Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T03:27:27.808Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Attitudes to School, Coping,Wellbeing and Stress: An Examination of VCAL Students

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 October 2015

Zoe Ganim
Affiliation:
The University of Melbourne
Erica Frydenberg*
Affiliation:
The University of Melbourne
*
Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VICTORIA, 3010, Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

One hundred and fifty-seven students (aged 15 to 19 years) enrolled in the Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) program completed the Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS), and measures of school-related stress, attitudes to school and wellbeing. In general, VCAL students reported a positive attitude to school, high levels of wellbeing, low levels of school-related stress, and used a wide range of coping strategies. Gender differences and attitudinal differences were found in relation to coping strategies used, wellbeing, and stress. Discriminant analysis indicated that for females, low levels of school-related stress and frequent use of the ‘work hard’coping strategy significantly predicted a positive attitude to school, while for males high levels of wellbeing, and the frequent use of ‘work hard’, ‘focus on the positive’, and minimal use of ‘tension reduction’ predicted positive attitudes to school. The findings are discussed in light of current research and recommendations for interventions are proposed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Australian Psychological Society 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Australia Bureau of Statistics (2005, February 24). ABS 4221.0 Schools, Australia. Media Release. Retrieved March 29, 2005, from http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@nsf/0/le44bcdef87bca2fa2568a9000139e7?Opendownload.Google Scholar
Australian Government Department of Education, Science and Training (2003). The national safe schools framework. Carlton, Australia: Author.Google Scholar
Ayers, T.S., Sandler, I.N., West, S.G., & Roosa, M.W. (1996). A dispositional and situational assessment of children’s coping: Testing alternate models of coping. Journal of Personality, 64, 923958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourke, S. & Smith, M. (December, 1989). Quality of life and intentions for further education. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education, Adelaide, SA, Australia.Google Scholar
Cause, A.M., Paradise, M., Ginzler, J.A., Embry, L., Morgan, C.J., Lohr, Y. & Theofelis, J. (2000). The characteristics and mental health of homeless adolescents: age and gender differences. Journal of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders, 8, 230239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, S.T. & Chan, A.C.M. (2003). The development of a brief measure of school attitude. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 10601070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S., Karmack, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 24, 385396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, S., Kessler, R., & Gordon, L. (1995). Measuring stress. Oxford: Oxford UniversityCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Press, Inc. Compas, B.E., Connor-Smith, J.K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A.H., & Wadsworth, M.E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 87127.Google Scholar
Copeland, E.P. & Hess, R.S. (1995). Differences in young adolescents’ coping strategies based on gender and ethnicity. Journal of Early Adolescence, 15, 203219.Google Scholar
Cotta, A., Frydenberg, E., Poole, C. (2000). Coping skills training for adolescents at school. The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 17, 102116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of Education, Victoria (1999). Framework for student support services in Victorian Government schools. Victoria, Australia: Author.Google Scholar
Dryfoos, J.G. (1990). Adolescents at risk: Prevalence and prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dumont, M. & Provost, M.A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress, and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 343363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebata, A.T., & Moos, T. (1991). Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 12, 3354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, N., Frydenberg, E. & Greaves, D. (2006). Shared needs: Teachers helping students with learning disabilities to cope more effectively. In Lambert, R. & McCarthy, C. (Eds.). Understanding Stress In An Age of Accountability. Greenwich, Conneticut: Information Age Publishing, 6587. Google Scholar
Frydenberg, E. & Brandon, C. (2002). The best of coping: Instructors manual. Melbourne, Victoria: Oz Child.Google Scholar
Frydenberg, E. & Lewis, R. (1993). Adolescent coping scale: Practitioners manual. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Frydenberg, E. & Lewis, R. (1999a). Things don’t get better just because you’re older. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 8194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frydenberg, E. & Lewis, R. (1999b). Academic and general wellbeing: The relationship with coping. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 9, 1935.Google Scholar
Frydenberg, E. & Lewis, R. (2000). Teaching coping to adolescents: When and to whom. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 727745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frydenberg, E. & Lewis, R. (2002). Adolescent Wellbeing: Building young people’s resources. In Frydenberg, E. (Ed.) Beyond coping: Meeting goals, visions and challenges. 175194. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galaif, E.R., Sussman, S., Chou, C., & Wills, T.A. (2003). Longitudinal relations among depression, stress, and coping in high risk youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 32, 243258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, R.S. & Copeland, E.P. (2001). Student’s stress, coping strategies, and school completion: A longitudinal perspective. School Quarterly Journal, 16, 389405.Google Scholar
Henry, J., Dalton, J., Wilde, R., Walsh, J., & Wilde, C. (2002, July). Evaluation of VCAL trial: Interim report. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Ripvet.Google Scholar
Janoz, M., Leblanc, M., Boulerice, B., & Tremblay, R.E. (1997). Disentangling the weight of school dropout predictors: A test of two longitudinal samples. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 733762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, P.H. (1997). School delinquency and the social bond. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 337367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S. (1979). Children’s fears in the classroom setting. School Psychology Digest, 8, 382396.Google Scholar
Kaplan, D.S., Damphouse, K.R., & Kaplan, H.B. (1994). Mental health implications of not graduating from school. Journal of Experimental Education, 62, 105123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, H. (2002, April 17). New paths lead back to school. The Age, Education section, 3.Google Scholar
Kirby, P., Keating, J., Curwood, M., Joesph, D., Paynter, G., Quick, J.et al. (2000). Ministerial Review of Post-Compulsory Education and Training Pathways in Victoria. Communications division, Department of Education, Employment, and Training, Victoria: Victoria.Google Scholar
Kosky, L. (2005, March 8). Media release: VCAL already making a difference. Retrieved June 6, 2005.Google Scholar
Kouzma, N.M. & Kennedy, G.A. (2004). Self-reported sources of stress in senior high school students. Psychological Reports, 94, 314317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, R. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Lewis, R. & Frydenberg, E. (2004). Thriving, surviving or going under, which coping strategy relates to which outcome. In Frydenberg, E. (Ed.). Thriving, surviving or going under: Coping with everyday lives. In Series, Research on Stress and Coping in Education (pp. 324). Greenwich: Information Age.Google Scholar
Lohman, B.J. & Jarvis, P.A. (2000). Adolescent stressors, coping strategies, and psychological health studied in the family context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 1543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matheny, K.B., Curlette, W.L., Aysan, F., Herrington, A., Gfroerer, C.A., Thompson, D.et al., (2002). Coping resources, perceived stress, and life satisfaction among Turkish and American university students. International Journal of Stress Management, 9, 8197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murberg, T.A. & Bru, E. (2004). School-related stress and psychosomatic symptoms among Norwegian adolescents. School Psychology International, 25, 317332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murberg, T.A. & Bru, E. (2005). The role of coping styles as predictors of depressive symptoms among adolescents: A prospective study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46, 385393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neill, L.M. & Proeve, M.J. (2000). Ethnicity, gender, self-esteem, and coping styles: A comparison of Australian and South-East Asian secondary students. Australian Psychologist, 35, 216220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Girgus, J.S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, A.C., Sarigiani, P.A., & Kennedy, R.E. (1991). Adolescent depression: Why more girls? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 247–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelps, S.B. & Jarvis, P.A. (1994). Coping in adolescence: Empirical evidence for a theoretically based approach to assessing coping. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 359371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piko, B. (2001). Gender differences and similarities in adolescents’ ways of coping. Psychological Record, 51, 223235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Resnick, M.D., Bearman, P.S., Blum, R.W., Bauman, K.E., Harris, K.M., Jones, J.et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumberger, R.W. (1987). High school dropouts: A review of the issues and evidence. Review of Educational Research, 57, 101121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawyer, M.G., Arney, F.M., Baghurst, P.A.et al. (2000). The mental health of young people in Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care.Google Scholar
Schmeelk-Cone, K.H. & Zimmerman, M.A. (2003). A longitudinal analysis o stress in African American youth: Predictors and outcomes of stress trajectories. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 419430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2000). Causal links between stressful events, coping style and adolescent symptomatology. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 675691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seiffge-Krenke, I., & Klessinger, N. (2000). Long-term effects of avoidant coping on adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 617630CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seiffge-Krenke, I. & Stemmler, M. (2002). Factors contributing to gender differences in depressive symptoms: A test of three developmental models. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 405418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, M.P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, E.A., Edge, K., Altman, J. & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 216269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, L., & Sinclair, K.E. (1998). Stress and learning in the higher school certificate. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Stevenson, R. (1996). Academic self-concept, perceived stress and adolescent coping styles in the VCE. Unpublished Bachelor of science project (family studies), Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW, Australia.Google Scholar
Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (2005). Where to now? Guide to the VCE, VCAL and Apprenticeships and Traineeships for 2006. East Melbourne, Victoria: Author.Google Scholar
Washburn-Ormachea, J.M., Hillman, S.B., & Sawilowsky, S.S. (2004). Gender and gender-role orientation differences in adolescent coping with peer stressors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 3140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wassef, A., Ingham, D., Collins, M.L., & Mason, G. (1995). In search of effective programs to address students’ emotional distress and behavioural problems. Adolescence, 30, 523239.Google Scholar
Walker, L.S., Smith, C.A., Garber, J., & Van Syke, D.A. (1997). Development and validation of a pain response inventory for children, Psychological Assessment, 9, 392405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wills, T.A., Sandy, J.M., Yaeger, A.M., Cleary, S.D., & Shinar, O. (2001). Coping dimensions, life stress, and adolescent substance use: A latent growth analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 309323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wojcik, Z., McKenzie, V., Frydenberg, E., & Poole, C. (2004). Resources loss, gain, investment, and coping in adolescents. The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 19, 5277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar