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XXVIII.—A Contribution to the Craniology of the Natives of Borneo, the Malays, the Natives of Formosa, and the Tibetans.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2012
Extract
In three memoirs published from time to time in the Transactions of this Society I have described the characters of the crania in several Asiatic races, the bulk of which were natives of India, though a few were from countries adjoining Hindostan. In this memoir I intend to continue my inquiries into the cranial characters of Asiatic people, and to give an account of natives of Borneo, the Malays, the natives of Formosa, and the Tibetans.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 45 , Issue 3 , 1907 , pp. 781 - 818
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- Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1907
References
page 781 note * Part I., Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of India and the People of Burma, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxix., 1899; Part II., Aborigines of Chúta Nágpúr, the Central Provinces, Orissa, Veddahs, Negritos, Transactions, vol. xl., 1901; Part III., Natives of Madras Presidency, Thugs, Veddahs, Tibetans, Seistanis, Transactions, vol. xlv., 1906.
page 783 note * In my memoir on the Craniology of the People of Scotland (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1903), I have explained Kollmann's plan of obtaining facial indices, and have suggested a modification in the grouping as follows:—
page 783 note † See Thomas, Oldfield in Journ. Anth. Inst., vol. xiv. p. 332, 1885.Google Scholar My suggested modification of the divisions of the nasio-malar index is: platyopic, low flat-faced profile, index below 106; pro-opic, projecting profile, index above 110; profile intermediate in degree, mesopic, from 106 to 110 (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlv. p. 263, 1906).
page 784 note * See my memoir on Scottish Crania, op. cit., vol. xl. pp. 598, 599, 1903, for explanation of the terms metriocephalic and hypsistenocephalic.
page 784 note † The cranial capacity in this as in my previous memoirs was taken by the method employed and described in my Challenger Report, Zoology, part xxix. p. 9, 1884, the accuracy of which has been confirmed since that time by repeated investigations.
page 788 note * The Kalias and Padas rivers are in the western part of North Borneo.
page 790 note * Mr Haddon states, op. cit., p. 322, that the cephalic index of the skull of a Land Dyak in the Cambridge Museum was 71·3.
page 793 note * They are well known at the present time as frequenting the straits between the islands of the Johore Archipelago, where they bear the name Sea-Jakun or Orang Laut. They have been regarded as an aboriginal, primitive Malay sea tribe. Vide the works of Nelson Annandale, Rudolf Martin, and Messrs Skeat and Blagden.
page 794 note * Zoology, part xlvii., 1886,—part ii., the Bones of the Skeleton.
page 795 note * I may refer to my paper on the relations of the Dentary Arcades in the Crania of Australian Aborigines (Journ. of Anat. and Phys., vol. xxv. p. 461, 1891) for an account of this character in certain races. I may state that I have twice seen the adaptation of the biting edges of the incisors in Scottish students of my anatomical class.
page 796 note * The mean capacity of the crania of seventy-three Scotsmen, taken by the same method, was 1478 c.c. See my memoir on Scottish Crania in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xl. p. 601, 1903. The capacity measured by the method of Broca is in excess of the actual capacity.
page 765 note † Zoology, part xlii. p. 18, 1886.
page 797 note * Anthropology, part ii. (a) p. 93, 1904.
page 797 note † The most recent information on the physical characters of the Malays is to be found in Nelson Annandale's description in “Fasciculi Malayenses,” 1904; Martin, Rudolf, Die Inlandstämme der Malayischen Halbinsel, Jena, 1905Google Scholar; Skeat, W. W. and Blagden, C. O., Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, London, 1906.Google Scholar
Glogner, W. W. “Sieben malaische Schädel,” Verhandl. der Berliner Gesells, für Anth., p. 378, 1892.Google Scholar
Kohlbrügge, , “Anthrop. Beobacht. aus dem Malayische Archipelago,” Verh. der Berliner Gesells. für Anth., p. 396. 1900.Google Scholar
page 800 note * Op. cit., p. 606. See footnote to this memoir, p. 783.
page 802 note * Thesaurus Craniorurn, p. 289 et seq., London, 1867.
page 802 note † London, 1879.
page 802 note ‡ Barnard Davis catalogues, p. 275, a Batta or Batak skull from the Island of Sumatra, and quotes Junghuhn as locating this tribe, in the narrow part of that island.
page 802 note § Quoted by H. Ling Roth, vol. 2, p. ccxi, London, 1896.
page 803 note * Crania Ethnica, Paris, 1882.
page 803 note † Quoted by I. H. F. Kohlbrügge in L'Anthropologie, t. ix. p. 2, 1898.
page 803 note ‡ Catalogue of the Vrolik Museum, by Dusseau, J. L., Amsterdam, 1865.Google Scholar
page 806 note * The Island of Formosa Past and Present, London and New York, 1903.
page 807 note * In Consul Davidson's map the most southerly members of this group are named Koaluts.
page 807 note † Report of British Association, p. 129, Birmingham meeting, 1866. Proc. Roy. Geogr. Soc., vol. x. p. 122, 1866.
page 807 note ‡ Trans. Ethnol. Soc. London, vol. vii. p. 215, 1869. I have computed the indices from the measurements recorded by Schetelig in his table i.
page 807 note § From Far Formosa, by Mackay, G. L. D.D., p. 93, Edinburgh and London, 1896.Google ScholarPioneering in Formosa, by Pickering, W. A. C.M.G., p. 65, London, 1898.Google Scholar
page 807 note ║ The Distribution of the Negritos, Dresden, 1899.
page 808 note * From Far Formosa (op. cit.).
page 808 note † Hamy, E. T., “Les Alfourous de Gilolo d'après de nouveaux renseignements,” in Bull. Soc. de géogr. de Paris, 6th série t. xiii. p. 491, 1877Google Scholar; also “Les races Malaïques et Américaines,” in L'Anthropologie, t. vii., 1896. Deniker, J., The Races of Men, London, 1900.Google Scholar
page 808 note ‡ In previous Memoirs (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxix, p. 744, 1899, and vol. xl. p. 596, 1903) I have noted the importance of dividing the mesaticephali into two groups, those with index below 77·5 approximate to the dolichocephali, whilst those with index above 77·5 approximate to the brachycephalic type.
page 808 note § L'Anthropologie, t. ix. p. 1, 1898.
page 808 note ║ Since this memoir was in type I have, through the courtesy of Drs Paul and Fritz Sarasin, received a copy of the Memoir of DrSarasin, Fritz, Versuch einer Anthropologie der Insel Celebes, Wiesbaden, 1906.Google Scholar An elaborate account is given of the external physical characters and of the measurements of the head and body of living natives. Owing to the almost impossibility of obtaining human skulls and skeletons in the course of their travels in Celebes, the authors were not able to give an account of the osteology of the people on lines similar to those pursued in their great work on the Weddas and other people in Ceylon.
page 809 note * Journal of Anat. and Phys., vol. xi. p. 663, 1877.
page 809 note † Crania Ethnica Philippinica, Haarlem, 1901–1904.
page 810 note * See the writings of Nelson Annandale, Rudolf Martin, and Messrs Skeat and Blagden already referred to in note on p. 797. Also my memoirs on Indian Craniology, Part ii., chapter on the Sakai, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1901; Duckworth, W. L. H., Studies from the Anthropological Laboratory, Cambridge, 1904.Google Scholar
page 810 note † The term Sakai is used by many travellers as a generic term to include all the pigmy wild tribes in the Malay Peninsula. In the subdivision of these into groups, whilst one is named Semang, it is advisable, as Martin suggests, that another term than Sakai should be applied to another of the subdivisions, hence his name Senoi.
page 810 note ‡ My description of the skulls, now in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh, is included in Dr Anderson's memoir on the Selungs of the Mergui Archipelago, London, 1890.
page 810 note § The Races of Men, London, 1900.
page 810 note ║ I have described their crania in Part i. of my contributions to Indian Craniology, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1899.
page 810 note ¶ Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. lxix. pt. iii., Calcutta, 1901.
page 811 note * See for measurements and other details my memoirs on Indian Craniology already referred to.
page 812 note * Professor Cunningham, in the study of the evolution of the region of the eyebrow, has pointed out the morphological importance of distinguishing the supra-orbital ridge and the upper border of the orbit, in ther bearing on the significance of the great ridges which are found in such a skull as that from the Neanderthal.
page 813 note * This peculiar feature has been from time to time noticed by previous writers. Lucæ has figured two specimens in Zur Architectur des Menschenschädels, plates ii., xii., Frankfurt, 1857. In the Edinburgh University Museum are two skulls dating from the time of the Monroes, one of which I have figured in fig. 26. They show the character in an extreme form, and several added by myself exhibit it in a minor degree.
page 815 note * Lhasa and its Mysteries, London, 1905.