness” had on the emergence of Italy and Spain as trendsetters.

Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 79 - 109
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The authors would like to thank the referees and editor for their insightful comments and suggestions. We would also like to thank Obra Social “La Caixa” and Fundación Bancaria Caja Navarra, who generously financially supported the research on the Spanish case within the framework of the initiative “Ayudas para la Captación del Talento adscritas a los Institutos de Investigación de la Universidad Pública de Navarra” (Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics, Universidad Pública de Navarra).

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Badía, Enrique. Zara... Y Sus Hermanas. Madrid: LID, 2008.Google Scholar
Baumol, William J., Nelson, Richard R., and Wolff, Edward N., eds. Convergence of Productivity: Cross-Country Studies and Historical Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Belfanti, Carlo Marco. Storia culturale del Made in Italy. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2019.Google Scholar
Binda, Veronica. The Dynamics of Big Business: Structure, Strategy and Impact in Italy and Spain. New York: Routledge, 2013.10.4324/9780203366868CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco, Xavier R., and Salgado, Jesus F.. Amancio Ortega: De cero a Zara. Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros, 2014.Google Scholar
Crafts, Nicholas, and Toniolo, Gianni. Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ermenegildo Zegna, Cento anni di tessuti. Milano: Skira, 2010.Google Scholar
Eurostat. European Business: Facts and Figures 1998–2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004.Google Scholar
Eurostat. European Business: Facts and Figures 2009 Edition. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009.Google Scholar
Fernández, Roca, Javier, Francisco. “HYTASA: Fundación y Desarrollo de una Empresa Textil en el Marco de la Política Económica del Primer Franquísmo (1937–1949).” Documento de Trabajo 9604. Madrid: Fundación Empresa Pública, 1996.Google Scholar
Fomento de la Producción. Estudio de las mayores empresas españolas: Edición 1974. Barcelona: Fomento de la Producción, 1974.Google Scholar
Fomento de la Producción. Las 2.048 mayores empresas españolas: Edición 1984. Barcelona: Fomento de la Producción, 1984.Google Scholar
Fomento de la Producción. Las 2.491 mayores empresas españolas: Edición 1994. Barcelona: Fomento de la Producción, 1994.Google Scholar
Fomento de la Producción. Las 2.500 mayores empresas españolas: Edición 2004. Barcelona: Fomento de la Producción, 2004.Google Scholar
García, Ruiz, José, Luiz, and Erbina, Carles Manera, eds. Historia Empresarial de España: Un enfoque regional en profundidad. Madrid: LID, 2006.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Inditex. Annual Report 2015. www.inditex.com/documents/10279/246750/Annual+Report_2015.pdf/b599669d-6512-481f-b9d5-5244885f607a.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey, and Pouillard, Veronique. “Christian Dior: A New Look for Haute Couture.” Harvard Business School Case N. 809–159. Boston: Harvard Business School, 2009. Revised 2013.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus, Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development: A Long-Run Comparative View. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Martínez, David. Zara: Visión y estrategia de Amancio Ortega. Barcelona: Conecta, 2016.Google Scholar
Mediobanca. Le principali società italiane. Milan: Mediobanca, various years.Google Scholar
Molho, Renata. Being Armani: A Biography. Milan: Dalai Editore, 2006.Google Scholar
Muzzarelli, Maria Giuseppina. Breve storia della moda italiana. Bologna: il Mulino, 2014.Google Scholar
O’Shea, Covadonga. The Man from Zara: The Story of the Genius Behind the Inditex Group. Madrid: LID, 2012.Google Scholar
Palmer, Alexandra. Dior: A New Look, A New Enterprise (1947–57). London: Victoria and Albert Museum Publishing, 2009.Google Scholar
Puig Raposo, Núria. Bayer, Cepsa, Repsol, Puig, Schering y La Seda: Constructores de la química española. Madrid: LID, 2003.Google Scholar
Rasche, Adelheide, ed. Coats Max Mara: 60 Years of Italian Fashion. Milan: Skira, 2011.Google Scholar
Salerno, Humberto, and Gay Zaragoza, Andrea, The Mango Story. Madrid: LID, 2011.Google Scholar
Salerno, Humberto, and Gay Zaragoza, Andrea. El Corazón de Mango. Madrid: LID, 2010.Google Scholar
Steele, Valerie. Fifty Years of Fashion: New Look to Now. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Veillon, Dominique. La mode sous l’Occupation. Paris: Editions Payot, 1990.Google Scholar
Abramovitz, Moses. “Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind.” Journal of Economic History, 46, no. 2 (1986): 385–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agulló Fernández, Itziar. “Producir y Consumir. La Logistica, Clave del Éxito de una Cadena de Moda.” Política y Sociedad, 49, no. 1 (2012): 179–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amighini, Alessia A., and Rabellotti., Roberta “How Do Italian Footwear Industrial Districts Face Globalization?” European Planning Studies, 14, no. 4 (2006): 485–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso Álvarez, Luis. “Competitividad internacional y innovación tecnológica: El grupo Inditex, 1985–2009.” In Distritos y Clusters en la Europa del Sur , edited by Catalan, Jordi, Miranda, José Antonio, and Ramon-Muñoz, Ramon, 337–350. Madrid: LID, 2011.Google Scholar
Alonso Álvarez, Luis. “Vistiendo a Tres Continentes: la Ventaja Competitiva del Grupo Inditex-Zara 1963–1999.” Revista de Historia Industrial, 18, no. 2 (2000): 255–267.Google Scholar
Arrigo, Elisa. “Fast Fashion Business Model: An Overview.” In Handbook of Research on Global Fashion Management and Merchandising, edited by Vecchi, Alessandra and Buckley, Chitra, 186–209. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becerro, Manuel María. “Hytasa, el sueño de la industria textil sevillana que se tornó en pesadilla.” ABC de Sevilla, June 14, 2016. http://sevilla.abc.es/sevilla/sevi-hyatasa-sueno-industria-textil-sevillana-torno-pesadilla-201606140009_noticia.html.Google Scholar
Bhardwaj, Vertica, and Fairhurst, Ann. “Fast Fashion: Response to Changes in the Fashion Industry.” International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 20, no. 1 (2010): 165–173.Google Scholar
Biot Roig, Rosa. “Joaquín Sáez Merino.” In Cien empresarios valencianos, edited by Vidal, Javier, 449–451. Madrid: LID, 2005.Google Scholar
Cafagna, Luciano. “The Industrial Revolution in Italy, 1830–1914.” In The Emergence of Industrial Societies: Fontana Economic History of Europe, edited by Cipolla, Carlo Maria, Vol. 4, Part 1, 279–325. Glasgow: Collins/Fontana, 1973.Google Scholar
Campuzano, Zulema. “La internacionalización de la empresa: análisis del caso MANGO.” Final degree diss., Facultad de Economía y Empresa de la Universidad de A Coruña, 2015.Google Scholar
Camuffo, Arnaldo, Romano, Pietro, and Vinelli, Andrea. “ Back to the Future: Benetton Goes Global.” MIT Sloan Management Review, 43, no. 1 (2001): 46–52.Google Scholar
Capalbo, Cinzia. “Creativity and Innovation of the Italian Fashion System in the Inter-war Period (1919–1943).” Investigaciones de Historia Económica—Economic History Research, 12, no. 2 (2016): 90–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellano, José Maria. “Una ventaja competitiva: el factor tiempo: El caso Inditex-Zara.” Papeles de Economia Española, 56, no. 7 (1993): 402–404.Google Scholar
Castellano, José Maria. “El proceso de internacionalización de Inditex.” Información Comercial Española, 799, no. 2 (2002): 209–217.Google Scholar
Catalan, Jordi, and Ramon-Muñoz, Ramon. “Marshall in Iberia: Industrial Districts and Leading Firms in the Creation of Competitive Advantage in Fashion Products.” Enterprise & Society, 14, 2 (2013): 327–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Cortefiel, de mercería a multinacional.” El Mundo Economía, May 12, 2005.Google Scholar
“The Dedicated Followers of Fast Fashion.” The Economist, July 5, 2014.Google Scholar
Dei Ottati, Gabi. “A Transnational Fast Fashion Industrial District: An Analysis of the Chinese Businesses in Prato.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38, no. 5 (2014): 1247–1274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández, Santiago. “La familia Hinojosa cuelga la percha.” El País, May 15, 2005.Google Scholar
Lamelas, Marcos. “Thomas Meyer, la victoria del empresario hippy.” El Confidencial, January 5, 2013.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Marvin B., and Montgomery., David B. “First-Mover Advantages.” Strategic Management Journal, 9, no. 51 (1998): 41–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, Marvin B. “First-Mover (dis)Advantages: Retrospective and Link with the Resource-Based View.” Strategic Management Journal, 19, no. 12 (1998): 1111–1126.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llonch Casanovas, Montserrat. “La competitividad de los distritos catalanes de género de punto, 1961–2004.” In Distritos y Clusters en la Europa del Sur, edited by Catalan, Jordi, Antonio Miranda, José, and Ramon-Muñoz, Ramon, 241–258. Madrid: LID, 2011.Google Scholar
López, Carmen, and Fan, Ying. “Internationalization of the Spanish Fashion Brand Zara.” Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 13, no. 2 (2009): 279–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manera Erbina, Carles, de Dios, Ramon Molina, and Casasnovas Camps, Miquel Ángel. “La atmósfera industrial del calzado en Baleares, 1970–2002.” In Distritos y Clusters en la Europa del Sur, edited by Catalan, Jordi, Antonio Miranda, José, and Ramon-Muñoz, Ramon, 213-240. Madrid: LID, 2011.Google Scholar
“Mango cambia de estrategia para ser más competitiva.” Expansión, December 4, 2015. http://www.expansion.com/empresas/distribucion/2015/12/04/5661626b268e3e52478b4586.html.Google Scholar
Merlo, Elisabetta. “Italian Fashion Business: Achievements and Challenges (1970s–2000s).” Business History, 53, no. 3 (2011): 344–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlo, Elisabetta. “Italian Luxury Goods Industry on the Move: SMEs and Global Value Chains.” In Global Luxury: Organizational Change and Emerging Markets Since the 1970s, edited by Donzè, Pierre-Yves and Fuyoka, Rijka, 39–63. Singapore: Springer, 2017.Google Scholar
Merlo, Elisabetta, and Perugini, Mario. “Making Italian Fashion Global: Brand Building and Management at Gruppo Finanziario Tessile (1950s–1990s).” Business History, doi: 10.1080/00076791.2017.1329299.Google Scholar
Merlo, Elisabetta, and Polese, Francesca. “Turning Fashion into Business: The Emergence of Milan as an International Hub.” Business History Review, 80, no. 3 (2006): 415–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miranda, José Antonio. “The Country-of-Origin Effect and the International Expansion of Spanish Fashion Companies, 1975–2015.” Business History, doi: 10.1080/00076791.2017.1374370.Google Scholar
Missé, Andreu. “Hilados y Tejidos Puigneró, SA, suspende pagos y declara una deuda de 9.433 millones de pesetas.” El Pais, May 20, 1983.Google Scholar
Moreno Castaño, B. “Josep Vilà i Marquès.” In Cien empresarios catalanes, edited by Cabana, Francesc, 347–352. Madrid: LID, 2006.Google Scholar
Paris, Ivan. “Orígenes del Made in Italy: Moda italiana y mercado internacional en la segunda posguerra (1951–1969).” Revista de Historia Industrial, 19, no. 42 (2010): 121–155.Google Scholar
Pinchera, Valeria, and Rinallo, Diego. “The Emergence of Italy as a Fashion Country: Nation Branding and Collective Meaning Creation at Florence’s Fashion Shows (1951–1965).” Business History, doi: 10.1080/00076791.2017.1332593.Google Scholar
Pouillard, Veronique. “Christian Dior-New York: French Fashion in the Luxury US Market.” In Global Luxury: Organizational Change and Emerging Markets Since the 1970s, edited by Donzè, Pierre-Yves and Fuyoka, Rijka, 111–131. Singapore: Springer, 2017.Google Scholar
Pouillard, Veronique. “Production and Distribution.” In A Cultural History of Dress and Fashion: The Modern Age, Vol. 6, edited by Palmer, Alexandra, 43–62. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.Google Scholar
Puig Raposo, Núria. “Una multinacional holandesa en España: La Seda de Barcelona.” Revista de Historia Industrial, 21, no. 2 (2002): 123–158.Google Scholar
Segre Reinach, Simona. “China and Italy: Fast Fashion Against Prêt-à-Porter: Towards a New Culture of Fashion.” Fashion Theory, 9, no. 1 (2005): 43–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segre Reinach, Simona. “Milan: The City of Prêt-à-Porter in a World of Fast Fashion.” In Fashion’s World Cities, edited by Breward, Christopher and Gilbert, David, 123–134. Oxford: Berg, 2006.Google Scholar
Sull, Donald, and Turconi, Stefano. “Fast Fashion Lessons.” Business Strategy Review, 19, no. 2 (2008): 4–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taplin, Ian M. “Restructuring and Reconfiguration: The EU Textile and Clothing Industry Adapt to Change.” European Business Review, 18, no. 3 (2006): 172-186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarín, Santiago. “Ascenso, cumbre y caída del magnate Julio Muñoz Ramonet.” Lavanguardia, May 9, 2016.Google Scholar
Villar, Cote, Alós, Anna R., and Taulés, Silvia. “La vida (muy) chula del fundador de desigual.” El Mundo, March 30, 2014.Google Scholar
Zachary, Miles A., Gianiodis, Peter T., Payne, Tyge G., and Markman, Gideon D.. “Entry Timing: Enduring Lessons and Future Directions.” Journal of Management, 41, no. 5 (2015): 1388–1415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bain and Company. Luxury Goods Worldwide Market Study. 2016. http://www.bain.com/publications/articles/luxury-goods-worldwide-market-study-fall-winter-2016.aspx.Google Scholar
Deloitte. Global Power of Luxury Goods. 2018. https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/gx-cb-global-powers-of-luxury-goods.html.Google Scholar
Fortune Global 500. 2000. http://fortune.com/global500/2000.Google Scholar
Fortune Global 500. 2016. http://fortune.com/global500/2016.Google Scholar
Ranking de empresas España. 2015. http://ranking-empresas.eleconomista.es.Google Scholar
Rovira, David. “Hilados y Tejidos Puigneró S.A.” L’estel d’argent d’un firmament escapçat (blog), August 2, 2010. http://estel-argent.blogspot.it/2010/08/hilados-y-tejidos-puignero-sa.html.Google Scholar
Badía, Enrique. Zara... Y Sus Hermanas. Madrid: LID, 2008.Google Scholar
Baumol, William J., Nelson, Richard R., and Wolff, Edward N., eds. Convergence of Productivity: Cross-Country Studies and Historical Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Belfanti, Carlo Marco. Storia culturale del Made in Italy. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2019.Google Scholar
Binda, Veronica. The Dynamics of Big Business: Structure, Strategy and Impact in Italy and Spain. New York: Routledge, 2013.10.4324/9780203366868CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco, Xavier R., and Salgado, Jesus F.. Amancio Ortega: De cero a Zara. Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros, 2014.Google Scholar
Crafts, Nicholas, and Toniolo, Gianni. Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ermenegildo Zegna, Cento anni di tessuti. Milano: Skira, 2010.Google Scholar
Eurostat. European Business: Facts and Figures 1998–2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004.Google Scholar
Eurostat. European Business: Facts and Figures 2009 Edition. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009.Google Scholar
Fernández, Roca, Javier, Francisco. “HYTASA: Fundación y Desarrollo de una Empresa Textil en el Marco de la Política Económica del Primer Franquísmo (1937–1949).” Documento de Trabajo 9604. Madrid: Fundación Empresa Pública, 1996.Google Scholar
Fomento de la Producción. Estudio de las mayores empresas españolas: Edición 1974. Barcelona: Fomento de la Producción, 1974.Google Scholar
Fomento de la Producción. Las 2.048 mayores empresas españolas: Edición 1984. Barcelona: Fomento de la Producción, 1984.Google Scholar
Fomento de la Producción. Las 2.491 mayores empresas españolas: Edición 1994. Barcelona: Fomento de la Producción, 1994.Google Scholar
Fomento de la Producción. Las 2.500 mayores empresas españolas: Edición 2004. Barcelona: Fomento de la Producción, 2004.Google Scholar
García, Ruiz, José, Luiz, and Erbina, Carles Manera, eds. Historia Empresarial de España: Un enfoque regional en profundidad. Madrid: LID, 2006.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Inditex. Annual Report 2015. www.inditex.com/documents/10279/246750/Annual+Report_2015.pdf/b599669d-6512-481f-b9d5-5244885f607a.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey, and Pouillard, Veronique. “Christian Dior: A New Look for Haute Couture.” Harvard Business School Case N. 809–159. Boston: Harvard Business School, 2009. Revised 2013.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus, Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development: A Long-Run Comparative View. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Martínez, David. Zara: Visión y estrategia de Amancio Ortega. Barcelona: Conecta, 2016.Google Scholar
Mediobanca. Le principali società italiane. Milan: Mediobanca, various years.Google Scholar
Molho, Renata. Being Armani: A Biography. Milan: Dalai Editore, 2006.Google Scholar
Muzzarelli, Maria Giuseppina. Breve storia della moda italiana. Bologna: il Mulino, 2014.Google Scholar
O’Shea, Covadonga. The Man from Zara: The Story of the Genius Behind the Inditex Group. Madrid: LID, 2012.Google Scholar
Palmer, Alexandra. Dior: A New Look, A New Enterprise (1947–57). London: Victoria and Albert Museum Publishing, 2009.Google Scholar
Puig Raposo, Núria. Bayer, Cepsa, Repsol, Puig, Schering y La Seda: Constructores de la química española. Madrid: LID, 2003.Google Scholar
Rasche, Adelheide, ed. Coats Max Mara: 60 Years of Italian Fashion. Milan: Skira, 2011.Google Scholar
Salerno, Humberto, and Gay Zaragoza, Andrea, The Mango Story. Madrid: LID, 2011.Google Scholar
Salerno, Humberto, and Gay Zaragoza, Andrea. El Corazón de Mango. Madrid: LID, 2010.Google Scholar
Steele, Valerie. Fifty Years of Fashion: New Look to Now. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Veillon, Dominique. La mode sous l’Occupation. Paris: Editions Payot, 1990.Google Scholar
Abramovitz, Moses. “Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind.” Journal of Economic History, 46, no. 2 (1986): 385–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agulló Fernández, Itziar. “Producir y Consumir. La Logistica, Clave del Éxito de una Cadena de Moda.” Política y Sociedad, 49, no. 1 (2012): 179–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amighini, Alessia A., and Rabellotti., Roberta “How Do Italian Footwear Industrial Districts Face Globalization?” European Planning Studies, 14, no. 4 (2006): 485–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso Álvarez, Luis. “Competitividad internacional y innovación tecnológica: El grupo Inditex, 1985–2009.” In Distritos y Clusters en la Europa del Sur , edited by Catalan, Jordi, Miranda, José Antonio, and Ramon-Muñoz, Ramon, 337–350. Madrid: LID, 2011.Google Scholar
Alonso Álvarez, Luis. “Vistiendo a Tres Continentes: la Ventaja Competitiva del Grupo Inditex-Zara 1963–1999.” Revista de Historia Industrial, 18, no. 2 (2000): 255–267.Google Scholar
Arrigo, Elisa. “Fast Fashion Business Model: An Overview.” In Handbook of Research on Global Fashion Management and Merchandising, edited by Vecchi, Alessandra and Buckley, Chitra, 186–209. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becerro, Manuel María. “Hytasa, el sueño de la industria textil sevillana que se tornó en pesadilla.” ABC de Sevilla, June 14, 2016. http://sevilla.abc.es/sevilla/sevi-hyatasa-sueno-industria-textil-sevillana-torno-pesadilla-201606140009_noticia.html.Google Scholar
Bhardwaj, Vertica, and Fairhurst, Ann. “Fast Fashion: Response to Changes in the Fashion Industry.” International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 20, no. 1 (2010): 165–173.Google Scholar
Biot Roig, Rosa. “Joaquín Sáez Merino.” In Cien empresarios valencianos, edited by Vidal, Javier, 449–451. Madrid: LID, 2005.Google Scholar
Cafagna, Luciano. “The Industrial Revolution in Italy, 1830–1914.” In The Emergence of Industrial Societies: Fontana Economic History of Europe, edited by Cipolla, Carlo Maria, Vol. 4, Part 1, 279–325. Glasgow: Collins/Fontana, 1973.Google Scholar
Campuzano, Zulema. “La internacionalización de la empresa: análisis del caso MANGO.” Final degree diss., Facultad de Economía y Empresa de la Universidad de A Coruña, 2015.Google Scholar
Camuffo, Arnaldo, Romano, Pietro, and Vinelli, Andrea. “ Back to the Future: Benetton Goes Global.” MIT Sloan Management Review, 43, no. 1 (2001): 46–52.Google Scholar
Capalbo, Cinzia. “Creativity and Innovation of the Italian Fashion System in the Inter-war Period (1919–1943).” Investigaciones de Historia Económica—Economic History Research, 12, no. 2 (2016): 90–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellano, José Maria. “Una ventaja competitiva: el factor tiempo: El caso Inditex-Zara.” Papeles de Economia Española, 56, no. 7 (1993): 402–404.Google Scholar
Castellano, José Maria. “El proceso de internacionalización de Inditex.” Información Comercial Española, 799, no. 2 (2002): 209–217.Google Scholar
Catalan, Jordi, and Ramon-Muñoz, Ramon. “Marshall in Iberia: Industrial Districts and Leading Firms in the Creation of Competitive Advantage in Fashion Products.” Enterprise & Society, 14, 2 (2013): 327–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Cortefiel, de mercería a multinacional.” El Mundo Economía, May 12, 2005.Google Scholar
“The Dedicated Followers of Fast Fashion.” The Economist, July 5, 2014.Google Scholar
Dei Ottati, Gabi. “A Transnational Fast Fashion Industrial District: An Analysis of the Chinese Businesses in Prato.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38, no. 5 (2014): 1247–1274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández, Santiago. “La familia Hinojosa cuelga la percha.” El País, May 15, 2005.Google Scholar
Lamelas, Marcos. “Thomas Meyer, la victoria del empresario hippy.” El Confidencial, January 5, 2013.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Marvin B., and Montgomery., David B. “First-Mover Advantages.” Strategic Management Journal, 9, no. 51 (1998): 41–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, Marvin B. “First-Mover (dis)Advantages: Retrospective and Link with the Resource-Based View.” Strategic Management Journal, 19, no. 12 (1998): 1111–1126.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llonch Casanovas, Montserrat. “La competitividad de los distritos catalanes de género de punto, 1961–2004.” In Distritos y Clusters en la Europa del Sur, edited by Catalan, Jordi, Antonio Miranda, José, and Ramon-Muñoz, Ramon, 241–258. Madrid: LID, 2011.Google Scholar
López, Carmen, and Fan, Ying. “Internationalization of the Spanish Fashion Brand Zara.” Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 13, no. 2 (2009): 279–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manera Erbina, Carles, de Dios, Ramon Molina, and Casasnovas Camps, Miquel Ángel. “La atmósfera industrial del calzado en Baleares, 1970–2002.” In Distritos y Clusters en la Europa del Sur, edited by Catalan, Jordi, Antonio Miranda, José, and Ramon-Muñoz, Ramon, 213-240. Madrid: LID, 2011.Google Scholar
“Mango cambia de estrategia para ser más competitiva.” Expansión, December 4, 2015. http://www.expansion.com/empresas/distribucion/2015/12/04/5661626b268e3e52478b4586.html.Google Scholar
Merlo, Elisabetta. “Italian Fashion Business: Achievements and Challenges (1970s–2000s).” Business History, 53, no. 3 (2011): 344–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlo, Elisabetta. “Italian Luxury Goods Industry on the Move: SMEs and Global Value Chains.” In Global Luxury: Organizational Change and Emerging Markets Since the 1970s, edited by Donzè, Pierre-Yves and Fuyoka, Rijka, 39–63. Singapore: Springer, 2017.Google Scholar
Merlo, Elisabetta, and Perugini, Mario. “Making Italian Fashion Global: Brand Building and Management at Gruppo Finanziario Tessile (1950s–1990s).” Business History, doi: 10.1080/00076791.2017.1329299.Google Scholar
Merlo, Elisabetta, and Polese, Francesca. “Turning Fashion into Business: The Emergence of Milan as an International Hub.” Business History Review, 80, no. 3 (2006): 415–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miranda, José Antonio. “The Country-of-Origin Effect and the International Expansion of Spanish Fashion Companies, 1975–2015.” Business History, doi: 10.1080/00076791.2017.1374370.Google Scholar
Missé, Andreu. “Hilados y Tejidos Puigneró, SA, suspende pagos y declara una deuda de 9.433 millones de pesetas.” El Pais, May 20, 1983.Google Scholar
Moreno Castaño, B. “Josep Vilà i Marquès.” In Cien empresarios catalanes, edited by Cabana, Francesc, 347–352. Madrid: LID, 2006.Google Scholar
Paris, Ivan. “Orígenes del Made in Italy: Moda italiana y mercado internacional en la segunda posguerra (1951–1969).” Revista de Historia Industrial, 19, no. 42 (2010): 121–155.Google Scholar
Pinchera, Valeria, and Rinallo, Diego. “The Emergence of Italy as a Fashion Country: Nation Branding and Collective Meaning Creation at Florence’s Fashion Shows (1951–1965).” Business History, doi: 10.1080/00076791.2017.1332593.Google Scholar
Pouillard, Veronique. “Christian Dior-New York: French Fashion in the Luxury US Market.” In Global Luxury: Organizational Change and Emerging Markets Since the 1970s, edited by Donzè, Pierre-Yves and Fuyoka, Rijka, 111–131. Singapore: Springer, 2017.Google Scholar
Pouillard, Veronique. “Production and Distribution.” In A Cultural History of Dress and Fashion: The Modern Age, Vol. 6, edited by Palmer, Alexandra, 43–62. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.Google Scholar
Puig Raposo, Núria. “Una multinacional holandesa en España: La Seda de Barcelona.” Revista de Historia Industrial, 21, no. 2 (2002): 123–158.Google Scholar
Segre Reinach, Simona. “China and Italy: Fast Fashion Against Prêt-à-Porter: Towards a New Culture of Fashion.” Fashion Theory, 9, no. 1 (2005): 43–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segre Reinach, Simona. “Milan: The City of Prêt-à-Porter in a World of Fast Fashion.” In Fashion’s World Cities, edited by Breward, Christopher and Gilbert, David, 123–134. Oxford: Berg, 2006.Google Scholar
Sull, Donald, and Turconi, Stefano. “Fast Fashion Lessons.” Business Strategy Review, 19, no. 2 (2008): 4–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taplin, Ian M. “Restructuring and Reconfiguration: The EU Textile and Clothing Industry Adapt to Change.” European Business Review, 18, no. 3 (2006): 172-186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarín, Santiago. “Ascenso, cumbre y caída del magnate Julio Muñoz Ramonet.” Lavanguardia, May 9, 2016.Google Scholar
Villar, Cote, Alós, Anna R., and Taulés, Silvia. “La vida (muy) chula del fundador de desigual.” El Mundo, March 30, 2014.Google Scholar
Zachary, Miles A., Gianiodis, Peter T., Payne, Tyge G., and Markman, Gideon D.. “Entry Timing: Enduring Lessons and Future Directions.” Journal of Management, 41, no. 5 (2015): 1388–1415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bain and Company. Luxury Goods Worldwide Market Study. 2016. http://www.bain.com/publications/articles/luxury-goods-worldwide-market-study-fall-winter-2016.aspx.Google Scholar
Deloitte. Global Power of Luxury Goods. 2018. https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/gx-cb-global-powers-of-luxury-goods.html.Google Scholar
Fortune Global 500. 2000. http://fortune.com/global500/2000.Google Scholar
Fortune Global 500. 2016. http://fortune.com/global500/2016.Google Scholar
Ranking de empresas España. 2015. http://ranking-empresas.eleconomista.es.Google Scholar
Rovira, David. “Hilados y Tejidos Puigneró S.A.” L’estel d’argent d’un firmament escapçat (blog), August 2, 2010. http://estel-argent.blogspot.it/2010/08/hilados-y-tejidos-puignero-sa.html.Google Scholar