Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T02:55:21.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 January 2018

Jacek Szwedo
Jacek Szwedo*
Affiliation:
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza Street, PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper outlines and discusses the fossil record of the Hemiptera – the fifth most diverse insect order. The diversity of these insects in comparison with the “Big Four” group is given, together with a short history of its classification. Updated information is presented about the fossil record of particular families, with a brief analysis. The main evolutionary traits of the major Hemiptera lineages are briefly described. The influence of biotic interactions with endosymbionts, shaping the evolution of the hemipterans as well as abiotic events and major global changes, is disputed. The innovations and perils of the evolutionary history of the Hemiptera are presented.

Keywords

Insectsclassificationco-evolutionevolutionfossil record
Type
Articles
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 107 , Issue 2-3: Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber , June 2016 , pp. 109 - 128
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

5. References

Amyot, C. J.-B. & Audinet-Serville, J. G. 1843. Deuxième partie. Homoptères. Homoptera Latr. Histoire Naturelle des insectes. Hemiptères 1843: 1–676. Paris: Librairie encyclopédique de Roret.Google Scholar
Andersen, N. M. 1978. A new family of semiaquatic bugs for Paraphrynovelia Poisson with a cladistic analysis of relationships (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerromorpha). Steenstrupia 4, 211–25.Google Scholar
Ansorge, J. 1996. Insekten aus dem oberen Lias von Grimmen (Vorpommern, Norddeutschland). Neue Paläontologische Abhandlungen 2, 1–132.Google Scholar
Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa. II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Stuttgart-Jena-New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.Google Scholar
Azar, D., Nel, A., Engel, M. S., Garrouste, R. & Matocque, A. 2011. A new family of Coreoidea from the Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Hemiptera: Pentatomomorpha). Polish Journal of Entomology 80, 627–644.Google Scholar
Baker, A. C. 1920. Generic classification of the hemipterous family Aphididae. Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture 826. 93 pp+16 plates.Google Scholar
Balachowsky, A. 1942. Essai sur la classification des cochenilles (Homoptera-Coccoidea). Annales de l'École nationale d'agriculture de Grignon (Serie 3) 3, 34–48.Google Scholar
Barnosky, A. D. 1999. Does evolution dance to the Red Queen or the Court Jester? Abstracts of Papers Fifty-Ninth Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Adams Mark Hotel Denver, Colorado October 20–23, 1999. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (Supplement 003), 31A.Google Scholar
Barnosky, A. D. 2001. Distinguishing the effects of The Red Queen and Court Jester on Miocene mammal evolution in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21, 172–85.Google Scholar
Baumann, P. 2005. Biology of bacteriocyte-associated endosymbionts of plant sap-sucking insects. Annual Review of Microbiology 59, 155–89.Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1946. Ocherki po sravnitelnoy morfologii sovremennykh i permskikh Homoptera, chast 1. []. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya 1946(6), 741–66.Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1949. Novoe permskoe semeïstvo Boreoscytidae i vopros o filogenii predkov Homoptera []. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 20, 171–82.Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1958. Novye iskopaemye ravnokrylye []. Materialy k Osnovam Paleontologii [] 2, 57–67.Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1960. Novye permskie ravnokrylye evropeïskoï chasti SSSR [.] Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR 76, 1–111. [In Russian.]Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1962a. Nekotorye novye poluzhestkokrylye i senoedy. []. Palontologicheskiï Zhurnal 1962(1), 89–104.Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1962b. Nadotryad Rhynchota. Khobotnye. In Rodendorf, B. B. (ed.) Osnovy paleontologii. Chlenistonogie. Trakheïnye i khelitserovye, 9, 161–226. Moskva: Akademia Nauk SSSR. 560 pp. [Published in English as: Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1991. Superorder Rhynchota. Insects with proboscis. In Rohdendorf, B. B. (ed.) Principles of Palaeontology. Arthropoda. Tracheata and Chelicerata. 9, 216–317. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and The National Science Foundation. xxxi+894 pp.]Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1972. Svyaz' filogenii Psyllomorpha s pishchevoï adaptatsieï na rasteniyakh-khozyaevakh [.] In Sessiya, posvyashchennaya stoletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya akademika A.A. Borisyaka []. Moscow: Nauka, 3–4.Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. 1985. Iskopaemye nasekomye Psillomorfy []. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR 206, 1–94.Google Scholar
Becker-Migdisova, E. E. & Aizenberg, E. E. 1962. Infraotryad Aphidomorpha. []. In Rodendorf, B. B. (ed.) Osnovy paleontologii. Chlenistonogie. Trakheïnye i khelitserovye 9, 194–99. Moskva: Akademia Nauk SSSR. 560 pp. [Published in English as: Becker-Migdisova, E. E. & Aizenberg, E. E. 1991. Infraorder Aphidomorpha. In Rohdendorf, B. B. (ed.) Principles of Palaeontology. Arthropoda. Tracheata and Chelicerata 9, 267–74. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and The National Science Foundation. xxxi+894 pp.]Google Scholar
Bennett, G. M. & Moran, N. A. 2015. Heritable symbiosis: The advantages and perils of an evolutionary rabbit hole. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(33), 10169–76.Google Scholar
Bennett, G. M., McCutcheon, J. P., MacDonald, B. R., Romanovicz, D. & Moran, N. A. 2014. Differential genome evolution between companion symbionts in an insect-bacterial symbiosis. mBio 5(5), e01697–14.Google Scholar
Benton, M. J. 2009. The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time. Science 323(5915), 728–32.Google Scholar
Bergroth, E. 1891. Eine neue Saldiden-Gattung. Wiener entomologisches Zeitung 10(8), 263–67.Google Scholar
Bergroth, E. 1906. Aphylinae und Hyocephalinae, zwei neue Hemipteren-Subfamilien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 29, 644–49.Google Scholar
Bergstrom, C. T. & Lachmann, M. 2003a. The Red King effect: when the slowest runner wins the coevolutionary race. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(2), 593–98.Google Scholar
Bergstrom, C. T. & Lachmann, M. 2003b. The Red King effect. Evolutionary rates and the division of surpluses in mutualisms. In Hammerstein, P. (ed.) Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation, 223–38. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 499 pp.Google Scholar
Beutel, R. G. Friedrich, F., Ge, S.-Q. & Yang, X.-K. 2014. Insect morphology and phylogeny. A textbook for students of entomology. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. xv+516 pp.Google Scholar
Billberg, G. J. 1820. Enumeratio insectorum in Museo Gust. Joh. Billberg. Stockholm: Gadel. 138 pp.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. E. 1776. Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte des Kopals. Beschäftigungen der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde 2, 91–196.Google Scholar
Borchsenius, N. S. 1950. Chervetsy i shchitovki SSSR []. Moskva–Leningrad: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute. 250 pp.Google Scholar
Borchsenius, N. S. 1958. Ob evolyutsii i filogeneticheskikh svyazyakh Coccoidea (Insecta, Homoptera) [On the evolution and phylogenetic interrelations of the Coccoidea]. Zoologicheskiï Zhurnal 37, 765–80.Google Scholar
Börner, C. 1904. Zur Systematik der Hexapoden. Zoologischer Anzeiger 27, 511–33.Google Scholar
Bourgoin, T. & Campbell, B. C. 2002. Inferring a phylogeny for Hemiptera: falling into the ‘autapomorphic trap'. In Holzinger, W. (ed) Zikaden – leafhoppers, planthoppers and cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Denisia, 4, zugleich Kataloge des OÖ. Landesmuseums Linz, Neue Folge Nr. 176, 67–82.Google Scholar
Bourgoin, T. & Szwedo, J. 2008. The ‘cixiid-like’ fossil planthopper families. Bulletin of Insectology 61, 107–08.Google Scholar
Brain, C. K. 1918. The Coccidae of South Africa–II. Bulletin of Entomological Research 9, 107–39.Google Scholar
Breddin, G. 1897. Hemipteren. In Michaelsen, W. (ed) Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise 2, Hemiptera, 36 pp.Google Scholar
Brockhurst, M. A., Chapman, T., King, K. C., Mank, J. E., Paterson, S. & Hurst, G. D. D. 2014. Running with the Red Queen: the role of biotic conflicts in evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281, 20141382.Google Scholar
Brown, S. W. & McKenzie, H. L. 1962. Evolutionary patterns in the armored scale insects and their allies (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae, Phoenicococcidae and Asterolecaniidae). Hilgardia 33, 141–70.Google Scholar
Brożek, J., Szwedo, J., Gaj, D. & Pilarczyk, S. 2003. Former and current views on the classification of the bugs (Insecta, Hemiptera). Genus, International Journal of Invertebrate Taxonomy (Supplement), 85–110.Google Scholar
Brullé, A. 1836 (1835). Histoire naturelle des insectes, traitant de leur organisation et de leurs en général, et comprenant leur classification et la description des espèces. Orthoptères et Hémiptères. Paris: F.D. Pillot. 415 pp.Google Scholar
Buchner, P. 1965. Endosymbiosis of animals with plant microorganisms. New York: John Wiley. xvii+909 pp.Google Scholar
Burckhardt, D. & Ouvrard, D. 2012. A revised classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Zootaxa 3509, 1–34.Google Scholar
Cameron, S. L., Beckenbach, A. T., Dowton, M. & Whiting, M. F. 2006. Evidence from mitochondrial genomics on interordinal relationships in insects. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 64, 27-34.Google Scholar
Carayon, J. 1972. Caractères systématiques et classification des Anthocoridae (Hemipt.). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 8, 309–49.Google Scholar
Carpenter, F. M. 1931. The Lower Permian Insects of Kansas: Part 4. The Order Hemiptera, and additions to the Paleodictyoptera and Protohymenoptera. American Journal of Science 5(22), 113–30.Google Scholar
China, W. E. 1933. A new family of Hemiptera-Heteroptera with notes on the phylogeny of the suborder. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12 10, 180–96.Google Scholar
China, W. E. 1953. A new subfamily of Microphysidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12 6, 97–125.Google Scholar
China, W. E. 1955. A new genus and species representing a new subfamily of Plataspidae, with notes on the Aphylidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12 8, 204–10.Google Scholar
China, W. E. & Fennah, R. G. 1952. On a remarkable genus of Fulgoroid Homoptera representing a new family. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12 5, 189–99.Google Scholar
China, W. E. & Slater, J. A. 1956. A new subfamily of Urostylidae from Borneo. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Pacific Science 10, 410–14.Google Scholar
Chou, I. 1963. Some viewpoints about insect taxonomy. Acta Entomologica Sinica 12, 586–96.Google Scholar
Cobben, R. H. 1970. Morphology and taxonomy of intertidal dwarf-bugs (Heteroptera, Omaniidae fam. nov.). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 113(2), 61–90.Google Scholar
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1889. Article VII—First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 5, 389–98.Google Scholar
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1896. A check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 4, 318–39.Google Scholar
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1899. Articla VII. First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 5, 389–98.Google Scholar
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1902. A contribution to the classification of the Coccidae. The Entomologist 35, 232–33, 257–60.Google Scholar
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1905. Tables for identification of Rocky Mountain Coccidae (scale insects and mealybugs). The University of Colorado Studies. General Series A 2, 189–203.Google Scholar
Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L. & Fan, J.-X. 2013. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36, 199–204.Google Scholar
Costa, A. 1853. Cimicum regni neapolitani. Centuria 1–4. Napoli. 294 pp.Google Scholar
Coutière, H. & Martin, J. 1901. Sur une nouvel Hémiptère halophile, Hermatobates marchei n. gen., n. sp. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 5, 214–26.Google Scholar
Crawford, D. L. 1911. American Psyllidae IV (A Partial Revision of Subfamilies). Pomona College Journal of Entomology 3, 480–503.Google Scholar
Cryan, J. R. & Urban, J. M. 2012. Higher-level phylogeny of the insect order Hemiptera: is Auchenorrhyncha really paraphyletic? Systematic Entomology 37, 7–21.Google Scholar
Dallas, W. S. 1851. List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum, 1, 1–369.Google Scholar
Deitz, L. L. & Dietrich, C. H. 1993. Superfamily Membracoidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). I. Introduction and revised classification with new family-group taxa. Systematic Entomology 18, 287–96.Google Scholar
Dietrich, C. H. 2005. Keys to the families of Cicadomorpha and subfamilies and tribes of Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Florida Entomologist 88, 502–17.Google Scholar
Dietrich, C. H. 2013. Overview of the phylogeny, taxonomy and diversity of the leafhopper (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea: Cicadellidae) vectors of plant pathogens. In Chang, C.-J., Lee, C.-Y. & Shih, H.-T. (eds) Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Insect Vectors and Insect-Borne Diseases, Special Publication of TARI 173, 47–70. Taichung: Council of Agriculture, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine. 230 pp.Google Scholar
Dietrich, C. H. & Wallner, A. M. 2002. Diversity and taxonomic composition of Cicadellidae in the Amazonian rainforest canopy (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Membracoidea), p. 18. In Hoch, H., Asche, M., Hömberg, C. & Kessling, P. (eds) 11th International Auchenorrhyncha Congress, 5–9 August 2002. Berlin: Museum für Naturkunde. 116 pp.Google Scholar
Distant, W. L. 1880–1893. Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Biologia Centrali-Americana 1, xx+462 pp.Google Scholar
Distant, W. L. 1905. Rhynchotal notes. XXXV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7 16, 265–80.Google Scholar
Dixon, A. F. G. 1985. Aphid Ecology. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. 157 pp.Google Scholar
Dohrn, F. A. 1859. Homoptera. Catalogus Hemipterorum. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin 1859, 56–93.Google Scholar
Douglas, J. W. & Scott, J. 1867. British Hemiptera: Additions and corrections. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 4, 45–52.Google Scholar
Drake, C. J. 1961. A new subfamily, genus and two new species of Dipsocoridae (Hemiptera). Publicações culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola 52, 75–80.Google Scholar
Drohojowska, J. 2015. Thorax morphology and its importance in establishing relationships within Psylloidea (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha). Katowice: University of Silesia Press. 171 pp.Google Scholar
Drohojowska, J., Szwedo, J. & Azar, D. 2013. Talaya batraba gen. et sp. nov. – the first nymph of a Protopsyllidiid (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psyllomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon. Acta Geologica Sinica [English Edition] 87, 21–31.Google Scholar
Drohojowska, J. & Szwedo, J. 2015. Early Cretaceous Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from the Lebanese amber. Cretaceous Research 52, 368–89.Google Scholar
Du, S., Yao, Y. Z., Ren., D. & Zhang, W. T. 2017. Dehiscensicoridae fam. nov. (Insecta: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha) from the Upper Mesozoic of Northeast China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15(12), 991–1013.Google Scholar
EDNA 2015. The EDNA Fossil Insect Database by Tony Mitchell. http://edna.palass-hosting.org/ Last updated 7 December 2015, accessed 20 January 2017.Google Scholar
Emeljanov, A. F. 2002. Evolyutsionnyï stsenariï formirovaniya khobotka Rhynchota Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 81(4), 795–807. [Published in English as: Emeljanov, A. F. 2002. Evolutionary scenario of the forming of rostrum in the Rhynchota. Entomological Review 82(9), 1197–1206.]Google Scholar
Emeljanov, A. F. 2014. Evolyutsionnaya rol' i sud'ba pervivhnogo yaïtseklada nasekomykh. Entomologicheskoe Obezrenie 93(1), 91–130. [Published in English as: Emeljanov, A. F. 2014. The evolutionary role and fate of the primary ovipositor in insects. Entomological Review 94(3), 367–96.]Google Scholar
Esaki, T. & China, W. E. 1927. A new family of Heteroptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 75, 279–95.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1946. A natural classification of leaf-hoppers (Jassoidea, Homoptera) Part 1. External morphology and systematic position. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 96(3), 47–60.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1950. A re-examination of an Upper Permian insect, Paraknightia magnifica Ev. Records of the Australian Museum 22, 246–50.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1956. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Hemiptera (Insecta). Australian Journal of Zoology 4, 165–258.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1957. Los insectos de las Islas Juan Fernandez (Cicadellidae Homoptera). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 5, 365–74.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1961. Some Upper Triassic Hemiptera from Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 14, 13–23.Google Scholar
Evans, J. W. 1966. The leafhoppers and froghoppers of Australia and New Zealand (Homoptera: Ciadelloidea and Cercopoidea). Australian Museum Memoir 12, 1–347.Google Scholar
Fallén, C. F. 1814. Specimen novam Hemiptera disponendi methodum exhibiens. Lundae. 26 pp.Google Scholar
Fallén, C. F. 1829. Hemiptera Sveciae. Cimicides eorumquea familiae affines. Londini Gothorum: Ex Officina Berlingiana. iv+17–188 pp.Google Scholar
Fennah, R. G. 1949. A new genus of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 12 2, 111–20.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F. 1950. Report upon scale insects collected in China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Part I. (Contribution No. 66). Microentomology 15, 1–34.Google Scholar
Fieber, F. X. 1851. Genera hydrocoridum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita. Pragae: Ex Caes. Reg. Aulica typographia filiorum A. Haase. 30 pp.Google Scholar
Fieber, F. X. 1860. Die europäischen Hemiptera. Halbflügler (Rhynchota Heteroptera) 1, 1–112. Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn.Google Scholar
Fieber, F. X. 1872. Katalog der europäischen Cicadinen, nach Originalien mit Benützung der neuesten Literatur. Wien: Druk und Verlag von Carl Gerold's Sohn. 19 pp.Google Scholar
Flor, G. 1861. Die Rhynchoten Livlands in systematische Folge beschrieben. Archiv für die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands 2, Biologische Naturkunde 4, 438–546.Google Scholar
Forero, D. 2008. The systematics of the Hemiptera. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 34, 1–21.Google Scholar
Gallego, O. F., Martins-Neto, R. G. & Carmona, M. J. 2001. Nuevos registros de artrópodos (Insecta y Conchostraca) en el triásico de la Argentina: comentarios sobre su afinidad con faunas de Laurasia y Gondwana. Universidad Nacional Del Nordeste, Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas 2003, Resumen B-05, 1–4.Google Scholar
Germar, E. F. 1821. Bemerkungen über einige Gattungen der Cicadarien. Magazin der Entomologie 4, 1–106.Google Scholar
Golub, V. B., Popov, Y. A. & Arillo, A. 2012. Hispanocaderidae n. fam. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingoidea), one of the oldest lace bugs from the Lower Cretaceous Álava amber (Spain). Zootaxa 3270, 41–50.Google Scholar
Grazia, J., Shuch, R. T. & Wheeler, W. C. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera). Cladistics 24, 1–45.Google Scholar
Green, E. E. 1896. The Coccidae of Ceylon. Part I. London: Dulau & Co. xi +103 pp.Google Scholar
Grimaldi, D. A. 2003. First amber fossils of the extinct family Protopsyllidiidae, and their phylogenetic significance among Hemiptera. Insect Systematics and Evolution 34, 329–44.Google Scholar
Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M. S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. xv+755 pp.Google Scholar
Gullan, P. J. & Cranston, P. S. 2014. The insects: an outline of entomology. Fifth Edition. Malden, Oxford, Carlton: Wiley-Blackwell. xxv+595 pp.Google Scholar
Gullan, P. J. & Martin, J. H. 2003. Sternorrhyncha (psylloids, whiteflies, aphids and scale insects). In Cardé, R. T. & Resh, V. H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Insects, 1079–89. Amsterdam: Academic Press. xxviii+1266 pp.Google Scholar
Hahn, C. W. 1831. Die wanzenartigen Insecten: getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben 1. vi+236 pp.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. G. A. 1990. Homoptera. In Grimaldi, D. A. (ed) Insects from the Santana Formation (Brazil). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 195, 82–122.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. G. A. 1992. Lower Cretaceous Homoptera from the Koonwarra Fossil Bed in Australia, with a new superfamily and synopsis of Mesozoic Homoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85, 423–30.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. G. A. 2002. A new family of froghoppers from the American tropics (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Epipygidae). Biodiversity 2(3), 15–21.Google Scholar
Hamilton, K. G. A. 2012. Are treehoppers neotenous leafhoppers? American Entomologist 58, 224–32.Google Scholar
Handlirsch, A. 1906–1908. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann. ix+1430+51 plates (1906: 1–672; 1907: 673–1120; 1908: 1121–1430), 51 taf. (1906: plates 1–36; 1907: plates 37–51).Google Scholar
Handlirsch, A. 1920. Palaeontologie. In Schröder, C. (ed) Handbuch der Entomologie 3, 117–208.Google Scholar
Handlirsch, A. 1939. Neue Untersuchungen über die fossilen Insekten, Teil 2. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 49, 1–240.Google Scholar
Heie, O. E. 1980. The Aphidoidea (Hemiptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. 1. General part. The families Mindaridae, Hormaphididae, Thelaxidae, Anoeciidae and Pemphigidae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 9, 1–236.Google Scholar
Heie, O. E. 1994. Aphid ecology in the past and a new view on the evolution of Macrosiphini. In Leather, S. R, Watt, A. D., Mills, N. J. & Walters, K. F. A. (eds) Individuals, populations and patterns in ecology, 409–18. Andover: Intercept. xxii+491 pp.Google Scholar
Heie, O. E. 1999. Aphids of the past (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha). Proceedings of the First International Palaeoentomological Conference, Moscow 1998. AMBA/AM/PFICM98/1.99, 49–55.Google Scholar
Heie, O. E., & Azar, D. 2000. Two new species of aphids found in Lebanese amber and a revision of the family Tajmyraphididae Kononova, 1975 (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93, 1222–25.Google Scholar
Heie, O. E. & Pike, E. M. 1992. New aphids in Cretaceous amber from Alberta (Insecta, Homoptera). The Canadian Entomologist 124, 1027–53.Google Scholar
Heie, O. E. & Wegierek, P. 2011. A list of fossil aphids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aphidomorpha). Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum 6, 1–82.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1969. Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten. Frankfurt am Main: Waldemar Kramer. 436 pp.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1981. Insect phylogeny. New York: John Wiley & Sons. xxii+514 pp.Google Scholar
Herrich-Schäffer, G. A. W. 1857. Die Pflanzenläuse Aphiden. Getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und beschrieben. In Koch, C. L. (ed.). Nürnberg: J. L. Lotzbeck. viii+334 pp.Google Scholar
Heslop Harrison, G. 1952. LXXII. Preliminary notes on the ancestry, family relations, evolution and speciation of the Homopterous Psyllidae. II. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 12 5(55), 679–96.Google Scholar
Heslop-Harrison, G. 1958. Subfamily separation in the homopterous Psyllidae-III (a–c). Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 13 1, 561–79.Google Scholar
Hodgson, C. J. 2014. Phenacoleachia, Steingelia, Pityococcus and Puto – necoccoids or archaeococcoids? An intuitive phylogenetic discussion based on adult male characters. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Supplement 6, 41–50.Google Scholar
Hodgson, C. J. & Hardy, N. B. 2013. The phylogeny of the superfamily Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhycha) based on the morphology of extant and extinct macropterous males. Systematic Entomology 38, 794–804.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, I. D. & Casson, D. 1991. A lesser predilection for bugs: Hemiptera (Insecta) diversity in tropical rain forests. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 43, 101–09.Google Scholar
Homan, A. & Wegierek, P. 2011. A new family of aphids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) from the Lower Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia. ZooKeys 130, 167–74.Google Scholar
Hong, Y. C. 1980. Granulidae, a new family of Homoptera from the Middle Triassic of Tongchuan, Shanxi Province. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 5, 63–70.Google Scholar
Hong, Y. C. 1984. Curvicubitidae fam. nov. (Lepidoptera, Insecta) from Middle Triassic of Shaanxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 23, 782–85.Google Scholar
Hong, Y. C. & Chen, R.Y. 1981. Magnacicadiidae, a new family of Homoptera from the Middle Trassic of Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province. Science Bulletin of China 26(2), 106–08.Google Scholar
Hong, Y. C., Zhang, Z. J., Guo, X. R. & Heie, O. E. 2009. A new species representing the oldest aphid (Hemiptera, Aphidomorpha) from the Middle Triassic of China. Journal of Paleontology 83, 826–31.Google Scholar
Hosokawa, T., Kikuchi, Y., Nikoh, N., Shimada, M. & Fukatsu, T. 2006. Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biology 4(10), e337.Google Scholar
Hou, W.-J., Yao, Y.-Z., Zhang, W.-T. & Ren, D. 2012. The earliest flower bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicomorha: CImicoidea: Vethantocoridae) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. European Journal of Entomology 109, 281–88.Google Scholar
Huang, D. Y. & Nel, A. 2008. A new Middle Jurassic aphid family (Insecta: Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Sinojuraphididae fam. nov.) from Inner Mongolia, China. Palaeontology 51, 715–19.Google Scholar
Huang, D. Y., Bechly, G., Nel, P., Engel, M. S., Prokop, J., Azar, D., Cai, C. Y., van de Kamp, T., Staniczek, A. H., Garrouste, R., Krogmann, L., Dos Santos Rolo, T., Baumbach, T., Ohlhoff, R., Shmakov, A. S., Bourgoin, T. & Nel, A. 2016. New fossil insect order Permopsocida elucidates major radiation and evolution of suction feeding in hemimetabolous insects (Hexapoda: Acercaria). Scientific Reports 6, 23004, 1–9.Google Scholar
Hubbard, H. G. & Pergande, T. 1898. A new coccid on birch. Bulletin. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology (n.s.) 18, 13–26.Google Scholar
Hungerford, H. G. 1948. The Corixidae of the western hemisphere (Hemiptera). Kansas University Science Bulletin 32, 1–827.Google Scholar
Jakubski, A. W. 1965. A critical revision of the families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). London: British Museum (Natural History). x+187 pp.Google Scholar
Jenkyns, H. C. 2003. Evidence for rapid climate change in the Mesozoic-Palaeogene greenhouse world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 361(1810), 1885–1916.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. P., Yoshizawa, K. & Smith, V. S. 2004. Multiple origins of parasitism in lice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271(1550), 1771–76.Google Scholar
Kirkaldy, G. W. 1897. Synonymic notes on aquatic Rhynchota. The Entomologist 30, 258–60.Google Scholar
Kirkaldy, G. W. 1905. Catalogue of the genera of the hemipterous family Aphidæ, with their typical species, together with a list of the species described as new from 1885 to 1905. The Canadian Entomologist 37, 414–20.Google Scholar
Kirkaldy, G. W. 1906. List of the genera of the pagiopodous Hemiptera-Heteroptera, with their type species, from 1758 to 1904 (and also of the aquatic and semi-aquatic Trochalopoda). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 32, 117–56, 156a, 156b.Google Scholar
Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. Memoir on a few heteropterous Hemiptera from eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32, 768–88.Google Scholar
Kluge, N. Y. 2010. Paradoxical molting process in Orthezia urticae and other coccids (Arthroidignatha: Gallinsecta) with notes on systematic position of scale insects. Zoosystematica Rossica 19, 78–103.Google Scholar
Kononova, E. L. 1975. Novoe semeïsvo tleï (Homoptera, Aphidinea) iz verkhnego mela Taïmyra. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 54(4), 795–807. [Published in English as: Kononova, E. L. 1975. A new aphid family from the Upper Cretaceous of the Taymyr. Entomological Review 54(4), 60–68.]Google Scholar
Kononova, E. L. 1976. Pozdnemelovye vymershie semeïstva tleï (Homoptera, Aphidinea). Paleontologicheskiï Zhurnal 3, 117–26. [Published in English as: Kononova, E. L. 1976. Extinct aphid families (Homoptera, Aphidinea) of the Late Cretaceous. Paleontological Journal 10(3), 352–60.]Google Scholar
Kormilev, N. A. 1955. A new myrmecophil family of Hemiptera from the delta of Río Paraná, Argentina. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia 2, 465–77.Google Scholar
Kosztarab, M. 1968. Cryptococcidae, a new family of the Coccoidea (Homoptera). Virginia Journal of Science 19, 12.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. 1985. Essay on the prehistory of the scale insects (Homoptera, Coccinea). Annales Zoologici 38(15), 461–503.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. 1989. Inka minuta gen. et sp. n. (Homoptera, Coccinea) from Upper Cretaceous Taymyrian amber. Annales Zoologici 43(5), 77–101.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. 1990. Paleontology. In Rosen, D. (ed.) Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control 4A, 149–63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publisher. xvi+384 pp.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. 1996. Jak rozpoznawać czerwce (Homoptera: Coccinea). [.] In Boczek, J. (ed.) Diagnostyka szkodników roślin i ich wrogów naturalnych 2, 139–231. Warsaw: SGGW. 385 pp.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. 2000a. Advances in study of fossil coccids. Polish Journal of Entomology 69, 187–211.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. 2000b. Scale insects (Homoptera, Coccinea) from Upper Cretaceous New Jersey amber. In Grimaldi, D. (ed) Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey, 147–229. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. viii+498 pp.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. 2004. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccinea) from Cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2, 109–14.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. 2008. Xylococcidae and related groups (Hemiptera: Coccinea) from Baltic amber. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 49, 19–56.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. & Azar, D. 2008. Scale insects from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccinea). Alavesia 2, 133–67.Google Scholar
Koteja, J. & Poinar, G. O. Jr. 2001. A new family, genus, and species of scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccinea: Kukaspididae, new family) from Cretaceous Alaskan amber. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 103, 356–63.Google Scholar
Krassilov, V. A. 2003. Terrestrial paleoecology and global change. Russian Academic Monographs 1. Sofia–Moscow: Pensoft. xvi + 464 pp.Google Scholar
Kristensen, N. P. 1991. Chapter 5. Phylogeny of extant Hexapods. In Naumann, I. D., Carne, P. B., Lawrence, J. F., Nielsen, E. S., Spradbery, J. P., Taylor, R. W. Whitten, M. J. & Littlejohn, M. J. (eds) Insects of Australia. 2nd edition. CSIRO, Division of Entomology. 2 volumes, 125–40. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. xvi+542 pp.; vi+595 pp.Google Scholar
Lambkin, K. J. 2015. Revision of the Dysmorphoptilidae with emarginate tegmina (Hemiptera: Auchenorryncha: Cicadomorpha: Prosboloidea) of the Queensland Triassic. Zootaxa 3936(3), 357–74.Google Scholar
Lambkin, K. J. 2016. Revision of the Dysmorphoptilidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Prosboloidea) of the Queensland Triassic – Part 2. Zootaxa 4092(2), 207–18.Google Scholar
Laporte, F. L. de 1833. Essai d'une classification systematique de 1'ordre de Hémiptères (Hémiptères Heteroptères, Latr.). Guerin Magasin de Zoologie 2, 1–88, 4 plates.Google Scholar
Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire Naturelle, générale particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon et rédigé par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs Sociétés savantes 3, Familles naturelles et genres. Paris: Dufart. i–xii, 13–467 pp.Google Scholar
Latreille, P. A. 1807. Sectio secunda. Familia quarta. Cicadariae. Cicadaires. In Genera crustaceorum et insectorum: secundum ordinem natrualem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. 3, 1–258. Paris: Amand Koenig.Google Scholar
Latreille, P. A. 1810. Considérations générales sur l'orde naturel des animaux composant les classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides, et des Insectes. Avec un tableau méthodique de leurs genres, disposés en familles. Paris: F. Schoell, 444 pp.Google Scholar
Latreille, P. A. 1825. Families naturelles du regne animal. Exposées succintment et dans un ordre analytique avec l'indication de leurs generes. Paris: J. B. Baillière. 570 pp.Google Scholar
Laurentiaux, D. 1952. Découverte d'un Homoptère Prosboloïde dans le Namurien belge. Association pour l'Étude de la Paléontologie et de la Stratigraphie Houillères Publication 14, 1–16.Google Scholar
Leach, W. E. 1815. Entomology. The Edinburgh Encyclopedia; conducted by David Brewster 9, 57–172.Google Scholar
Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. L. M., Audinet-Serville, J. G. 1825. Ulope, Ulopa and Aethalion, Aethalion. In Encyclopédie méthodique ou par ordre de Matieres; par une Société de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes; Precédée d'un Vocabulaire universel, servant de Table pour tout l'Ouvrage, ornée des Portraits de MM. Diderot & d'Alembert, premiers Éditeurs de l'Encyclopédie. Histoire naturelle. Entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes. Par M. Latreille, Membre De l'institut, Academie Royale des Sciences, etc. Par MM. Latreille, Le Peletier De Saïnt-Fargeau, Serville et Guerin, 10. Paris: Agasse. ii+832 pp.Google Scholar
Leston, D., Pendergrast, J. G. & Southwood, T. R. E. 1954. Classification of terrestrial Heteroptera (Geocorisae). Nature 174(4419), 91–92.Google Scholar
Lin, Q.-B., Szwedo, J., Huang, D. & Stroinski, A. 2010. Weiwoboidae fam. nov. of ‘higher' Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from the Eocene deposits of Yunnan, China. Acta Geological Sinica (English Edition) 84(4), 751–55.Google Scholar
Lindinger, L. 1913. Afrikanische Schildläuse V. Die Schildläuse Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 30(3), 59–95.Google Scholar
Lindinger, L. 1937. Verzeichnis der schildlaus Gattungen. (Homoptera-Coccoidea handlirsch 1903). Entomologisches Jahrbuch 46, 178–98.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. 1735. Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species. Lugduni Batavorum: Apud Theodorum Haak, Ex Typographia Joannis Wilhelmi de Groot. 13 pp.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: Laurentii Salvii. [4]+824 pp.Google Scholar
Löw, F. 1879. Zur systematik der Psylloden. Verhandlungen der Zoologischbotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 28, 586–610.Google Scholar
MacGillivray, A. D. 1921. The Coccidae. Tables for the identification of the subfamilies and some of the more important genera and species, together with discussions of their anatomy and life history. Urbana, Illinois: Scarab Company. 502 pp.Google Scholar
Malipatil, M. P. 2014. Meschiidae, a new family of Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from India and Australia, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species. Zootaxa 3815(2), 233–48.Google Scholar
Martins-Neto, R. G., Gallego, O. F. & Melchor, R. N. 2003. The Triassic insect fauna from South America (Argentina, Brazil and Chile): a checklist (except Blattoptera and Coleoptera) and descriptions of new taxa. Acta zoologica cracoviensia 46 (suppl. – Fossil Insects), 229–56.Google Scholar
Martins-Neto, R. G., Brauckmann, C., Gallego, O. F. & Carmona, M. J. 2006. The Triassic insect fauna from Argentina – Blattoptera, Glosselytrodea, Miomoptera, Auchenorrhyncha and Coleoptera from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), Los Chañares locality (La Rioja Province). Clausthaler Geowissenschaften 5, 1–9.Google Scholar
Martynov, A. V. 1927. Jurassic fossil Insect from Turkestan. 6. Homoptera and Psocoptera. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR 20(13–14) 1926, 1349–66.Google Scholar
Martynov, A. V. 1935. Permian fossil Insects from the Arkhangelsk district. Part 5. Homoptera. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 4, 1–35.Google Scholar
McAtee, W. L. & Malloch, J. R. 1928. Synopsis of pentatomid bugs of the subfamilies Megaridinae and Canopinae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 72(2721), 1–21.Google Scholar
McKenzie, H. L. 1942. New species of pine-infesting Margarodidae from California and Soputhwestern United States (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Maragarododae). (Contribution No. 30). Microentomology 7, 1–18.Google Scholar
McKinstry, A. P. 1942. A new family of Hemiptera-Heteroptera proposed for Macrovelia hornii Uhler. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 18, 90–96.Google Scholar
Melichar, L. 1898. Monographie der Ricaniiden (Homoptera). Annalen des Kaiserlich – Königlichen Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien 13, 197–359.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Z. P. & Wade, V. 1966. A Catalogue of the fossil Homoptera (Homoptera: Auchenorhyncha). General Catalogue of the Homoptera. A supplement to Fascicle I. Paper N° 2049. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. v+245 pp.Google Scholar
Michalik, A., Jankowska, W., Kot, M., Gołas, A. & Szklarzewicz, T. 2015. Symbiosis in green leafhopper, Cicadella viridis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Association in statu nascendi? Arthropod Structure and Development 43, 579–87.Google Scholar
Miyamoto, S. 1961. Comparative morphology of alimentary organs of Heteroptera, with the phylogenetic consideration. Sieboldia 2, 197–259.Google Scholar
Moran, N. A., Tran, P. & Gerardo, N. M. 2005. Symbiosis and insect diversification: an ancient symbiont of sap-feeding insects from the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 8802–8810.Google Scholar
Moran, N. A., McCutcheon, J. P. & Nakabachi, A. 2008. Genomics and evolution of heritable bacterial symbionts. Annual Review of Genetics 42, 165–90.Google Scholar
Mordvilko, A. 1908. Tablitsy dla opredeleniya grupp i rodov tleï (sem. Aphididae Pass.). []. Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo muzeya Imperatorskoï Akademii Nauk 13, 353–84.Google Scholar
Mordvilko, A. 1934. On the evolution of aphids. Archiv für Naturgeschichte N.F. 3, 1–60.Google Scholar
Morrison, H. 1927. Descriptions of new genera and species belonging to the coccid family Margarodidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 40, 99–109.Google Scholar
Muir, F. A. G. 1923. Achilixius, a new genus, constituting a new family of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera). Philippine Journal of Science, 22, 483–87.Google Scholar
Muir, F. A. G. 1925. On the genera of Cixiidae, Meenoplidae and Kinnaridae. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 1, 156–63.Google Scholar
Müller, H.-J. 1949. Zur Systematik und Phylogenie der Zikaden-Endosymbiosen. Biologisches Zentrablatt 68, 343–68.Google Scholar
Müller, H.-J. 1962. Neuere Vorstellungen über Verbreitung und Phylogenie der Endosymbiosen der Zikaden. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 51, 190–210.Google Scholar
Myers, J. G. 1924. On the systematic position of the family Termitaphidiæ (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) with a description of a new genus and species from Panama. Psyche 31, 259–78.Google Scholar
Myers, J. G. & China, W. E. 1929. The systematic position of the Peloridiidae as elucidated by a further study of the external anatomy of Hemiodoecus leai China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 10 3, 282–94.Google Scholar
Nel, A., Roques, P., Nel, P., Prokin, A. A., Bourgoin, T., Prokop, J., Szwedo, J., Azar, D., Desutter-Grandcolas, L., Wappler, T., Garrouste, R., Coty, D., Huang, D.-Y., Engel, M. S. & Kirejtshuk, A. G. 2013. The earliest known holometabolous insects. Nature 503(7475), 257–61.Google Scholar
Nicholson, D. B., Mayhew, P. J. & Ross, A. J. 2015. Changes to the fossil record of insects through fifteen years of discovery. PLoS ONE 10(7), e0128554.Google Scholar
Oestlund, O. W. 1922. A synoptical key to the Aphididae of Minesota. Report, State Entomologist of Minnesota to the Governor 19, 114–51.Google Scholar
Oshanin, V. 1922. Sur les genres de la tribu Stracharia Put. (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo museya Akademii Nauk SSSR 23, 143–48.Google Scholar
Ouvrard, D., Burckhardt, D., Azar, D. & Grimaldi, D. 2010. Non-jumping plant-lice in Cretaceous amber (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea). Systematic Entomology 35, 172–80.Google Scholar
PaleoBioDB 2017. The Paleobiology Database. Revealing the history of life. https://paleobiodb.org/ Last accessed 20 January 2017.Google Scholar
Perrichot, V., Nel, A., Guilbert, E. & Neraudeau, D. 2006. Fossil Tingoidea (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) from French amber, including Tingidae and a new family, Ebboidae. Zootaxa 1203, 57–68.Google Scholar
Poinar, G. Jr. 2017. A new family of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) in mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cretaceous Research 75, 7–10.Google Scholar
Poinar, G. Jr. & Brown, A. E. 2005. New Aphidoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) in Burmese amber. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107, 835–45.Google Scholar
Poinar, G. Jr. & Brown, A. E. 2006. Remarks on Parvaverrucosa annulata (= Verrucosa annulata Poinar and Brown, 2005) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 108, 734–35.Google Scholar
Poinar, G. O. Jr. & Buckley, R. 2009. Palaeoleptus burmanicus n. gen., n. sp. and Early Cretaceous shore bug (Hemiptera: Palaeoleptidae n. fam.) in Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research 30, 1000–04.Google Scholar
Poinar, G. O. Jr. & Kritsky, G. 2011. Morphological conservatism in foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen. n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septemdecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). Historical Biology 24, 461–66.Google Scholar
Poisson, R. 1959. Sur un nouveau representant africain de la faune terrestre commensale des biotopes hyropetriques: Madeovelia guineensis nov. gen., n. sp. (Insectes, Hétèropteres). Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire (A) 21, 658–63.Google Scholar
Polhemus, J. T. 2000. North American Mesozoic aquatic Heteroptera (Insecta, Naucoroidea, Nepoidea) from the Todilto Formation, New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 16, 29–40.Google Scholar
Popov, Y. A. 1968. Nastoyashchiye poluzhestkokryliye yurskoy fauny Karatau (Heteroptera) []. Yurskoe nasekomye Karatau [], 99–11. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Popov, Y. A. 1971. Istoricheskoe razvitie poluzhestkokrylykh infraotryada Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) [.] Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 129, 1–230+9 plates.Google Scholar
Popov, Y. A. 1980. Nadotryad Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781. Otryad Cimicina Laicharting, 1781. Poluzhestorylye, ili khobotnye [] In Rohdendorf, B. B. & Rasnitsyn, A. P. (eds) Istoricheskoe razvitye klassa nasekomykh [], 58–69. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 175. 269 pp+8 plates.Google Scholar
Popov, Y. A. 1985. Yurskie klopy i peloridiinovye Yuzhnoï Sibiri i Zapadnoï Mongolii. [.] Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR 211, 28–47.Google Scholar
Popov, Y. A. 1986. Peloridiina (= Coleorrhyncha) and Cimicina (= Heteroptera). In Nasekomye v rannemelovykh otlozheniyakh zapadnoï Mongolii []. The Joint Soviet–Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition 28, 50–83.Google Scholar
Popov, Y. A. & Shcherbakov, D. E. 1991. Mesozoic Peloridioidea and their ancestors (Insecta: Hemiptera, Coleorrhyncha). Geologica et Palaeontologica 25, 215–35.Google Scholar
Popov, Y. A. & Shcherbakov, D. E. 1996. Origin and evolution of the Coleorrhyncha as shown by the fossil record. In Schaefer, C. W. (ed) Studies on hemipteran phylogeny, 9–30. Lanham: Entomological Society of America. iii+244 pp.Google Scholar
Popov, Y. A., Dolling, W. R. & Whalley, P. E. S. 1994. British Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic Heteroptera and Coleorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera). Genus. International Journal of Invertebrate Taxonomy 5, 307–47.Google Scholar
Puton, A. 1878–1880. Synopsis des Hémiptères-Hétèroptères de France. 1 (pt. i, pp. 1–82, 1878; pt. 2, pp. 83–159, 1879; pt. 3, pp. 160–245, 1880). Paris: Deyrolle. 245 pp.Google Scholar
Qadri, M. A. H. 1967. Phylogenetic study of Auchenorrhyncha. University Studies (Karachi) 4(3), 1–16.Google Scholar
Rafinesque, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palerme: Aux dépens de l'auteur. 224 pp.Google Scholar
Rasnitsyn, A. P. 1988. Problema global'nogo krizisa nazemnykh biotsenozov v seredinie melovogo perioda []. In Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) Melovoi biotsenoticheskii krizis i evolutsiya nasekomykh [], 191–207. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Rasnitsyn, A. P. & Quicke, D. L. J. (eds) 2002. History of insects. Dordrecht / Boston / London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. xii+517 pp.Google Scholar
Raychaudhuri, D. N., Pal, P. K. & Ghosh, A. K. 1980. Taxonomy of aphids of northeast India and Bhutan. Taxonomic accounts of the subfamilies. Subfamily Anoeciinae. In Raychaudhuri, D. N. (ed) Aphids of Northeast India and Bhutan, 39–47.Google Scholar
Reuter, O. M. 1884. Monographia Anthocoridarum orbis terrestris. Helsingforsiae: Ex officina typographica Societatis litterariae fennicae. 204 pp.Google Scholar
Reuter, O. M. 1891. Monographia Ceratocombidarum orbis terrestris. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 19(6), 1–28+1 plate.Google Scholar
Reuter, O. M. 1910. Neue Beiträge zur Phylogenie und Systematik der Miriden nebst einleitenden Bemerkungen über die Phylogenie der Heteropteren-Familien. Acta Societatis scientiarum fennicae 37(3), 1–172.Google Scholar
Richard, C. 1986. Carayonemidae famille nouvelle Carayonema orousseti n. gen, n. sp. de Guyane francaise (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.) 22, 268–73.Google Scholar
Richards, W. R. 1966. Systematics of fossil aphids from Canadian amber (Homoptera: Aphididae). The Canadian Entomologist 98, 746–60.Google Scholar
Riek, E. F. 1973. Fossil insects from the Upper Permian of Natal, South Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum 21(3), 513–32.Google Scholar
Rohdendorf, B. B. & Rasnitsyn, A. P. 1980. Istoricheskoe razvitiie klassa nasekomykh [.] Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 175, 1–199.Google Scholar
Ross, A. J., Edgecombe, G. D., Legg, D. & Clark, N. 2016. The Palaeozoic terrestrial arthropods of Scotland. 7th International conference on fossil insects, arthropods and amber, 26th April–1st May 2016, Edinburgh, Abstracts, 44.Google Scholar
Schilling, P. S. 1829. Hemiptera Heteroptera Silesiae Systematice disposuit. Beiträge zur Entomologie, besonders in Bezug auf die schlesische Fauna 1, 34–92+plates A, I–VIII.Google Scholar
Schlee, D. 1969a. Sperma-Übertragung (und andere Merkmale) in ihrer Bedeutung für das phylogenetische System der Sternorrhyncha (Insecta, Hemiptera). Phylogenetische Studien an Hemiptera. 1. Psylliformes (Psyllina and Aleyrodina) als monophyletische Gruppe. Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 64, 95–138.Google Scholar
Schlee, D. 1969b. Die Verwantschaftsbeziehungen innerhalb der Sternorrhyncha auf Grund synapomorphe Merkmale. Phylogenetische Studien an Hemiptera. II. Aphidiformes (Aphidina–Coccina) als monophyletische Gruppe. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde 199, 1–19.Google Scholar
Schlee, D. 1969c. Bau und Funktion des Aedeagus bei Psyllina und deren Bedeutung für systematische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen (Insecta, Hemiptera). Phylogenetische Studien an Hemiptera. III. Entkräftung eines argument gegen die Monophylie der Sternorrhyncha. Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 64, 139–50.Google Scholar
Schouteden, H. 1909. Rhynchota für 1908. [Jahresbericht.] Archiv für Naturgeschichte 75(2, 2), 136–219.Google Scholar
Schuh, R. T., Weirauch, C., Henry, T. J. & Halbert, S. E. 2008. Curaliidae, a new family of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) from the eastern United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101, 20–29.Google Scholar
Schuh, R. T., Weirauch, C. & Wheeler, W. C. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships within the Cimicomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a total evidence analysis. Systematic Entomology 34, 15–48.Google Scholar
Schuh, R. T. & Slater, J. A. 1995. True bugs of the world (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and natural history. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. xii+337 pp.Google Scholar
Scudder, G. G. E. 1962. Results of the Royal Society expedition to southern Chile, 1958–59: Lygaeidae (Hemiptera), with the description of a new subfamily. The Canadian Entomologist 94, 1064–75.Google Scholar
Seidenstücker, G. 1960. Heteroptera aus Iran 1956, III; Thaumastella aradoides Horv., eine Lygaeide ohne Ovipositor. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A (Biologie) 38, 1–4.Google Scholar
Senter, P. 2008. Voices of the past: a review of Paleozoic and Mesozoic animal sounds. Historical Biology 20, 255–87.Google Scholar
Shaposhnikov, G. K. 1979. Pozdneyurskie i rannemelovye tli. Paleontologicheskiï Zhurnal 4, 66–78. [Published in English as: Shaposhnikov, G. Kh. 1979. The Late Jurassic and early Cretaceous aphids. Paleontological Journal 13, 449–61.]Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 1984. Sistema I filogeniya permskikh Cicadomorpha (Cimicida, Cicadina). Paleontologicheskiï Zhurnal 2, 89–101. [Published in English as: Shcherbakov, D. E. 1984. Systematics and phylogeny of Permian Cicadomorpha (Cimicida and Cicadina). Paleontological Journal 18, 87–97.]Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 1990. Extinct four-winged ancestors of scale insects (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha). In Koteja, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium of scale insect Studies, part II, Cracow, August 6–12 1990, 23–29. Kraków: Agricultural University Press. 162 pp.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 1996. Origin and evolution of the Auchenorrhyncha as shown by the fossil record. In Schaefer, C. W. (ed) Studies on hemipteran phylogeny, 31–45. Lanham: Entomological Society of America. iii+244 pp.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2000a. The most primitive whiteflies (Hemiptera; Aleyrodidae; Bernaeinae subfam. nov.) from the Mesozoic of Asia and Burmese amber, with an overview of Burmese amber hemipterans. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Geology Series) 56, 29–37.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2000b. Permian faunas of Homoptera (Hemiptera) in relation to phytogeography and the Permo-Triassic crisis. Paleontological Journal 34, Suppl. 3, S251–S267.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2005. Fossils versus molecules and cladistics: controversies over the Hemiptera phylogeny. Abstracts of Talks and Posters, I-1–I-3. 12th International Auchenorrhyncha Congress and 6th International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Significance, Berkeley 7–12 August 2005. [116 pp.]Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2007a. Extinct four-winged precoccids and the ancestry of scale insects and aphids (Hemiptera). Russian Entomological Journal 16, 47–62.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2007b. An extraordinary new family of Cretaceous planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Russian Entomological Journal 16, 139–54.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2007c. Mesozoic spider mimics – Cretaceous Mimarachnidae fam. n. (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Russian Entomological Journal 16, 259–64.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2010. The earliest true bugs and aphids from the Middle Triassic of France (Hemiptera). Russian Entomological Journal 19, 179–82.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2011. New and little-known families of Hemiptera Cicadomorpha from the Triassic of Central Asia–early analogs of treehoppers and planthoppers. Zootaxa 2836, 1–26.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. 2012. More on Mesozoic Membracoidea (Homoptera). Russian Entomological Journal 21, 15–22.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. & Popov, Y. A. 2002. 2.2.1.2.5. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781 Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The Bugs, Cicadas, Plantlice, Scale Insects, etc. (= Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, = Homoptera Leach, 1815+Heteroptera Latreille, 1810), 143–57. In Rasnitsyn, A. P. & Quicke, D. L. J. (eds) History of insects. Dordrecht / Boston / London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. xii+517 pp.Google Scholar
Shcherbakov, D. E. & Wegierek, P. 1991. Creaphididae, a new and the oldest aphid family from the Triassic of middle Asia. Psyche 98, 81–85.Google Scholar
Signoret, V. 1875. Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères – Coccides). [14e; 15e, 16e et 17e parties (1)]. Annales de la Société entomologique de France Serie 5 5, 15–40; 305–52 (1875); 353–94 (1876).Google Scholar
Silvestri, F. 1939. Fam. Coccidae. In Compendio di entomologia applicata (agraria, forestale, medica, veterinaria). Parte speciale 1(2), 618–860.Google Scholar
Song, N. & Liang, A.-P. 2013. A preliminary molecular phylogeny of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. PLoS ONE 8(3), e58400.Google Scholar
Sorensen, J. T., Campbell, B. C., Gill, R. J. & Steffen–Campbell, J. D. 1995. Non–monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha (“Homoptera”), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco–evolutionary and cladistic implications within pre–Heteropterodea Hemiptera (s.l.) and a proposal for new monophyletic sub–orders. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 71, 31–60.Google Scholar
Spinola, M. 1839. Essai sur les Fulgorelles, sous-tribu de la tribu des Cicadaires, ordre des Rhyngotes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 8, 133–37, Plates 1–7.Google Scholar
Spinola, M. 1850. Tavola sinottica dei generi spettanti alla classe degle insetti artroidignati, Flemiptera, Linn. Latr. -Rhyngota, Fab.-Rhynchota, Burm. Memorie della Societa Italiana delle Scienze residente in Modena 25(1), 1–60.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1858. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens Hemipter-Fauna. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar (Ny Följd) 2(7), 1–84.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1862. Synonymiska och systematiska anteckningar öfver Hemiptera. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar Stockholm 19, 479–504.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1864. Hemiptera Africana 1, 1–256.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1865. Hemiptera Africana 2, 1–181.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1866. Hemiptera Homoptera Latr. Hemiptera Africana 4, 1–276.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1867. Bidrag Hemipterernas Systematik. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar 24(7), 491–560.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1872. Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kända Hemiptera. Jemte systematiska meddelanden, 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar 10(4), 1–159.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1873. Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kända Hemiptera. Jemte systematiska meddelanden, 3. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar 11(2), 1–163.Google Scholar
Steffan, A. W. 1968. Elektraphididae, Aphidinorum nova familia e sucino baltico (Insecta: Homoptera: Phylloxeroidea). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 95, 1–15.Google Scholar
Stichel, W. 1955. Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. 2, Europa (Hemiptera-Heteroptera Europae). Hydrocoriomorpha et Amphibicoriomorpha. 1(1–6), 1–168. Berlin-Hermsdorf: Selbstverlag.Google Scholar
Stickney, F. S. 1934. The external anatomy of the red date scale Pheonicococcus marlatti Cockerell, and its allies. United States Department of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin 404, 1–162.Google Scholar
Storozhenko, S. Y. 1992. Novye mezozoïskie grilloblattidovye nasekomye (Grylloblattida) iz Sredneï Azii. Paleontologicheskiï Zhurnal 1992, 1, 67–75. [Translated into English as Storozhenko, S. Y. 1992. New Mesozoic Grylloblattid insects (Grylloblattida) from Central Asia. Paleontological Journal 26(1), 85–95.]Google Scholar
Štys, P. 1967. Medocostidae – a new family of Cimicomorphan Heteroptera based on a new genus and two new species from tropical Africa. 1. Descriptive part. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 64, 439–65.Google Scholar
Štys, P. 1983. A new family of Heteroptera with dipsocoromorphan affinities from Papua New Guinea. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 80, 256–92.Google Scholar
Štys, P. 1985. Současný stav beta-taxonomie řádu Heteroptera []. Práce Slovenskej entomologickej spoločnosti pri SAV 4, 205–35. [In Czech with English Abstract.]Google Scholar
Štys, P. & Kerzhner, I. M. 1975. The rank and nomenclature of higher taxa in recent Heteroptera. Acta entomologica Bohemoslovaca 72, 64–79.Google Scholar
Sweet, M. 2006. Justification for the Aradimorpha as an infraorder of the suborder Heteroptera (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha) with special reference to pregenital abdominal structure. Denisia 19, zugleich Kataloge der OÖ. Landesmuseen Neue Serie 50, 225–48.Google Scholar
Szklarzewicz, T., Grzywacz, B., Szwedo, J. & Michalik, A. 2016. Bacterial symbionts of the leafhopper Evacanthus interruptus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Evacanthinae). Protoplasma 253, 379–91.Google Scholar
Szwedo, J. 2002. Amber and amber inclusions of planthoppers, leafhoppers and their relatives (Hemiptera, Archaeorrhyncha et Clypaeorrhyncha). In Holzinger, W. (ed.) Zikaden – leafhoppers, planthoppers and cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Denisia, 4, zugleich Kataloge des OÖ. Landesmuseums Linz, Neue Folge Nr. 176, 37–56.Google Scholar
Szwedo, J. 2007. Nymphs of a new family Neazoniidae fam. n. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber. African Invertebrates 48, 127–43.Google Scholar
Szwedo, J., Bourgoin, T. & Lefebvre, F. 2004. Fossil Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) of the World. An annotated catalogue with notes on Hemiptera classification. Warszawa: Studio 1. 199 pp.+8 plates.Google Scholar
Szwedo, J., Wang, B. & Zhang, H. C. 2011. An extraordinary Early Jurassic planthopper from Hunan (China) representing a new family Qiyangiricaniidae fam. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea). Acta Geologica Sinica [English edition] 85, 739–48.Google Scholar
Szwedo, J., Lapeyrie, J. & Nel, A. 2015. Rooting down the aphid's tree – the oldest record of the Aphidomorpha lineage from Palaeozoic (Insecta: Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 40, 207–13.Google Scholar
Szwedo, J. & Drohojowska, J. 2016. A swarm of whiteflies – the first record of gregarious behavior from Eocene Baltic amber. The Science of Nature 103, 35.Google Scholar
Takiya, D. M., Tran, P. L., Dietrich, C. H. & Moran, N. A. 2006. Co-cladogenesis spannig three phyla: leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and their dual bacterial symbionts. Molecular Ecology 15(13), 4175–91.Google Scholar
Tang, D., Yao, Y.-Z. & Ren, D. 2015. New fossil flower bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha: Cimicoidea: Vetanthocoridae) with uniquely long ovipositor from the Yixian Formation (Lower Cretaceous), China. Cretaceous Research 56, 504–09.Google Scholar
Tang, D., Yao, Y.-Z. & Ren, D. 2016. A new species of Vetanthocoridae (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Research 64, 30–35.Google Scholar
Tang, F.-T. 1992. [The Pseudococcidae of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea of Insecta).] Beijing: Chinese Agricultural Science Technology Press. 757 pp. [In Chinese, with English summary.]Google Scholar
Targioni-Tozetti, A. 1868. Introduccione alla seconda memoria per gli studj [sic!] sulle Cocciniglie, e Catalogo dei generi e delle specie della famiglia dei coccidi, rivista e ordinata. Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali 11, 694–738.Google Scholar
Targioni-Tozetti, A. 1869. Sopra due generi di cocciniglie (Coccidae) et sui criteri della loro definizione. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 1, 257–67.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1916. Descriptions of the fossil Insects, in Mesozoic and Tertiary insects of Queensland and New South Wales. Descriptions of the fossil insects and stratigraphical features. Queensland Geological Survey 253, 11–70.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1919. Mesozoic Insects of Queensland. No. 7 Hemiptera Homoptera; with a note on the phylogeny of the suborder. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 44, 857–96.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1921. Mesozoic Insects of Queensland. No. 8 Hemiptera Homoptera (contd) The genus Mesogereon; with a discussion of its relationship with the Jurassic Palaeontinidae. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 46, 270–84.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1922. Mesozoic Insects of Queensland. No. 9 Orthoptera, and additions to the Protorthoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera and Planipennia. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 47, 447–70.Google Scholar
Tillyard, R. J. 1926. Kansas Permian Insects, Part 9: The Order Hemiptera. American Journal of Science Series 5 11(65), 381–95.Google Scholar
Toenschoff, E. R., Gruber, D. & Horn, M. 2012. Co-evolution and symbiont replacement shaped the symbiosis between adelgids (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and their bacterial symbionts. Environmental Microbiology 14(5), 1284–95.Google Scholar
Tullgren, A. 1909. Aphidologische Studien. Arkiv för Zoologi 5(14): 1–190.Google Scholar
Uhler, P. R. 1871. Part V. Catalogues. IV. Hemiptera. A list of Hemiptera collected in Eastern Colorado and Northeastern New Mexico, by C. Thomas, during the expedition of 1869. Preliminary report of the United States Geological Survey of Wyoming, and portions of contiguous territories, (being a second annual report of progress), conducted under the authority of the Secretary of the Interior by F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist, 471–72.Google Scholar
Usinger, R. L. 1932. Miscellaneous studies in the Henicocephalidae. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 8, 145–56.Google Scholar
Van Valen, L. 1973. A new evolutionary law. Evolutionary Theory 1, 1–30.Google Scholar
Vea, I. M. & Grimaldi, D. A. 2015. Diverse new scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a phylogenetic framework for fossil Coccoidea. American Museum Novitates 3823, 1–80.Google Scholar
Verhoeff, C. W. 1893. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Abdominalsegmente der weiblichen Hemiptera-Heteroptera und Homoptera, ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Phylogenie derselben. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preußischen Rheinlande und Westphalens 50, 307–74.Google Scholar
von Dohlen, C. D. & Moran, N. A. 2000. Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71, 689–717.Google Scholar
Vondráček, K. 1957. Fauna ČSR – Mery-Psylloidea (řád: Hmyz Stejnokřídly – Homoptera) 9. Praha: Nakladatelství Československé akademie věd. 431 pp.Google Scholar
Wang, B., Szwedo, J. & Zhang, H. C. 2009. Jurassic Progonocimicidae (Hemiptera) from China and phylogenetic evolution of Coleorrhyncha. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences, 52(12), 1953–61.Google Scholar
Wang, B., Szwedo, J., Zhang, H. C. & Fang, Y. 2010. New froghoppers from the Jurassic of China and their phylogenetic significance (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cercopoidea). Earth Science Frontiers, 17(), 224–25.Google Scholar
Wang, B., Szwedo, J., Zhang, H. C. 2012. New Cercopoidea from the Middle Jurassic of China and their evolutionary significance (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha). Palaeontology 55(6), 1223–43.Google Scholar
Weber, H. 1930. Biologie der Hemipteren. Eine Naturgeschichte der Schnabelkerfe. Berlin: Julius Springer. VII+543 pp.Google Scholar
Wegierek, P. 1989. Novye vidy mezozoïskikh tleï (Shaposhnikoviidae, Homoptera). Paleontologicheskiï Zhurnal 4, 43–51. [Published in English as: Vengerek, P. 1990. New species of Mesozoic aphids (Shaposhnikoviidae, Homoptera). Paleontological Journal 23(4), 40–49.]Google Scholar
Westwood, J. O. 1838. The Entomologist's Text Book. London: W. S. Orr and Co. viii+432 pp.Google Scholar
Westwood, J. O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organization of different families. 2. London: Longman, Orme, Brown and Green. xi+587+158 pp.Google Scholar
Westwood, J. O. 1874. Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis: or illustrations of new, rare and interesting insects, for the most part coloured, in the collections presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F.W. Hope. London: McMillan & Co. xxiv+205 pp.+40 plates (1873-1874) [Published in 4 parts: Part I, pp. 1–56 in 1873; parts II–IV in 1874].Google Scholar
Williams, D. J. 1969. The family-group names of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 23, 315–41.Google Scholar
Yao, Y.-Z., Cai, W.-Z., & Ren, D. 2006a. The first discovery of fossil rhopalids (Heteroptera: Coreoidea) from Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. Zootaxa 1269, 57–68.Google Scholar
Yao, Y.-Z., Cai, W.-Z. & Ren, D. 2006b. Fossil flower bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha: Cimicoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Northeast China, including a new family, Vetanthocoridae. Zootaxa 1360, 1–40.Google Scholar
Yao, Y.-Z., Cai, W.-Z. & Ren, D. 2007. The oldest known fossil plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae), from Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. Zootaxa 1442, 37–41.Google Scholar
Yao, Y.-Z., Ren, D., Rider, D. A. & Cai, W. 2012. Phylogeny of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha based on fossil and extant morphology, with description of a new fossil family from China. PLoS ONE 7(5), e37289.Google Scholar
Yao, Y.-Z., Cai, W.-Z., Rieder, D. A. & Ren, D. 2013. Primioentatomidae fam. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), an extinct insect family from the Cretaceous of north-eastern China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11, 63–82.Google Scholar
Yao, Y.-Z., Cai, W.-Z., Xu, X., Shih, C.-K., Engel, M. S., Zheng, X.-T., Zhao, Y.-Y. & Ren, D. 2014. Blood-Feeding True Bugs in the Early Cretaceous. Current Biology 24, 1786–92.Google Scholar
Yoshizawa, K. & Johnson, N. P. 2006. Morphology of male genitalia in lice and their relatives and phylogenetic implications. Systematic Entomology 31, 350–61.Google Scholar
Zalessky, M. 1930. Sur deux représentants nouveaux des Paléohémiptères du Permien de la Kama et du Perebore dans le bassin de la Pétchora. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdelenie Fiziko-Matematicheskikh Nauk 1930, 1017–27.Google Scholar
Zhang, G.-X. & Hong, Y.-C. 1999. A new family Drepanochaitophoridae (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) from Eocene Fushun amber of Liaoning Province, China. Entomologia Sinica 6, 127–34.Google Scholar
Zhang, J. F., Zhang, S., Hou, F. L. & Ma, G. Y. 1989. Late Jurassic aphids (Homoptera, Insecta) from Shandong Province, China. Geology of Shandong 5, 28–46.Google Scholar
Zhang, J.-F., Sun, B. & Zhang, X.-Y. 1994. Shandong Shanwang zhong xin shi kun chong yu zhi zhu. [.] Beijing: Science Press. v+298 pp. [In Chinese, with English Abstract.]Google Scholar
Zhang, J.-F., Golub, V. V., Popov, Y. A & Shcherbakov, D. E. 2005. Ignotingidae fam. nov. (Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingoidea), the earliest lace bugs from the upper Mesozoic of eastern China. Cretaceous Research 26, 783–92.Google Scholar
Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. 3.2. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In Rasnitsyn, A. P. & Quicke, D. L. J. (eds) History of Insects, 331–88. Dordrecht / Boston / London: Kluwer Academic Publisher. xii+517 pp.Google Scholar
Zrzavý, J. 1990. Evolution of Hemiptera: an attempt at synthetic approach. In Koteja, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium of scale insect studies, Cracow, August 6–12, 1990. Parts 1–2, 19–22. Kraków: Agricultural University Press. 162 pp.Google Scholar
Zrzavý, J. 1992. Evolution of antennae and historical ecology of hemipteran insects (Paraneoptera). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaka 89, 77–86.Google Scholar
Żyła, D., Blagoderov, V. & Wegierek, P. 2014. Juraphididae, a new family of aphids and its significance in aphid evolution. Systematic Entomology 39, 506–17.Google Scholar