Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T01:09:04.939Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Psychotherapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Their Combination for Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Nikita Singh  and
John Reece
Nikita Singh*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
John Reece
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
*
Address for correspondence: Nikita Singh. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This meta-analysis aims to inform clinical practice of treatment strategies for adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). The efficacy of three empirically validated treatments was compared to determine the most effective treatment. These were: cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) pharmacotherapy, and combination CBT and SSRI therapy. Inclusion criteria required studies to report a reliable and valid pre- and post-treatment measure and adequate data for Hedge's g effect size to be calculated. Forty-nine studies meeting the above inclusion criteria were found and included in the analysis. Although all three treatment strategies were found to be effective, analysis revealed no significant difference in treatment outcome among CBT, SSRI, and combination therapy. An investigation of moderator variables revealed months to follow-up to significantly influence the relationship between treatment type and treatment outcome. Given that CBT has no side effects, is more cost effective, and is equally as effective as SSRI therapy and combination therapy, the current study makes a strong case for CBT as a first-line treatment strategy for adolescents with MDD.

Keywords

major depressive disorderadolescentstreatmentCBTSSRIcombination therapy
Type
Articles
Information
The Educational and Developmental Psychologist , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , July 2014 , pp. 47 - 65
Copyright
Copyright © Australian Psychological Society Ltd 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

*Alderman, J., Wolkow, R., & Fogel, I.M. (2006). Drug concentration monitoring with tolerability and efficacy assessments during open-label, long-term sertraline treatment and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16, 117–129. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.117Google Scholar
*Ambrosini, P., Wagner, K.D., Biederman, J., Glick, I., Tan, C., Elia, J., . . . Geller, D. (1999). Multicenter open-label sertraline study in adolescent outpatients with major depression. Journal of the American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 566–572. doi:10.1097/00004583-199905000_00018Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2005). Lets talk about teen suicide. Arlington, VA: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.910646Google Scholar
Angold, A., Costello, E.J., & Worthman, C.M. (1998). Puberty and depression: The role of age, pubertal status, and pubertal timing. Psychological Medicine, 28, 51–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australian Research Council. (2010). Excellence in Research Australia (ERA) journal list. Canberra, Australia: Author. Retrieved from http://arc.gov.au/era/era_2010/era_2010.htmGoogle Scholar
Beautris, A.L. (2000). Risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide among young people. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 420–436. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00691.xGoogle Scholar
*Berard, R., Fong, R., Carpenter, D.J., Thomason, C., & Wilkinson, C. (2006). An international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16, 59–75. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.59Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Arbelaez, C., & Brent, D. (2002). Clinical outcomes after short-term psychotherapy for adolescents with major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 619–637Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Bernet, W., Bukstein, O., Walter, H., Benson, S.R., . . . Stock, S. (2007). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1503–1526. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318145aelcGoogle Scholar
*Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Kolko, D., Baugher, M., Bridge, J., Holder, D., . . . Ulloa, R.E. (2000). Clinical outcome after short-term psychotherapy for adolescents with major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 29–36. doi:10.001/archpsych.57.1.29Google Scholar
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., & Rothstein, H.R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., & Rothstein, H.R. (2005). Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 2) [Computer software]. Englewood, NJ: BiostatGoogle Scholar
*Bostic, J.Q., Prince, J., Brown, K., & Place, S. (2001). A retrospective study of citalopram in adolescents with depression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11, 159–166. doi: 1089/104454601750284063Google Scholar
*Boulos, C., Kutcher, S.P., Gardner, D., & Young, E. (1992). An open naturalistic trial of fluoxetine in adolescents and young adults with treatment-resistant major depression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2, 103–113. doi:10.1089/cap.1992.2.103Google Scholar
*Braconnier, A., Le Coent, R., & Cohen, D. (2002). Paroxetine versus clomipramine in adolescents with severe depression: A double-blind randomised, multi-center trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 22–29. doi:10.1097/00064583-200301000-00007Google Scholar
*Brent, D., Emslie, G.J., Clarke, G., Wagner, K.D., Asarnow, J.R., Keller, M.B., . . . Zelazny, J. (2008). Switching to another selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI resistant depression. American Medical Association, 299 (8), 901–913.Google Scholar
*Brent, D., Holder, D., Kolko, D., Birmaher, B., Baugher, M., Roth, C., & Johnson, B. (1997). A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family and supportive treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 877–855. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.0183021025017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calati, R., Pedrini, L., Alighieri, S., Alvarez, M.I., Desideri, L., Durante, D., . . . De Girolamo, G. (2011). Is cognitive behavioural therapy an effective complement to antidepressants in adolescents? A meta‐analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 23, 263–271. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00595.xGoogle Scholar
*Clarke, G.N., Hornbrook, M., Lynchm, F., Polen, M., Gale, J., O'Connor, E., . . . Seeley, J.R. (2002). Group cognitive-behavioural treatment for depressed adolescent offspring of depressed parents in health maintenance organisation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 305–313. doi:10.1097/00004583-200203000-00010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Clarke, G., Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P.M., Hops, H., & Seeley, J.R. (1999). Cognitive-behavioural treatment of adolescent depression: Efficacy of acute group treatment and booster sessions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 272–280. doi:10.1097/00004583-199903000-00014Google Scholar
*Colle, L.M., Belair, J., DiFeo, M., Weiss, J., & LaRouche, C. (1994). Extended open-label fluoxetine treatment of adolescents with major depression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 4, 225–232. doi:10.1089/cap.1994.4.225Google Scholar
*Cornelius, J.R., Bukstein, O.G., Wood, S., Kirisci, L., Douaihy, A., & Clarke, D.B. (2009). Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in adolescents with comorbid major depression and an alcohol use disorder. Addictive Behaviours, 34, 905–909. doi:org/10/1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.008Google Scholar
*Curry, J.F., Wells, K.C., Lochman, J.E., Craighead, E.W., & Nagy, P.D. (2003). Cognitive-behavioural intervention for depressed, substance-abusing adolescents: Development and pilot testing. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046861.56865.6cGoogle Scholar
Dubicka, B., Elvins, R., Roberts, C., Chick, G., Wilkinson, P., & Goodyer, I.M. (2010). Combined treatment with cognitive–behavioural therapy in adolescent depression: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 433–440. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000233157.21925.71.2006-12846-Google Scholar
*Emslie, G.J., Heiligenstein, J.H., Hoog, S.L., Wagner, K.D., Findling, R.L., McCracken, J.T., . . . Jacobson, J.G. (2004). Fluoxetine treatment for prevention of relapse of depression in children and adolescents: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1397–1405. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000140453.89323.57Google Scholar
*Emslie, G.J., Heiligenstein, J.H., Wagner, K.D., Hoog, S.L., Ernest, D.E., Brown, E., . . . Jacobson, J.G. (2002). Fluoxetine for acute treatment of depression in children and adolescents: A placebo- controlled randomised clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1205–1215. doi:org/10.1097/00004583-20021000-0010Google Scholar
*Emslie, G.J., Kennard, B., Mayes, T., Nightingale-Teresi, J., Carmody, T., Hughes, C.W., . . . Rintelman, J.W. (2008). Fluoxetine versus placebo in preventing relapse of major depression in children and adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165 (4), 459–547.Google Scholar
*Emslie, G.J., Ventura, D., Korotzer, A., & Tourkodimitris, S. (2009). Escitalopram in the treatment of adolescent depression: A randomised placebo-controlled multisite trial. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 721–729. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181a2b304Google Scholar
*Emslie, G.J., Rush, J., Weinberg, W.A., Kowatch, R.A., Hughes, C., Carmody, T., & Rintelman, J. (1997). A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1031–1037. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230069010Google Scholar
*Emslie, G.J., Wagner, K.D., Kutcher, S.P., Krulewicz, S., Fong, R., Carpenter, D.J., . . . Wilkinson, P. (2006). Paroxetine treatment in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: A randomised, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 709–719. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000138356.29099.f1Google Scholar
*Farnum, J.C. (2004). Acute SSRI treatment response in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder and comorbid anxiety disorder. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Hartford, CT.Google Scholar
*GlaxoSmithKline, Biostatistics and Data Sciences Department. (2001). A randomised, multicenter, 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled flexible-dose study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Retrieved from http://www.gsk.com/media/paroxetine.htmGoogle Scholar
*GlaxoSmithKline, Biostatistics and Data Science Department. (1998a). A double-blind, multicenter placebo controlled study of paroxetine in adolescents with unipolar major depression. Retrieved from http://www.gsk.com/media/paroxetine.htmGoogle Scholar
*GlaxoSmithKline, Biostatistics and Data Science Department. (1998b). Multi-center, double-blind, placebo controlled study of paroxetine and imipramine in adolescents with unipolar major depression-acute phase. Retrieved from http://www.gsk.com/media/paroxetine.htmGoogle Scholar
*Goodyer, I., Dubicka, B., Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Byford, S., . . . Harrington, R. (2008). A randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy in adolescents with major depression treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: The ADAPT trial. Health Technology Assessment Journal, 12 (14), iii–iv, ix–60.Google ScholarPubMed
*Goodyer, I., Dubicka, B., Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Byford, S., . . . Harrington, R. (2007). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and routine specialist care with and without cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression: Randomised controlled trial. The British Medical Journal. doi:10.1136/bmj39224.49434055Google Scholar
Haby, M.M., Tonge, B., Littlefield, L., Carter, R., & Vos, T. (2004). Cost-effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for major depression in children and adolescents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 579–591. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01652.xGoogle Scholar
*Heiligenstein, J.H., Hoog, S.L., Wagner, K.D., Findling, R.L., Galil, N., Kaplan, S., . . . Jacobson, J.G. (2006). Fluoxetine 40–60mg versus fluoxetine 20mg in the treatment of children and adolescents with a less-than-complete-response to nine week-treatment with fluoxetine 10–20mg: A pilot study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16, 207–217. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.207Google Scholar
*Hides, L., Carroll, S., Catania, L., Cotton, S.M., Baker, A., Scaffadi, A., & Lubman, D.I. (2010). Outcomes of an integrated cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) treatment program for co-occurring depression and substance misuse in young people. Journal of Affective Disorders, 121, 169–174. doi:10.1016.j.jad.2009.06.002Google Scholar
Hollon, D.S., Stewart, O.M., & Strunk, D. (2006). Enduring effects for cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 285–315. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190044Google Scholar
Hopkins, W.G. (2009). A new view of statistics. Retrieved from http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/Google Scholar
*Kaufman, N.K., Rohde, P., Seeley, R., Clarke, G.N., & Stice, E. (2005). Potential mediators of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adolescents with comorbid major depression and conduct disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 38–46. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.38CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, M.B., McCullough, J.P., Klein, D.N., Arnow, B., Dunner, D.L., Gelenberg, A.J., . . . Zajecka, J. (2000). A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive-behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. The New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 1462–1470. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005183422001Google Scholar
*Keller, M.B., Ryan, N., Strober, M., Klein, R.B., Kutcher, S.P., Birmaher, B., . . . McCaffert, B.S. (2001). Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: A randomised, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 762–772. doi:org/10.1097/00004583-200107000-00010Google Scholar
*Kennard, B., Emslie, G.J., Mayes, T.I., Nightingale-Teresi, J., Nakonezny, P.A., Hughes, C.W., . . . Jarrett, R.B. (2008). Cognitive-behavioural therapy to prevent relapse in pediatric responders to pharmacotherapy of major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1395–1409. doi:10.1097/CHI.ob13e31818914alCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, R.B. (2004). Beyond significance testing: Reforming data analysis methods in behavioural research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
*Kolko, D.J., Brent, D.A., Baugher, M., Bridge, J., & Birmaher, B. (2000). Cognitive and family therapies for adolescent depression: Treatment specificity, mediation, and moderation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 603–614. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.603Google Scholar
*Kroll, L., Harrington, R., Jayson, D., Fraser, J., & Gowers, S. (1996). Pilot study of continuation cognitive-behavioural therapy for major depression in adolescent psychiatric patients. The American Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1156–1161. doi:10.1097/00004583-199609000_00013Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P.M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J.R. (1998). Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 765–794. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00010-5Google Scholar
*Lusk, P., & Melnyk, B.M. (2011). The brief cognitive-behavioural COPE intervention for depressed adolescents: Outcomes and feasibility of delivery in 30-minutes outpatient visits. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 12, 226–236. doi:10.1177/10783911404067Google Scholar
March, J.S., Silva, S., Petrycki, S., Curry, J., Wells, K., Fairbank, J., . . . Severe, J. (2009). The treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS): Outcomes over 1 year naturalistic follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1141–1149.Google Scholar
*March, J.S., Silva, S., Petrycki, S., Curry, J., Wells, K., Fairbank, J., . . . Severe, J. (2007). The treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS): Long-term effectiveness and safety outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64 (10), 1132–1143.Google Scholar
*March, J.S., Silva, S., Petrycki, S., Curry, J., Wells, K., Fairbank, J., . . . McNulty, S. (2004). Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioural therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 292 (7), 807–820.Google Scholar
McDermott, B., Baigent, M., Chanen, A., Fraser, L., Graetz, B., Hayman, N., . . . Spence, S. (2010). Clinical practice guidelines: Depression in adolescents and young adults. Beyondblue: The National Depression Initiative. Retrieved from http://www.beyondblue.org.au/index.aspx?link_id=6.1247Google Scholar
*Melvin, G.A., Tonge, B.J., King, N.J., Heyne, D., Gordon, M.S., & Klimkeit, S. (2006). A comparison of cognitive-behavioural therapy, sertraline, and their combination for adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1151–1161. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000233157.21925.71Google Scholar
*Nixon, M.K., Milin, R., Simeon, J.G., Cloutier, P., & Spenst, B.A. (2001). Sertraline effects in adolescents major depression and dysthymia: A six-month open trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11, 131–142. doi:10.1089/104454601750284036Google Scholar
Pampallona, S., Bollini, P., Tibaldi, G., Kupelnick, B., & Munizza, C. (2004). Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: A systematic review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 714–719. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.714Google Scholar
Reinecke, M.A., & Simons, A. (2005). Vulnerability to depression among adolescents: Implications for cognitive-behavioural treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 12, 166–176. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.99.1.55.Google Scholar
*Rey-Sanchez, F., & Gutierrez-Casares, J.R. (1997). Paroxetine in children with major depressive disorder: An open trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1443–1447. doi:10.1097/00004583-19971000-00027Google Scholar
*Riggs, P.D., Mikulich, S.K., Coffman, L.M., & Crowley, T.J. (1997). Fluoxetine in drug-dependent delinquents with major depression: An open trial. Journal of Children and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 7, 87–95. doi:10.1089/cap.1997.7.87Google Scholar
*Rohde, P., Clarke, G.N., Mace, D.E., Jorgensen, J.S., & Seeley, J.R. (2004). An efficacy/effectiveness study of cognitive-behavioural treatment for adolescents with comorbid major depression and conduct disorder. The American Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 660–66. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000121067.29744.41Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638–641. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, R.R. (2001). Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 52, 59–82. doi:0066-4308/01/201-0059Google Scholar
*Rossello, J., Bernal, G., & Rivera-Medina, C. (2008). Individual and group CBT and IPT for Puerto Rican adolescents with depressive symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12, 234–245. doi:10.1037/1099-9809-14.3.234Google Scholar
Sawyer, M.G., Arney, F.M., Baghurst, P.A., Clark, J.J., Graetz, B.W., . . . Zubrick, S.R. (2000). Mental health of young people in Australia: Child and adolescent component of the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Canberra, Australia: Mental Health and Special Programs Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care.Google Scholar
*Schirman, S., Kronenber, S., Apter, A., Brent, D., Melhem, N., Pick, N., . . . Gothelf, D. (2010). Effectiveness and tolerability of citalopram for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: An open-label study. Journal of Neural Transmissions, 117, 139–145. doi:10.1007/s00702-009-0330-xGoogle Scholar
*Shirazi, E., & Alaghband-Rad, J. (2005). An open trial of citalopram in children and adolescents with depression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 233–239. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.233Google Scholar
*Shoval, G., Nahshoni, E., Gothelf, D., Manor, I., Golobchik, P., Zemishlany, Z., Weizman, A., & Zalsman, G. (2011). Effectiveness and safety of citalopram in hospitalised adolescents with major depression: A preliminary, 8-week, fixed-dose, open-label, prospective study. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 34, 182–185. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e31822cb863Google Scholar
Therapeutic Guidelines Australia. (2012). Electronic Therapeutic Guidelines complete. Retrieved from http://etg.tg.com.au.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/conc/tgc.htm?id=27b1fc15b4331af2841f02ef96ddc67bGoogle Scholar
Smithson, M.J. (2003). Confidence intervals (Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series no. 07-140). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
United States of America Food and Drugs Administrations. (2009). Public Health Advisory: Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with anti-depressant medications. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm155488.htm?utm_campaign=Google2&utm_source=fdaSearch&utm_medium=website&utm_term=SSRI%20adolescents&utm_content=7Google Scholar
Usala, T., Clavenna, A., Zuddas, A., & Bonati, M. (2007). Randomised controlled trial of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating depression in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Neurpsychopharmacology, 18, 62–73. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.06.001Google Scholar
*von Knorring, A., Olsson, G.I., Thomsen, P.H., Lemming, O.M., & Hulten, A. (2006). A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of citalopram in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26, 311–315. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.000021905/40632.d5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Vostanis, P., Feehan, C., Grattan, E., & Bickerton, W. (1996a). A randomised controlled out-patient trial of cognitive behavioural treatment for children and adolescents with depression: 9-month follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 40, 105–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Vostanis, P., Feehan, C., Grattan, E., & Bickerton, W. (1996b). Treatment for children and adolescents with depression: Lessons from a controlled trial. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 199–212. doi:10.1177/1359104596012003Google Scholar
*Wagner, K.D., Ambrosini, P., Rynn, M., Wohlberg, C., Yang, R., Greenbaum, M.S., . . . Deas, D. (2003). Efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 1033–1041. doi:10.1001/jama,290.8.1033Google Scholar
*Wagner, K.D., Rob, A.S., Findling, R.L., Jin, J., Gutierrez, M.M., & Heydorn, W.E. (2004). A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of citalopram for the treatment of major depression in children and adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1079–1083. doi:10.1176/appi.agp.161.6.1079Google Scholar