Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T03:46:14.555Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

VI.—A Contribution to the Life-History of Bowenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2012

A. Anstruther Lawson
Affiliation:
Professor of Botany, University of Sydney.

Extract

The existing Cycads, with their nine genera and about eighty known species, represent the last lingering survivors of an ancient race that existed in Mesozoic times. There is very little evidence of their geological and geographical distribution throughout that great period; but it seems that up to the close of the Cretaceous they constituted an important feature of the Land Vegetation, with the Bennettitales, Ginkgoales, and Coniferales as their contemporaries. During that long period they were probably represented by many genera and species, and apparently enjoyed a very wide geographical distribution. The nature of their seed as an organ of reproduction seems to have endowed them with great powers of propagation and dissemination, which enabled them to spread over the earth and to occupy dry soils which probably had never before been occupied by Land Plants.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1926

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature

1. Chamberlain, C. J., 1912. “Two Species of Bowenia,” Bot. Gaz., 54, No. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Chamberlain, C. J., 1912. “Morphology of Ceratozamia,” Bot. Gaz., 53, No. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Chamberlain, C. J., 1916. “Stangeria paradoxa,” Bot. Gaz., 61, No. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Chamberlain, C. J., 1906. “The Ovule and Female Gametophyte of Dioon,” Bot. Gaz., 42, 321358, pls. xiii–xv, fig. 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Chamberlain, C. J., 1907. “Preliminary Note on Ceratozamia,” Bot. Gaz., 43, 137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Chamberlain, C. J., 1909. “Spermatogenesis in Dioon edule,” Bot. Gaz., 47, 215236, pls. xv–xviii, fig. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Chamberlain, C. J., 1909. “Dioon spinulosum,” Bot. Gaz., 48, 401413, fig. 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Chamberlain, C. J., 1910. “Fertilisation and Embryogeny of Dioon edule,” Bot. Gaz., 50, 415429, pls. xiv–xvii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Coulter, J. M., and Chamberlain, C. J., 1910. Morphology of Gymnosperms, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Hirasé, S., 1894. “Notes on the Attraction Spheres in the Pollen Cell of Ginkgo biloba,” Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 8, 359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Hirasé, S., 1898. “Études sur la fecondation et l'embryogenie du Ginkgo biloba,” Jour. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 12, 103149, pls. vii–ix.Google Scholar
12. Webber, H. J., 1897 a. “Peculiar Structures occurring in the Pollen Tube of Zamia,” Bot. Gaz., 23, 453459, pl. xl.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Webber, H. J., 1897 b. “The Development of the Antherozoid in Zamia,” Bot. Gaz., 24, 1622, fig. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Webber, H. J., 1897 c. “Notes on the Fecundation of Zamia and the Pollen-tube Apparatus of Ginkgo,” Bot. Gaz., 24, 225235, pl. x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Webber, H. J., 1901. “Spermatogenesis and Fecundation in Zamia,” U.S. Dep. Argic. Plt. Ind. Bull., 2, pp. 100, pls. 7.Google Scholar
16. Ikeno, S., 1896. “Das Spermatozoid von Cycas revoluta,” Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 10, 367, 368.Google Scholar
17. Ikeno, S., 1897. “Vorläufige Mittheilung über die Spermatozoiden bei Cycas revoluta,” Bot. Centralbl., 69, 13.Google Scholar
18. Ikeno, S., 1898. “Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Geschlechtsorgane und den Vorgang der Befruchtung bei Cycas revoluta,” Jahrb. Wiss. Bot., 32, 557602, pls. viii–x.Google Scholar
19. Ikeno, S., 1903. “Die Spermatogenese von Marchantia polymorpha,” Beih. Bot. Centralbl., 15, 6588, pl. iii.Google Scholar
20. Ikeno, S., 1901. “Contribution à l'étude de la fecondation chez le Ginkgo biloba,” Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., viii, 13, 305318, pls. ii, iii.Google Scholar
21. Wieland, G. R., 1899. “A Study of some American Fossil Cycads. I. The Male Flower of Cycadeoidea,” Amer. Jour. Sci., iv, 7, 223226, pls. ii–iv.Google Scholar
22. Wieland, G. R., 1899. “A Study of some American Fossil Cycads. II. The Leaf Structure of Cycadeoidea,” Amer. Jour. Sci., iv, 7, 305308, pl. vii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Wieland, G. R., 1899. “A Study of some American Fossil Cycads. III. The Female Fructification of Cycadeoidea,” Amer. Jour. Set., iv, 7, 383391, pls. viii–x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Wieland, G. R., 1906. “American Fossil Cycads,” Publ. No. 34, Carnegie Institution of Washington, pp. 296, pls. 50, figs. 138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Wieland, G. R., 1908. “Historic Fossil Cycads,” Amer. Jour. Sci., iv, 25, 93101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Oliver, F. W., 1902. “On Some Points of Apparent Resemblance in Certain Fossil and Recent Gymnospermous Seeds,” New Phytologist, 1, 145154, figs. 4–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Oliver, F. W., and Scott, D. H., 1903. “On Lagenostoma Lomaxii, the Seed of Lyginodendron,” Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 71, 477481; reprint in Ann. of Bot., 17, 625–629.Google Scholar
28. Oliver, F. W., 1904. “A New Pteridosperm,” New Phytologist, 3, 32.Google Scholar
29. Oliver, F. W., 1904. “Notes on Trigonocarpum Brongn. and Polylophospermum Brongn., two Genera of Palæozoic Seeds, New Phytologist, 3, 96104, pl. ii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Oliver, F. W., 1904. “On the Structure and Affinities of Stephanospermum Brongn., a Genus of Fossil Gymnosperm Seed,” Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. ii, 6, 361400, pls. xli–xliv.Google Scholar
31. Oliver, F. W., and Scott, D. H., 1904. “On the Structure of the Palæozoic Seed Lagenostoma Lomaxii, with a Statement of the Evidence upon which it is referred to Lyginodendron,” Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Jan. 21, 1904 (abstract reprint); Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, B, 197, 193–247, pls. iv–x (full paper).Google Scholar
32. Oliver, F. W., 1903. “The Ovule of the Older Gymnosperms,” Ann. Bot., 17, 451476, pl. xxiv, fig. 20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Oliver, F. W., 1909. “On Physostoma elegans Williamson, an Archaic Type of Seed from the Palæozoic Rocks,” Ann. Bot., 23, 73116, pls. v–vii, fig. 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Miyake, K., 1898. “On the Spermatozoid of Ginkgo,” Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 12, 3339 (Japanese).Google Scholar
35. Miyake, K., 1902. “The Spermatozoid of Ginkgo,” Jour. Applied Micr., 5, 17731780, fig. 10.Google Scholar
36. Miyake, K., 1903. “On the Development of the Sexual Organs and Fertilisation in Picea excelsa,” Ann. Bot., 17, 351372, pls. xvi, xvii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Miyake, K., 1905. “On the Centrosome of Hepaticæ,” Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 19, 98101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Miyake, K., 1906. “Ueber die Spermatozoiden von Cycas revoluta,” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., 24, 7883, pl. vi.Google Scholar
39. Thomson, R. B., 1905. “The Megaspore Membrane of the Gymnosperms,” Univ. Toronto Biol. Ser., No. 4, p. 64, pl. v.Google Scholar
40. Dixon, H. N., 1894. “Fertilisation of Pinus silvestris,” Ann. Bot., 8, 2134, pls. iii–v.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41. Saxton, W. T., 1910. “The Development of the Embryo of Encephalartos,” Bot. Gaz., 49, 1318, pl. ii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. Worsdell, W. C., 1900. “The Anatomical Structure of Bowenia spectabilis,” Ann. Bot., 14, 159160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43. Lauterborn, R., 1896. Untersuchungen über Bau, Kernteilung, und Bewegung der Diatomen, Leipzig.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Fujii, K., 1899. “On the Morphology of the Spermatozoid of Ginkgo,” Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 13, 260266, pl. vii (Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Coulter, John M., and Chamberlain, C. J., 1903. “The Embryogeny of Zamia,” Bot. Gaz., 35, 184194, pls. vi–viii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46. Allen, C. E., 1912. “Cell Structure, Growth, and Division in the Antheridia of Polystichum juniperinum Willd.,” Arch. Zellforsch., 8, 121188, pls. vi–ix.Google Scholar
46a. Allen, C. E., 1917. “The Spermatogenesis of Polytrichum juniperinum, Ann. Bot., 31, 269292, pls. xv, xvi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47. Allen, C. E., 1911. “Studies in Spermatogenesis and Apogamy in Ferns,” Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., 17, 156, pls. i–vi.Google Scholar
48. Belajeff, W., 1888. “Ueber Bau und Entwicklung der Spermatozoiden der Gefässkryptogamen,” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., 7, 122125.Google Scholar
49. Belajeff, W., 1894. “Ueber Bau und Entwicklung der Spermatozoiden der Pflanzen,” Flora, 79, Erganzb., 148, pl. i.Google Scholar
49a Belajeff, W., 1897. “Ueber den Nebenkern in Spermatogenen Zellen und die Spermatogenese bei den Farnkräutern,” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell, 15, 337339.Google Scholar
50. Boveri, Th. 1887 a. “Ueber die Befruchtung der Eier von Ascaris megalocephala Sitz-ber.,” Ges. Morph. Phys, München, 3.Google Scholar
51. Bütschli, O., 1891. “Ueber die sogenannten Centralkörper der Zelle und ihre Bedeutung,” Verh. Naturhist-Med. ver Heidelb., 4, 535538.Google Scholar
52. Caldwell, O. W., 1907. “Microcycas ealocoma,” Bot. Gaz., 44, 118141, pls. x–xiii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53. Chamberlain, C. J., 1898. “The Homology of the Blepharoplast,” Bot. Gaz., 26, 431435.Google Scholar
54. Claussen, P., 1912. “Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Ascomyceten,” Zeitschr. Bot., 4, 164, pls. i–vi, figs. 13.Google Scholar
55. Ferguson, M. C., 1901. “The Development of the Pollen Tube and the Division of the Generative Nucleus in Certain Species of Pinus,” Ann. Bot., 15, 193223, pls. xii–xiv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56. Ferguson, M. C., 1904. “Contributions to the Knowledge of the Life-history of Pinus,” Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1202, pls. i–xxiv.Google Scholar
57. Harper, R. A., 1896. “Ueber das Verhalten der Kerne bei den Fruchten Entwicklung einiger Ascomyceten,” Jahrb. Wise. Bot., 29, 655685, pls. xi, xii.Google Scholar
58. Harper, R. A., 1900. “Sexual Reproduction in Pyronema confluens and the Morphology of the Ascocarp,” Ann. Bot., 14, 321396, pls. xix–xxi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59. Harper, R. A., 1905. “Sexual Reproduction and the Organisation of the Nucleus in Certain Mildews,” Carnegie Inst. Publ, 37.Google Scholar
60. Entz, G., 1918. “Ueber die mitotische Teilung von Polytoma uvella,” Arch. f. Protistenk., 38, 324354, pls. xii, xiii, figs. 5.Google Scholar
61. Escoyez, E., 1907. “Blepharoplaste et centrosome dans le Marchantia polymorpha,” La Cellule, 24, 247256, pl. i.Google Scholar
62. Farmer, J. B., and Reeves, J., 1894. “On the Occurrence of Centrospheres in Pellia epiphylla Nees, Ann. Bot., 8, 219224, pl. xiv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63. Farmer, J. B., and Reeves, J., and Williams, J. L., 1896. “On Fertilisation and the Segmentation of the Spore in Fucus,” Ann. Bot., 10, 479487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64. Grégoire, V., Berghs, J., 1904. “La Figure Achromatique dans le Pellia epiphylla, La Cellule, 21, 193238, pls. i, ii.Google Scholar
65. Harper, R. A., 1895. “Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Kernteilung und Sporenbildung im Ascus,” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., 13, (67), (68), pl. xxvii.Google Scholar
66. Harper, R. A., 1899. “Cell Division in Sporangia and Asci,” Ann. Bot., 13, 467525, pls. xxiv–xxvi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67. Yamanouchi, S., 1908. “Apogamy in Nephrodium,” Bot. Gaz., 45, 289318, pls. ix, x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68. Yamanouchi, S., 1908. “Spermatogenesis, Oögenesis, and Fertilisation in Nephrodium,” Bot. Gaz., 45, 145175, pls. vi–viii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69. Yamanouchi, S., 1906. “The Life-history of Polysiphonia violacea,” Bot. Gaz., 42, 401449, pls. xix–xxviii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70. Blackman, V. H., 1898. “On the Cytological Features of Fertilisation and Related Features in Pinus sylvestris L.,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, B, 190, 395426, pls. vii–xiv.Google Scholar
71. Blackman, V. H., and Fraser, H. C. I., 1906. “Further Studies on the Sexuality of the Uredineæ,” Ann. Bot, 20, 3548, pls. hi, iv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72. Williams, J. L., 1904. “Studies in the Dictyotaceæ. II. The Cytology of the Gametophyte Generation,” Ann. Bot., 18, 183204, pls. xii–xiv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73. Wilson, M., 1911. “Spermatogenesis in the Bryophyta,” Ann. Bot., 25, 415457, pls. xxxvii, xxxviii, fig. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74. Wolfe, J. J., 1904. “Cytological Studies on Nemalion,” Ann. Bot., 18, 607630, pls. xl, xii, fig. 1.Google Scholar
75. Levine, M., 1913. “The Cytology of Hymenomycetes, especially the Boleti,” Bull. Torr: Bot. Club, 40, 137181, pls. iv–viii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76. Lewis, C. E., 1906. “Embryology and Development of Riccia lutescens and Riccia crystallina,” Bot. Gaz., 41, 109138, pls. v–ix.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77. Lawson, A. A., 1904 a. “The Gametophyte, Archegonia, Fertilisation, and Embryo of Sequoia sempervirens,” Ann. Bot., 18, 128, pls. i–iv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78. Lawson, A. A., 1904. “The Gametophyte, Fertilisation, and Embryo of Cryptomeria japonica,” Ann. Bot., 18, 417444, pls. xxvii–xxx.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79Lawson, A. A., 1907. “The Gametophytes, Fertilisation, and Embryo of Cephalotaxus drupacea,” Ann. Bot., 21, 123, pls. i–iv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80. Lawson, A. A., 1907. “The Gametophytes and Embryo of the Cupressinex, with special reference to Libocedrus decurrens,” Ann. Bot, 21, 281301, pls. xxiv–xxvi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81. Mottier, D. M., 1898. “Das Centrosom bei Dictyota,” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., 16, 123128, figs. 5.Google Scholar
81a. Mottier, D. M., 1900. “Nuclear and Cell Division in Dictyota dichotoma,” Ann. Bot, 14, 166192, pl. xi.Google Scholar
82. Sharp, L. W., 1912. “Spermatogenesis in Equisetum,” Bot. Gaz., 54, 89119, pls. vii, viii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83. Shaw, W. R., 1898. “Ueber die Blepharoplasten bei Onoclea und Marsilia,” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., 16, 177184, pl. xi.Google Scholar
84. Timberlake, H. G., 1902. “Development and Structure of the Swarm Spores of Hydrodictyon,” Trans. Wit. Acad. Sci., 13, 486522, pls. xxix, xxx.Google Scholar
85. Sharp, L. W., 1914. “Spermatogenesis in Marsilia,” Bot. Gaz., 58, 419431, pls. xxxiii, xxxiv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86. Sharp, L. W., 1920. “Spermatogenesis in Blasia,” Bot. Gaz., 69, 258268, pl. xv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87. Woycicki, Z., 1899. “On Fertilisation in Coniferæ,” pp. 57, pls. 2 (Russian).Google Scholar
88. Humphrey, J. E., 1894. “Nucleolen und Centrosomen,” Ber. Deutsch, Bot Gesell., 12, 1894.Google Scholar
89. Strasburger, E., 1900. “Ueber Reduktionstheilung Spindelbildung, Centrosomen, und Cilienbildner im Pflanzenreich,” Hist. Beitr., 6, 1900.Google Scholar
90. Swingle, W. T., 1897. “Zur Kenntniss der Kern- und Zelltheilung bei den Sphacelariaceen,” Jahrb. Wiss. Bot., 30, 1897.Google Scholar
91. Escoyez, E., 1909. “Caryocinese, Centrosome, et Kinoplasme dans le Stypocaulon scoparium,” La Cellule, 25, 1909.Google Scholar
92. Yamanouchi, S., 1909. “Mitosis in Fucus,” Bot. Gaz., 47, 1909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93. Faull, J. H., 1905. Development of the Ascus and Spore Formation in Ascomycetes.Google Scholar
94. Fraser, H. C. J., 1908. “Contribution to the Cytology of Humaria rutilans,” Ann. Bot, 22, 1908.Google Scholar