V.—A Contribution to the Craniology of the People of Scotland. Part II. Prehistoric, Descriptive and Ethnographical

Wm. Turner

doi:10.1017/S0080456800018913

V.—A Contribution to the Craniology of the People of Scotland. Part II. Prehistoric, Descriptive and Ethnographical

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2012

Wm. Turner

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Wm. Turner: Affiliation:
Emeritus Professor of Anatomy.

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In Part I of a Memoir “On the Craniology of the People of Scotland,” published in the Transactions of the Society twelve years ago (vol. xl), I described the anatomical characters of 176 skulls, the majority of which had been obtained in the counties south of the Clyde and the Tay. The dimensions, form and proportions of the cranial box and of the face were examined, the cranial and facial indices were computed, several of the skulls were figured from the vertex, lateral aspect and face, and mesial sagittal sections of the skulls with radial and other measurements were reproduced. The Memoir gave the fullest account of the characters of the skulls of the modern Scottish people which had been produced up to that time. In the concluding paragraph I stated that I had formed a collection of skulls of the prehistoric in-habitants of Scotland, which I proposed to describe to the Society in Part II of the Memoir, and to discuss the general ethnographical relations of the Scottish people. From various causes the presentation to the Society of this Part has been too long delayed.

Type: Research Article
Information: Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 51 , Issue 1 , 1916 , pp. 171 - 255

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800018913 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1916

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References

^{page 172 note *} Geikie, , the Munro Lectures On the Antiquity of Man, Edinburgh, 1914Google Scholar.

^{page 172 note †} Ut supra.

^{page 172 note ‡} Archœology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1851Google Scholar.

^{page 172 note §} Scotland in Early Christian Times, 1st and 2nd series, 1881; in Pagan Times, Iron Aye, 1883; in Bronze and Stone Ages, Edinburgh, 1886.

^{page 173 note *} Past in the Present, Edinburgh, 1880.

^{page 173 note †} Proc. Royal Institution of Great Britain, March 1897; Nature, vol. lvii, 1898;Google ScholarAnn. Seot. Nat. Hist., 1898.

^{page 173 note ‡} Edinburgh, 1899. More recently in his Munro Lectures On Palœolithic Man, Edinburgh, 1912.

^{page 173 note §} Proc. Scot. Soc. Antiq., vol. xxxix, 1905.

^{page 173 note ∥} Oxford, 1912. Preliminary papers were published in P.S.Ant.S., vol. xxxviii and xli.

^{page 173 note ¶} Accounts of their discovery were given by Mr D. Milne Home in his Estuary of the Forth, and more fully by Mr David B. Morris in the Raised Beaches of the Forth Valley, 1892 and 1901. The discovery in 1897 of the Causeway head whale was described by Mr Morris, for whom I wrote an account of the implements: the specimens are preserved in the Public Museum in Stirling. See also my Marine Mammals in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh, 1912.

^{page 173 note **} I described this specimen in Reports, Newcastle Meeting British Association, p. 790, 1889. Dr E. Munro figured it in his Prehistoric Scotland, 1899, and I in Marine Mammals in the Anatomical Museum of the University, 1912.

^{page 175 note *} Wilson, Prehistoric Annals, pp. 56, 168. This skull, and that from Nether Urquhart, Fife, at one time in the Phrenological Museum, are part of the collection of the Henderson Trust now lodged in the Anatomical Museum of the University.

^{page 175 note †} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vi, 1868; vol. vii, 1870; Memoirs Anthrop. Soc. London, vol. iii, pp. 216, 266, 1870; Scotland in Pagan Times, Rhind Lectures, 1886.

^{page 177 note *} Mem. Anthrop. Soc. London, vol. iii, p. 243, 1870.

^{page 177 note †} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. ii, pp. 33, 62, plate iii, 1859.

^{page 177 note ‡} Mr Cosmo Innes described and figured in P.S.A.S., vol. iii, 1862, as associated with stone circles, cairns at Clava in Nairnshire which enclosed a large chamber with a long passage. One of the cairns was described by Sir T. Dick Lauder (Moray Floods), also by Dr R. Munro in Prehistoric Scotland.

^{page 177 note §} P.S.A.S., vol. xxxvii, p. 78, 1903Google Scholar.

^{page 179 note *} “Cairns of Arran,” Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., part i, 1902, part ii, 1903, part iii, 1909, vols. xxxvi, xxxvii, xliii;Google ScholarThe Book of Arran, Sepulchral Remains, 1910.

^{page 180 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxxviii, 1903Google Scholar.

^{page 180 note †} Idem, vol. xxxvi, 1902.

^{page 181 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xliv, 1910Google Scholar. The Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments in the Counties have recently added examples of chambered cairns in Sutherland and Caithness, also long cairns in Galloway, and notably one in Berwickshire at Byrecleugh, Longformacus.

^{page 181 note †} The references in the text to modern Scottish skulls apply to those described in Part I, vol. xl, of this Memoir.

^{page 183 note *} Ir my lecture “On Early Man in Scotland” (op. cit.), I analysed the characters of about 400 interments.

^{page 184 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vi, p. 388, 1868Google Scholar; idem, vol. xvii, p. 272, 1883.

^{page 184 note †} Joseph Anderson, Scotland in Pagan Times, p. 36, “Alloa,” p. 62, 1886; Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. x. D. Hay Fleming, LL.D., has described, P. S. Antiq. S., vol. xli, 1907,Google Scholar the cinerary urns of 1859, also two additional short cists in Law Park, St Andrews, which contained fragments of two beaker urns and a jet necklace.

^{page 184 note ‡} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxviii, 1894Google Scholar.

^{page 185 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxxii, 1898Google Scholar.

^{page 185 note †} Idem, vol. xl, 1906. Also, vol. xxxix, 1905, at Langside, Glasgow.

^{page 185 note ‡} The Report on Historical Monuments, Berwick, notifies a group of six cinerary urns at Coldingham and twelve short cists at Ayton.

^{page 188 note *} In Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxxii, 1898,Google Scholar is an account by Mr Alex. Hutcheson of a bronze-age cist found on a hill at West Mains, Auchterhouse, Forfar. It contained a bronze dagger, and two collections of calcined bones, and had a separate interment in a smaller compartment. Mr Hutcheson also referred to a short cist in the Barnhill burial mound (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xi) which was longitudinally divided into two parallel compartments, resembling therefore the Cousland grave.

^{page 189 note *} Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xiv, 1880Google Scholar. In vol. iv of the same Proceedings, a note is made of a large cinerary urn having been got in trenching a field at Tranent.

^{page 189 note †} Idem, vol. xl, 1906.

^{page 190 note *} P.S.A.S., vol. xii, p. 405, 1878Google Scholar.

^{page 190 note †} See idem, vol. xxii, p. 341.

^{page 190 note ‡} Idem, vol. v.

^{page 190 note §} See my description in proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vi, p. 18.

^{page 190 note ∥} Idem, vol xxxi, 1897.

^{page 191 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxxi, p. 199.

^{page 191 note †} Idem, vol. vi, p. 233, 1868 and p. 266.

^{page 191 note ‡} Idem, vol. xxiii, p. 138, 1889.

^{page 192 note *} Archæology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1851, p. 170.

^{page 193 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. v, p. 279, 1865Google Scholar.

^{page 193 note †} Idem, vol. vi, pp. 233, 266, 1868.

^{page 195 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vii, pp. 110, 115, 116, 1870Google Scholar.

^{page 195 note †} Idem, vol. viii, p. 383, 1871.

^{page 195 note ‡} Idem, vol. v, p. 81, 1865.

^{page 195 note §} Reliquary, 1903. Also described and figured by Professor Bryce, in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., xxxix, p. 428, 1905Google Scholar.

^{page 196 note *} Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. iii, p. 50, 1862Google Scholar. Skull in National Museum of Antiquities.

^{page 196 note †} Idem, vol. xi, p. 464, 1876. The skull which I measured is preserved in the National Museum of Antiquities.

^{page 196 note ‡} Idem, vol. iv, p. 499, 1863.

^{page 196 note §} Idem, vol. xx, p. 170, 1886. See also Professor Bryce, T. H., “Cairns of Arran,” Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxvi, p, 74, 1902Google Scholar.

^{page 197 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 14th Dec. 1904, vol. xxxviii, pp. 52Google Scholaret seq.

^{page 198 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 8th May 1905, vol. xxxix, p. 418Google Scholar.

^{page 199 note *} Proc. Anatomical and Anthropological Soc. of University of Aberdeen, 1902–04, 1906–08; also Appendix by Dr Low to Professor Bryce's Memoir in Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., 8th May 1905, vol. xxxixGoogle Scholar; Illustrated Catalogue, Aberdeen, 1912Google Scholar.

^{page 199 note †} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxxi, p. 115, 1897Google Scholar.

^{page 200 note *} Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi, 1907Google Scholar.

^{page 207 note *} See descriptions by Cosmo Innes in Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. iii, pp. 46, 374, 490, 1862Google Scholar.

^{page 208 note *} For the signification of these terms I may refer to Part I of this Memoir, vol. xl, p. 606; and to Jour, of Anat. and Phys., vol. xxxvii, p. 406.

^{page 210 note *} Edin. New Phil. Jour., 1850; Howden, and M'Bain, in Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. iii, 1867;Google ScholarProc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. x, 1875Google Scholar.

^{page 210 note †} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xi, 1876Google Scholar.

^{page 210 note ‡} Idem, vol. vi, 1868.

^{page 210 note §} Idem, vol. x, p. 306, 1875.

^{page 210 note ∥} Clarke, Bruce, Corrie, A. J., Johnson, R. J. and Hunt, A. B. in Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. x, pp. 476, 499 1875;Google Scholar vols. xi, p. 305, and xii, p. 669.

^{page 211 note *} Ayr and Gal. Arch. Assoc., vol. vii, pp. 62 et seq., quoted by Dr Robert Munro.

^{page 211 note †} Described in Reports of Edinburgh Meeting of British Association, p. 160, 1871; the femora, in my “Challenger” Report, part xlvii, p. 97, 1886; the bones, more fully in my account of the Caves at Oban, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxix, May 1895Google Scholar.

^{page 211 note ‡} The Gaswork, Distillery and MacArthur Caves are described in my memoir on the Caves at Oban, cited above.

^{page 211 note §} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxix, p. 211, 1895;Google Scholar also my memoir on the Caves at Oban in the same volume.

^{page 214 note *} “Challenger Reports,” Zoology, part xlvii, p. 97, 1886.

^{page 216 note *} Boyd Dawkins, Cave Hunting.

^{page 216 note †} Robert Munro in Prehistoric Scotland, p. 54, 1899.

^{page 216 note ‡} L Anthropologie, vol. vii, p. 319, 1896Google Scholar.

^{page 216 note §} Proe. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xlviii, p. 52, 1914Google Scholar.

^{page 217 note *} L'Anthropologie, vol. vii, p. 385, 1896Google Scholar.

^{page 217 note †} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxxviii, 1904Google Scholar.

^{page 219 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xlii, 1908Google Scholar.

^{page 220 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xliii, p. 243, 1909Google Scholar.

^{page 220 note †} In the section on Ethnography (p. 247) the recent discovery of iron objects by Mr Alexr. O. Curle in a fortification on Traprain Law, East Lothian, has been included in the text.

^{page 220 note ‡} Archæologia Scotica, vol. iii, p. 40, 1831Google Scholar.

^{page 220 note §} Scotland in Pagan Times—The Iron Age, 1883.

^{page 221 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxv, p. 432, 1891,Google Scholar and vol. xli, p. 437, 1907.

^{page 221 note †} Idem, vol. xliv, p. 221, 1910; The Book of Arran.

^{page 221 note ‡} Anderson, The Iron Age in Scotland in Pagan Times; also Rendall, in Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xiv, p. 85, 1880Google Scholar.

^{page 225 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. viii, p. 372, 1871Google Scholar.

^{page 225 note †} Archæologica Scotica, iv, p. 353.

^{page 228 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vi, p. 246, 1868Google Scholar.

^{page 228 note †} Idem, vol. vi, p. 65, 1868.

^{page 228 note ‡} Idem, vol. xii, p. 65, 1878.

^{page 228 note §} Idem, vol. iii, pp. 68, 76, 159, 183, 1862.

^{page 229 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xxxix, p. 350, 1905Google Scholar.

^{page 229 note †} Archæologia Scotica, vol. iii, p. 40, 1831;Google Scholar referred to supra, p. 220.

^{page 229 note ‡} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. iii, p. 505, 1862Google Scholar.

^{page 229 note §} Idem, vol. ii, p. 251, 1859.

^{page 229 note ∥} Idem, vol. iii, p. 503, 1862.

^{page 230 note *} Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vii, p. 515, 1870Google Scholar.

^{page 230 note †} Idem, vol. xxxvi, 1902.

^{page 230 note ‡} Idem, vol. xxxviii, p. 96, 1904.

^{page 230 note §} Idem, vol. xl, p. 60, and p. 328, 1906.

^{page 230 note ∥} Idem, vol. xxxv, 1901.

^{page 230 note ¶} Idem, vol. xxxix, p. 393, 1905.

^{page 230 note **} Idem, p. 441.

^{page 230 note ††} Idem, vol. xliii, p. 170, 1909.

^{page 230 note ‡‡} Idem, p. 317, 1909.

^{page 231 note *} This question is discussed more fully on p. 251.

^{page 233 note *} See my memoirs in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vols. xlvi, xlvii, 1.

^{page 235 note *} Tacitus considered that the ancient Iberians crossed the sea from Spain and settled in Britain (Agricola, section xi); a sea route doubtless impracticable to be traversed at that early period,

^{page 235 note †} Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cæsar, Oxford, 1907Google Scholar.

^{page 235 note ‡} See Sergi, , The Mediterranean Race: Europa, Torino, 1908Google Scholar.

^{page 235 note §} Bryce in the “Cairns of Arran,” P. S. Ant. Scot., July 1902, and Scottish Historical Review, April 1905.

^{page 236 note *} “Ancient British and Gaulic Skulls,” Mem. Anthrop. Soc. London, vol. i, p. 158, 1865Google Scholar.

^{page 241 note *} Philosophical Transactions R. S., London, vol. cl, 1870Google Scholar.

^{page 242 note *} Memoirs Anthrop. Soc., London, vol. i, pp. 120, 459, 1863–1864Google Scholar.

^{page 242 note †} Skulls described in Greenwell's British Barrows, reprinted in Rolleston's Scientific Papers and Addresses, edited by W. Turner, 1884.

^{page 242 note ‡} “Long-Barrow Skulls,” Journ. Anth. Inst., vol. xxii, 1893;Google Scholar“Orkney Islanders,” Journ. Anth. List., vol. xiii, 1883Google Scholar.

^{page 242 note §} Journ. Anat. and Phys., vols. xxxviii, xxxix, 1904, 1905Google Scholar.

^{page 242 note ∥} Proc. Anat. Anthrop. Soc., Univ. Aberdeen, 1904–1906, p. 146Google Scholar.

^{page 243 note *} Bronze-Age Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland, Oxford, 1912;Google Scholarop. cit., p. 173.

^{page 244 note *} Supplementary to the-bronze-age burials specified in the text, recent volumes of the Proceedings of the S. Ant.Scot, contain accounts of short cist and cinerary urn interments by Messrs J. Graham Callander, F. R. Coles, W. Reid, W. Mackenzie, D. M'Kinlay, and J. H. Craw. Beaker urns additional to those referred to in the text were obtained in Aberdeenshire, Banff, Kincardine, Argyll, North Berwick, Dunbar, and Broomdykes, Berwickshire. Bowl urns were also recorded from Ross, the Black Isle, Fife, and Merchiston, Mid Lothian.

The short cists in general form resembled the dolmens of France, but on a smaller scale as regards the magnitude of the stones and the size of the space enclosed by them. The stone boxes seen in many country churchyards with the large cover slab, built on the surface above the coffin and inhumed body, though without contents, are in form a survival in modern times of an ancient cist burial.

^{page 244 note †} Crania Suecica Antique, Stockholm, 1900,Google Scholar and Huxley Lecture for 1909 in Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. xxxix; also Retzius, and Fürst, , Anthropologia Suecica, Stockholm, 1902Google Scholar.

^{page 245 note *} Several memoirs from 1891 to 1904. A general résumé is given in C. R. du Congrès International de Médecine, Moscow, 1897, and Tidskrift af Svenska Sellsk. Antropol. och Geograf., 1900.

^{page 245 note †} Vidensk. Sellskabets Skrifter, Christiania, 1901, 1903Google Scholar.

^{page 245 note ‡} Vidensk. Sellskabets Forandl, Christiania, 1905Google Scholar.

^{page 245 note §} Quoted by G. Retzius.

^{page 245 note ∥} Abhandl. der König. Akad; der Wissensch., Berlin, 1876Google Scholar.

^{page 246 note *} Quoted by G. Retzius, Crania Suecica Antigua, p. 49.

^{page 247 note *} A Roman Frontier Post and its People, 1910.

^{page 248 note *} Ancient Britain, Oxford, 1907Google Scholar.

^{page 249 note *} Crania Britannica. The Dunrobin burial was described in P.S. Ant. Sc., vol. i, p. 297, 1855Google Scholar.

^{page 249 note †} Quoted by Retzius, Crania Suecica.

^{page 250 note *} Barnard Davis gave measurements of an ancient Norse skull found in 1840 near Lough Larne, Antrim, the cephalic index of which was 73; also another marked “ancient Danish?” from East Riding, Yorkshire, the index of which was 74. See Thesaurus Craniorum and Supplement.

^{page 250 note †} Hodgkin, , The History of England from Earliest Times to Norman Conquest, London, 1906,Google Scholar chapters vi, viii, xi. Skene, W. F. considered (“Early Frisian Settlements in Scotland,” P.S.A.S., iv, 169, 1863)Google Scholar evidence to exist of Frisian settlements as early as 374 A.D., i.e. prior to the Saxon invasion of England, along the north shore of the Firth of Forth, the south-east shore, and the shore of Forfar and Kincardine.

^{page 250 note ‡} Archæologia, 1870 and 1879; also Collected Scientific Papers, vol. ii, edited by Turner, W., Oxford, 1884Google Scholar.

^{page 251 note *} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. xli, 1911,Google Scholar and vol. xliii, 1913.

^{page 252 note *} “Sur l'histoire de l'index céphalique dans les Isles Britanniques,” in L'Anthropologie, vol. v, 1894Google Scholar.

^{page 253 note *} Beddoe, in Races of Britain, 1885, and the Rhind Lectures reprinted from Scottish Review, 1893; Gray and Tocher in a joint memoir (Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. xxx, 1900)Google Scholar, and in separate memoirs, of which Tocher's, “Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland,” Biometrika, vol. vi, 1908,Google Scholar is the most comprehensive. He analysed the colour characters of somewhat more than half a million children, and gave the distribution of the various tints and shades of colour in the counties in Scotland.

Dr John Brownlee, in a suggestive paper (Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. xli, 1911)Google Scholar, based on Dr Beddoe's measurements, considered the possibility of analysing race mixtures into their original stocks through the Mendelian formula.

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V.—A Contribution to the Craniology of the People of Scotland. Part II. Prehistoric, Descriptive and Ethnographical

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