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RECENTLY EXCAVATED INSCRIPTIONS AND MANUSCRIPTS (2008–2018)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2021

Olivier Venture
Olivier Venture*
Affiliation:
Olivier Venture 風儀誠, École Pratique des Hautes Études—PSL; email: [email protected].
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Abstract

Between 2008 and 2018 a significant number of inscriptions and manuscripts from early China were discovered or published. These sources include hundreds of new oracle bone and bronze inscriptions; more than thirty scientifically excavated literary manuscripts; thousands of private and official scientifically excavated documents; and more than seventy literary texts acquired from the antiquities market. This review article, focusing mainly on artifacts with archaeological provenance, offers a global overview of these new materials that have already renewed, or will certainly soon renew, the field of early China studies.

提要

提要

在 2008 年至 2018 年間，不僅出土了大量的先秦兩漢甲骨金文與簡帛，其中部分也已經正式發表。這些珍貴的資料包括：上百片甲骨文與金文；三十件以上經科學發掘的竹簡古書；上千件科學挖掘的私人和官方文書；以及超過七十件從拍賣市場買來的竹簡古書。本文聚焦於考古來歷清楚的文物，針對這些已經—或是肯定在不久遠的將來—重塑古代中國研究領域的資料，提供一個整體性的回顧。

Keywords

inscriptionmanuscriptepigraphyarchaeology甲骨文金文簡帛考古
Type
Review Article
Information
Early China , Volume 44 , September 2021 , pp. 493 - 546
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Copyright
Copyright © The Society for the Study of Early China and Cambridge University Press 2021

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Footnotes

The author wants to express his deep gratitude to William N. French for his help in correcting my English, and also for numerous relevant suggestions about the content of this article.

References

1 Sun Yabing, “Bainian lai jiaguwen cailiao zai tongji” 百年來甲骨文材料再統計, Zhongguo wenwubao, May 9, 2003, 7. A revised version of this article was published in Gugong bowuyuan yuankan, 2006.1, 24–47.

2 The number of pieces (pian 片) is repeatedly discussed by specialists. In fact, this number is naturally unstable: one piece can be broken into two or more pieces, later spread in different collections, or, alternatively, several pieces can be rejoined together to obtain one larger piece. Ideally, the only meaningful number—related directly to Shang and Zhou diviners’ production and not to the hazards of later conservation conditions—should be the number of complete inscribed oracle bones or shells (an equivalent to MNI in archaeology). However, such information is generally difficult to obtain.

3 See Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo 中國社會科學院考古研究所, Yinxu Xiaotun cunzhong cunnan jiagu 殷墟小屯村中村南甲骨 (Guilin: Yunnan renmin, 2012). A selection of twenty pieces from this corpus was published two years earlier, see Liu Yiman 劉一曼and Yue Zhanwei 岳占偉, “Yinxu jinchu keci jiagu xuanshi” 殷墟近出刻辭甲骨選釋, Kaoguxue jikan 18 (2010), 211–36.

4 For a detailed study of this group’s production, see Liu Yifeng 劉義峰, Wuming zu buci de zhengli yu yanjiu 無名組卜辭的整理與研究 (Beijing: Jindun, 2014).

5 See Li Xueqin, “Di Yi shidai de feiwang buci” 帝乙時代的非王卜辭, Kaogu xuebao 1958.1, 43–74. For a recent study of this question using the Cun zhong cun nan corpus, see Zhang Zhiqiang 張志強, “Yinxu Xiaotun cunzhong cunnan jiagu suo jian xin cailiao yu ‘liang xi shuo’ de yunyong” 《殷墟小屯村中村南甲骨》所見新材料與 “兩系說”的運用, Gu hanyu yanjiu 2016.1, 46–58.

6 An exhaustive concordance of this corpus, with hand-written copies of the inscriptions, was published in 2016, taking into account corrections proposed after the book publication in 2012. See Shuangjie, Li 李霜潔, ed., Yinxu Xiaotun cunzhong cunnan jiagu keci leizuan 殷墟小屯村中村南甲骨刻辭類纂 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2017)Google Scholar.

7 See Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui 中國社會科學院考古研究所安陽工作隊, “2004–2005 nian Yinxu Xiaotun gongdian zongmiao qu de kantan he fajue” 2004–2005 年殷墟小屯宫殿宗廟區的勘探和發掘, Kaogu xuebao 2009.2, 240–41.

8 See Dong Zuobin 董作賓, “Da gui si ban kaoshi” 大龜四版考釋, in Anyang fajue baogao 安陽發掘報告, vol. 3 (Peiping: Guoli zhongyang yanjiuyuan Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo, 1931), 423–42.

9 See He Yuling 何毓靈, “Henan Anyang shi Yinxu Dasikong chutu keci niugu” 河南安陽市殷墟大司空村出土刻辭牛骨, Kaogu 2018.3, 116–20.

10 See Sakikawa Takashi, Bin zu jiaguwen fenlei yanjiu 賓組甲骨文分類研究 (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 2011), 933–36.

11 See Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui 中國社會科學院考古研究所安陽工作隊, Anyang Dasikong—2004 nian fajue baogao 安陽大司空—2004 年發掘報告 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2014), 204–7. About Anyang Shang writing/carving exercises, see Smith, Adam, “The Evidence for Scribal Training at Anyang,” in Writing and Literacy in Early China, ed. Feng, Li and Branner, David Prager (Seattle: University of Washington, 2011), 173–205Google Scholar.

12 For a synthesis of Western Zhou oracle bones, see Wang Yuxin 王宇信, Zhongguo jiaguxue 中國甲骨學 (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 2009), 457–578.

13 See Edward L. Shaughnessy, “Zhouyuan Oracle-Bone Inscriptions: Entering the Research Stage?” Early China 11–12 (1985–1987), 146–63, and Diény, Jean-Pierre “Les Inscriptions sur os et sur écaille de l’époque de Zhou,” Journal Asiatique 274.3–4 (1986), 455–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Later, this corpus was republished with better quality photographic reproductions in Cao Wei 曹瑋, ed., Zhouyuan jiaguwen 周原甲骨文 (Beijing: Shijie tushu chuban gongsi, 2002).

14 Liujiagou 劉家溝 (2002, one inscribed piece) in Fufeng 扶風 county, and Zhougongmiao 周公廟 (2003, 55 inscribed pieces; and 2004, more than 90 inscribed pieces) and Fenghuangshan 鳳凰山 (2007, 13 inscribed pieces) in Qishan 岐山 county. See “Zhouyuan yizhi kaogu xin faxian” 周原遺址考古新發現, in 2002 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian 2002 中國重要考古發現 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2003), 39–40; Zhouyuan kaogudui 周原考古隊, “2003 nian Shaanxi Qishan Zhouyuan Zhougongmiao yizhi diaocha baogao” 2003年陝西岐山周原周公廟遺址調查報告, Gudai wenming 5 (2006), 172–83. Xu Tianjin 徐天進, “Shaanxi Qishan Zhougongmiao yizhi” 陝西岐山周公廟遺址, in 2005 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian (Beijing: Wenwu, 2006), 64–65; Fenghuangshan kaogudui 鳳凰山考古隊, “Qishan xian Fenghuangshan Shang Zhou shiqi yizhi” 岐山縣鳳凰山商周時期遺址, in Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 2008 中國考古學年鑑 2008 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2009), 396.

15 See, for example, Zhougongmiao kaogu dui 周公廟考古隊, “Qishan Zhougongmiao yizhi qunian chutu daliang Xi-Zhou jiagu cailiao” 岐山周公廟遺址去年出土大量西周甲骨材料, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Feb. 20, 2009, 5.

16 For a recent publication about these number series, see Bréard, Andrea and Cook, Constance, “Cracking Bones and Numbers: Solving the Enigma of Numerical Sequences on Ancient Chinese Artifacts,” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 74 (2020), 313–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 See Fenghuangshan kaogudui 鳳凰山考古隊, “Qishan xian Fenghuangshan Shang Zhou shiqi yizhi” 岐山縣鳳凰山商周時期遺址, in Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 2010 中國考古學年鑑 2010 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2011), 425; Zhong Jianrong 種建榮, “Qishan Zhougongmiao Longshan shidai ji Shang Zhou shiqi yizhi” 岐山周公廟龍山時代及商周時期遺址, in Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 2012 中國考古學年鑑 2012 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2013), 406.

18 See Ken-ichi Takashima, “Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang,” in Writing and Literacy in Early China, 141–72.

19 See Wang Yuxin, Zhongguo jiaguxue (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 2009), 457–62. For the Xingtai discovery, see also Hebei sheng wenwu yanjiusuo 河北省文物研究所 and Xingtai shi wenwu guanlichu 邢臺市文物管理處, “Hebei Xingtai Nanxiaowang Zhou dai yizhi fajue jianbao” 河北邢臺南小汪周代遺址發掘簡報, Wenwu 2012.1, 14–16.

20 See Cai Yunzhang 蔡運章, “Luoyang xin huo Xi-Zhou bugu wenzi lüelun” 洛陽新獲西周卜骨文字略論, Wenwu 2008.11, 50–53.

21 See Shandong sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 山東省文物考古研究所, “Shandong Gaoqing xian Chenzhuang Xi-Zhou yizhi” 山東高青縣陳莊西周遺址, Kaogu 2010.8, 33–34.

22 See Ma Qiang 馬强, Hou Furen 侯富任 and Ma Tianxing 馬天行, “Ningxia Pengyang Yaoheyuan faxian daxing Shang Zhou yizhi—juluo xingcheng fuza, muzang dengji gao, keneng wei Xi-Zhou fengguo duyi yizhi” 寧夏彭陽姚河塬發現大型商周遺址—聚落形成複雜、墓葬等級高，可能為西周封國都邑遺址, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Jan. 26, 2018, 8.

23 On parallels with Zhouyuan inscriptions, see Fu Qiang 付强, “Ningxia Pengyang Yaoheyuan Xi-Zhou muzang M13 chutu jiagu kaoshi” 寧夏彭陽姚河原西周墓葬M13出土甲骨考釋, Jan. 15, 2018 (www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2972), accessed July 27, 2020. Later published in Yindu xuekan, 2019.1, 30–32.

24 Shanghai bowuguan 上海博物館, ed., Shanghai bowuguan cang jiaguwenzi 上海博物館藏甲骨文字 (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu, 2009); Lee Jung-sook 李種淑 and Ge Yinghui 葛英會, eds., Beijing daxue zhencang jiaguwenzi 北京大學珍藏甲骨文字 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2008); Song Zhenhao 宋鎮豪, Zhao Peng 趙鵬 and Ma Lifan 馬季凡, eds., Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Lishi yanjiusuo suo cang jiagu ji 中國社會科學院歷史研究所所藏甲骨集 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2012); Song Zhenhao and Guo Fuchun 郭富純, eds., Lüshun bowuguan suo cang jiagu 旅順博物館所藏甲骨 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2014); Song Zhenhao and Li Xiaolong 黎小龍, eds., Chongqing Sanxia bowuguan cang jiagu ji 重慶三峽博物館藏甲骨集 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2016); Zhou Zhongbing 周忠兵, Kaneiji bowuguan suo cang jiagu yanjiu 卡内基博物館所藏甲骨研究 (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 2015); Song Zhenhao and Ma Liya 瑪麗婭 (Maria Menshikova), eds., Eluosi Guoli Aimitashi bowuguan cang Yinxu jiagu 俄羅斯國立愛米塔什博物館藏殷墟甲骨 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2013). For more information about those books and other similar book projects mentioned in this review, see Zhi Xiaona 郅曉娜, “Jiaguwen zhengli yu yanjiu de xin dongxiang” 甲骨文整理與研究的新動向, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Feb. 9, 2016, 3; Zhenhao, Song, “Jieshao ba zong jiaguwen cangpin de zhengli yu zhulu” 介紹八宗甲骨文藏品的整理與著錄, Guwenzi yanjiu 31 (2016), 11–17Google Scholar; Song Zhenhao, “Jiaguwen cailiao quanmian zhengli yanjiu de xin dongxiang” 甲骨文材料全面整理研究的新動向, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Oct. 25, 2017, 5.

25 On the Palace Museum collection, see also Wang Su 王素, “Gugong bowuyuan cang Yinxu jiaguwen zhengli yu yanjiu xiangmu yuanqi” 故宫博物院藏殷墟甲骨文整理與研究項目緣起, Gugong bowuyuan yuankan 2016.3, 6–10.

26 Zhongyang yanjiuyuan Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo 中央研究院歷史語言研究所, ed., Shiyusyuo goucang jiagu ji 史語所購藏甲骨集 (Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo, 2009).

27 Li Zongkun 李宗焜, “He Rizhang wajue jiagu” 何日章挖掘甲骨, Jiaguwen yu Yin Shang shi 5 (2015), 293–97.

28 See Duan Zhenmei 段振美, Dang Xiangkui 党相魁, Jiao Zhiqin 焦智勤, and Dang Ning 党寧, eds., Yinxu jiagu jiyi—Anyang minjian cang jiagu 殷墟甲骨輯佚—安陽民間藏甲骨 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2008) (1,102 pieces); Song Zhenhao, Jiao Zhiqin, and Sun Yabing, eds., Yinxu jiagu shiyi 殷墟甲骨拾遺 (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue, 2015) (647 pieces); Song Zhenhao, ed., Zhang Shifang suo cang Yinxu jiagu ji 張世放所藏殷墟甲骨集 (Beijing: Xianzhuang, 2009) (385 pieces); Song Zhenhao, ed., Fu Kaidong suo cang Yinxu jiagu 符凱棟所藏殷墟甲骨 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2018) (119 pieces).

29 Zhu Qi 朱旗, “Xinxiang shi bowuguan guancang jiagu” 新鄉市博物館館藏甲骨, Huaxia kaogu 2015.3, 123–33.

30 See Guo Yanli 郭妍利, “Shaanxi shifan daxue bowuguan cang jiaguwen shidu yu yanjiu” 陝西師範大學博物館藏甲骨文釋讀與研究, Kaogu yu wenwu 2018.3, 86–101.

31 See Song Zhenhao, ed., Xu Zongyuan Zunliu shi jiagu taben ji 徐宗元尊六室甲骨拓本集 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2018) (268 pieces); Song Zhenhao and Zhu Detian 朱德天, eds., Yunjian Zhu Kongyang cang Jianshoutang Yinxu wenzi jiu ta 雲間朱孔陽藏戩壽堂殷墟文字舊拓 (Beijing: Xianzhuang, 2009) (932 pieces, partly unpublished); Song Zhenhao, ed., Huzhi jiagu taben ji 笏之甲骨拓本集 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2016) (1,867 pieces, unpublished with a few exceptions).

32 For evidence of late Warring States Qin oracle shell practice, see Tian Jin 田進, “Shaanxi Xixian xinqu Qin ren mudi ‘yiwai’ faxian bujia” 陝西西咸新區秦人墓地“意外”發現卜甲, Mar. 19, 2018 (https://www.chinanews.com/cul/2018/03–19/8471330.shtml), accessed on July 28, 2020.

33 For an overview, see Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo, Zhongguo kaoguxue: Qin Han juan 中國考古學：秦漢卷 (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue, 2010), 805–12.

34 See Cai Quanfa 蔡全法, “Xinzheng Zheng Han gucheng chutu Zhanguo niuleigu moshu zhangbu kao” 新鄭鄭韓故城出土戰國牛肋骨墨書賬簿考, Huaxia kaogu 2014.4, 72–74. This article provides transcriptions and color photos (quality insufficient for detailed reading) for a selection of four bones.

35 See Shaughnessy, Edward L., Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991)Google Scholar. For presentations and English translations of more than eighty Shang-Zhou bronze inscriptions, see Cook, Constance A. and Goldin, Paul R., eds., A Source Book of Ancient Chinese Bronze Inscriptions (Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, 2016)Google Scholar.

36 See Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui, ed., Anyang Dasikong—2004 nian fajue baogao.

37 Before the 2014 monograph, the report on M303 was published as Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui, “Yinxu Dasikong M303 fajue baogao” 殷墟大司空 M303 發掘報告, Kaogu xuebao 2008.3, 353–94.

38 For a general reflection about inscribed bronzes excavated from Shang tombs in Anyang, see Feng Yicheng 風儀誠, “Anyang Shang dai muzang zhong de ‘zuhui’” 安陽商代墓葬中的‘族徽,’ Guwenzi yanjiu 29 (2012), 206–29.

39 See Anyang shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 安陽市文物考古研究所, Anyang Yinxu Qijiazhuang dong Shang dai mudi fajue baogao 安陽殷墟戚家莊東商代墓地發掘報告 (Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou guji, 2015).

40 On the Wangyukou 2009 discoveries, see Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui, “Henan Anyang Yinxu Wangyukou cun nandi 2009 nian fajue jianbao” 河南安陽殷墟王裕口村南地 2009 年發掘簡報, Kaogu 2012.12, 3–25.

41 For a presentation of those new Shang seals and a discussion about their relationship with the old ones, see He Yuling 何毓靈 and Yue Zhanwei 岳占偉, “Lun Yinxu chutu de san mei qingtong yinzhang ji xiangguan wenti” 論殷墟出土的三枚青銅印章及相關問題, Kaogu 2012.12, 70–77.

42 Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui, “Henan Anyang shi Liujiazhuang beidi 2010–2011 nian fajue jianbao” 河南安陽市劉家莊北地 2010–2011 年發掘簡報, Kaogu 2012.12, 26–42; Anyang shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, “Henan Anyang Liujiazhuang beidi Shang dai yizhi muzang 2009–2010 nian fajue jianbao” 河南安陽劉家莊北地商代遺址墓葬 2009–2010 年發掘簡報, Wenwu 2017.6, 4–30.

43 Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui, “Henan Anyang Liujiazhuang beidi 44 hao mu de fajue” 河南安陽劉家莊北地 44 號墓的發掘, Kaogu 2018.10, 22–31.

44 Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui, “2002 nian Anyang Beixujiaqiao cun bei Shang dai yizhi fajue jianbao” 2002 年安陽北徐家橋村北商代遺址發掘簡報, Zhongyuan wenwu 2017.5, 4–13.

45 For Xujiaqiao-Southwest, Wenyuanlüdao, Saigejindi, Yijiayuan, and Bodiyuan, see Anyang shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 安陽市文物考古研究所, Anyang Yinxu Xujiaqiao Guojiazhuang Shang dai muzang: 2004–2008 nian Yinxu kaogu baogao 安陽殷墟徐家橋郭家莊商代墓葬：2004–2008 年殷墟考古報告 (Beijing: Kexue, 2011).

46 Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui, “Henan Anyang shi Yinxu Tiesanlu 89 hao mu de fajue” 河南安陽市殷墟鐵三路89號墓的發掘, Kaogu 2017.3, 26–36. For the Tiesanlu bone workshop, see Roderick Campbell et al., “Consumption, Exchange and Production at the Great Settlement Shang: Bone-Working at Tiesanlu, Anyang,” Antiquity 85 (2011), 1279–97.

47 See Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo Anyang gongzuodui, “Henan Anyang shi Liujiazhuang beidi 2010–2011 nian fajue jianbao” 河南安陽市劉家莊北地 2010–2011 年發掘簡報, Kaogu 2012.12, 31–33.

48 Jia Lianmin 賈連敏 et al., “Henan Xingyang Xiaohu cun wan Shang guizu mudi” 河南滎陽小胡村晚商貴族墓地, in 2006 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian 2006 中國重要考古發現 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2007), 50–54; Liang Fawei 梁法偉 and Liu Liangchao 劉良超, “Xingyang shi Xiaohu cun wan Shang guizu mudi” 滎陽市小胡村晚商貴族墓地, in Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 2008 中國考古學年鑑 2008 (Beijing: Wenwu 2009), 279–80; Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiuyuan 河南省文物考古研究院, “Henan Xingyang Xiaohu cun mudi Shang dai muzang fajue jianbao” 河南滎陽小胡村墓地商代墓葬發掘簡報, Huaxia kaogu 2015.1, 3–13, 25.

49 Liu Qingbin 劉青彬 and Liu Yanfeng 劉彥鋒, “Henan Zhengzhou Gaozhuang yizhi faxian wan Shang yicun” 河南鄭州高莊遺址發現晚商遺存, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Jan. 27, 2017, 8.

50 Zhumadian shi wenwu kaogu guanlisuo 駐馬店市文物考古管理所, “Henan Zhumadian Runlou Shang dai mudi fajue baogao” 河南駐馬店閏樓商代墓地發掘報告, Kaogu xuebao 2018.4, 457–510. The discovery was presented earlier in Liu Wenge 劉文閣 et al., “Henan Zhengyang Runlou Shang dai mudi” 河南正陽閏樓商代墓地, in 2009 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian 2009 中國重要考古發現 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2010), 44–48.

51 Yulin shi wenwu baohu yanjiusuo 榆林市文物保護研究所, “Shaanxi Zizhou chutu Shang dai tongqi” 陝西子洲出土商代銅器, Wenwu 2015.1, 4–12.

52 Jinan shi kaogu yanjiusuo 濟南市考古研究所, “Jinan shi Liujiazhuang yizhi Shang dai muzang fajue baogao” 濟南市劉家莊遺址商代墓葬發掘報告, Haidai kaogu 11 (2018), 243–334.

53 For more detailed and better quality pictures of M121 and M122, see Jinan shi kaogu yanjiusuo, “Jinan shi Liujiazhuang yizhi Shang dai muzang M121, M122 fajue jianbao” 濟南市劉家莊遺址商代墓葬 M121、M122 發掘簡報, Zhongguo guojia bowuguan guankan 2016.7, 81–119.

54 For a synthetic presentation of the Luoshan Tianhu Shang cemetery, see Jinzhu, Hu 胡進駐, Yinxu wan Shang muzang yanjiu 殷虛晚商墓葬研究 (Beijing: Beijing shifan daxue, 2010), 221–25Google Scholar.

55 See Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiuyuan, Xinyang shi bowuguan 信陽市博物館, and Luoshan xian bowuguan 羅山縣博物館, “Henan Luoshan Tianhu Shang Zhou mudi M57 fajue jianbao” 河南羅山天湖商周墓地 M57 發掘簡報, Huaxia kaogu 2016.2, 3–12.

56 See Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan Kaogu yanjiusuo, Tengzhou Qianzhangda mudi, 滕州前掌大墓地 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2005).

57 See Tengzhou shi bowuguan 滕州市博物館, “Shandong Tengzhou Qianzhangda yizhi xin faxian de Xi-Zhou mu” 山東滕州前掌大遺址新發現的西周墓, Wenwu 2015.4, 4–8.

58 See Zhouyuan kaogudui 周原考古隊, “Shaanxi Fufeng xian Zhouyuan yizhi Zhuangli Xi-Zhou mu fajue jianbao” 陝西扶風縣周原遺址莊李西周墓發掘簡報, Kaogu 2008.12, 3–22.

59 See Wang Zhankui 王占奎 et al., “Shaanxi Zhouyuan yizhi kaogu huo zhongda shouhuo” 陝西周原遺址考古獲重大收穫, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Jan. 29, 2016, 8; Zhouyuan kaogudui, “Shaanxi Baoji shi Zhouyuan yizhi 2014–2015 nian de kantan yu fajue” 陝西寶雞市周原遺址 2014–2015 年的勘探與發掘, Kaogu 2016.7, 32–44.

60 For more details, see Jinqian, Huang 黃錦前, “Qishan Hejiacun M11 chutu Xiji gui, you mingwen dushi” 岐山賀家村 M11 出土昔雞簋、卣銘文讀釋, Shaanxi lishi bowuguan guankan 24 (2017), 73–77Google Scholar.

61 Luoyang shi wenwu gongzuodui 洛陽市文物工作隊, “ Luoyang Laocheng Beidajie Xi-Zhou mu” 洛陽老城北大街西周墓, Wenwu 2010.8, 4–7.

62 Shigushan kaogudui 石鼓山考古隊, “Shaanxi sheng Baoji shi Shigushan Xi-Zhou mu” 陝西省寶雞市石鼓山西周墓, Kaogu yu wenwu 2013.1, 3–24. Shigushan kaogudui, “Shaanxi Baoji Shigushan Xi-Zhou muzang fajue jianbao” 陝西寶雞石鼓山西周墓葬發掘簡報, Wenwu 2013.2, 4–54. Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiuyuan 陝西省考古研究院, Baoji shi kaogu yanjiusuo 寶雞市考古研究所 and Baoji shi Weibin qu bowuguan 寶雞市渭濱區博物館, “Shaanxi Baoji Shigushan Shang Zhou mudi M4 fajue jianbao” 陝西寶雞石鼓山商周墓地 M4 發掘簡報, Wenwu 2016.1, 4–52.

63 See, for example, Zhongyang yanjiuyuan Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo 中央研究院歷史語言研究所 and Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiuyuan, Baoji Daijiawan yu Shigushan chutu Shang Zhou qingtongqi 寶雞戴家灣與石鼓山出土商周青銅器 (Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo, 2015).

64 See Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiuyuan, “2014 nian Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiuyuan kaogu diaocha fajue xin shouhuo” 2014 年陝西省考古研究院考古調查發掘新收獲, Kaogu yu wenwu 2015.2, 8–9.

65 Weinan shi wenwu lüyouju 渭南市文物旅遊局, “Shaanxi Chengcheng xian Liuquancun Jiugou Xi-Zhou mu fajue jianbao” 陝西澄城縣柳泉村九溝西周墓發掘簡報, Kaogu yu wenwu 2017.2, 3–9.

66 M4 also contained a jade object that is identified in the preliminary report as a seal. I would instead consider it a small vessel cover with inside decoration. Most scholars still identify it as a seal, however, including Li Ling 李零, “Fu Hao mu ‘Long niu shiqi gai,’ Jiugou Xi-Zhou mu ‘Long niu yu yin’ ji qita” 婦好墓“龍紐石器蓋”、九溝西周墓“龍紐玉印”及其他, Zhongguo guojia bowuguan guankan 2019.6, 71–82.

67 Concerning inscriptions from the Jin state, see, for example, Wu Yiqiang 吳毅強, Jin tongqi mingwen yanjiu 晉銅器銘文研究 (Hangzhou: Zhejiang daxue, 2018).

68 See Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo Dahekou mudi lianhe kaogudui 山西省考古研究所大河口墓地聯合考古隊, “Shanxi Yicheng xian Dahekou Xi-Zhou mudi” 山西翼城縣大河口西周墓地, Kaogu 2011.7, 9–18; Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo 山西省考古研究所, Linfen shi wenwuju 臨汾市文物局, Yicheng xian wenwu lüyouju 翼城县文物旅游局, and Shanxi daxue beifang kaogu yanjiu zhongxin 山西大學北方考古研究中心, “Shanxi Yicheng Dahekou Xi-Zhou mudi 2002 hao mu fajue” 山西翼城大河口西周墓地 2002 號墓發掘, Kaogu xuebao 2018.2, 223–62; “Shanxi Yicheng Dahekou Xi-Zhou mudi 1017 hao mu fajue” 山西翼城大河口西周墓地 1017 號墓發掘, Kaogu xuebao 2018.1, 89–140; Chen Haibo 陳海波 et al., “Shanxi Yicheng Dahekou Xi-Zhou mudi de zaici fajue: Ba guo mudi xiancun muzang yijing quanbu fajue wancheng” 山西翼城大河口西周墓地的再次發掘：霸國墓地現存墓葬已經全部發掘完成, Zhongguo wenwu bao, June 2, 2017, 8.

69 For a presentation of this cemetery and a study, with translations, of many related inscriptions, see Maria Khayutina, “The Tombs of the Rulers of Peng and Relationships between Zhou and Northern Non-Zhou Lineages (Until the Early Ninth Century B.C.),” in Imprints of Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscriptions from Ancient China, ed. Edward L. Shaughnessy (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2017), 71–132. See also Sun Yan, “Material Culture and Social Identities in Western Zhou’s Frontier: Case Studies of the Yu and Peng Lineages,” Asian Archaeology 1 (2012), 63–69,

70 See Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiuyuan, Weinan shi wenwu baohu kaogu yanjiusuo 渭南市文物保護考古研究所 and Hancheng shi wenwu lüyouju 韓城市文物旅遊局, “Shaanxi Hancheng Liangdaicun yizhi M19 fajue jianbao” 陝西韓城梁帶村遺址 M19 發掘簡報, Kaogu yu wenwu 2007.2, 3–22; Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiuyuan, Weinan shi wenwu baohu kaogu yanjiusuo and Hancheng shi wenwu lüyouju, “Shaanxi Hancheng Liangdaicun yizhi M27 fajue jianbao” 陝西韓城梁帶村遺址 M27 發掘簡報, Kaogu yu wenwu 2007.6, 4–20; Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo, Weinan shi wenwu baohu kaogu yanjiusuo, and Hancheng shi wenwu lüyouju, “Shaanxi Hancheng Liangdaicun yizhi M26 fajue jianbao” 陝西韓城梁帶村遺址 M26 發掘簡報, Wenwu 2008.1, 4–21; Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiuyuan, Weinan shi wenwu baohu kaogu yanjiusuo, and Hancheng shi Jingqu guanli weiyuanhui 韓城市景區管理委員會, Liangdaicun Rui guo mudi: 2007 niandu fajue baogao 梁带村芮國墓地：2007 年度發掘報告 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2010); Sun Bingjun 孫秉君, Liu Jun 劉軍, and Cheng Ruiping 程蕊萍, “Hancheng shi Liangdaicun Liang Zhou mudi” 韓城市梁代村兩周墓地, in Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 2010, 426–27.

71 For a presentation of the Liangdaicun Zhou cemetery and related excavated bronze inscriptions, including some translations, see Edward L. Shaughnessy, “Newest Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels, 2000–2010,” in Imprints of Kinship, 145–48.

72 On the question of interstate marriage during the Zhou period, see Khayutina, Maria, “Marital Alliances and Affinal Relatives (sheng 甥 and hungou 婚購) in the Society and Politics of Zhou China in the Light of Bronze Inscriptions,” Early China 27 (2014), 1–61Google Scholar.

73 For tomb M2001, see Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 河南省文物考古研究所 and Sanmenxia shi wenwu gongzuodui 三門峽市文物工作隊, Sanmenxia Guo guo mudi (diyi juan) 三門峽虢國墓地（第一卷） (Beijing: Wenwu, 1999). An inscribed jade was excavated from Liangdaicun tomb M26, which is also very similar to another inscribed jade excavated from Sanmexia tomb M2009. See Jiang Tao 姜濤 and Jia Lianmin, “Guo guo mudi chutu Shang dai xiaochen yuqi mingwen kaoshi ji xiangguan wenti” 虢國墓地出土商代小臣玉器銘文考釋集相關問題, Wenwu 1998.12, 59–61.

74 See for example Falkenhausen, Lothar von, “Mortuary Behavior in Pre-Imperial Qin: A Religious Interpretation,” in Chinese Religion and Society: Ancient and Medieval China, ed. Lagerwey, John (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004), 116–17Google Scholar.

75 See Zaoqi Qin wenhua lianhe kaogudui 早期秦文化聯合考古隊, “2006 nian Gansu Lixian Dabaozishan jisi yizhi fajue jianbao” 2006 年甘肅禮縣大堡子山祭祀遺跡發掘簡報, Wenwu 2008.11, 14–29.

76 For a study of this inscription, as well as other inscriptions probably also originating from Dabaozishan, with translations, see Li Feng, “A Study of the Bronze Vessels and Sacrificial Remains of the Early Qin State from Lixian, Gansu,” in Imprints of Kinship, 209–34.

77 For a study of bronze inscriptions related to Ying, including translations and references to pre-2008 publications, see Lothar von Falkenhausen, “Bronzes of Ying and their Inscriptions,” in Zhongguo gudai qingtongqi guoji yantaohui lunwenji 中國古代青銅器國際研討會論文集 (Shanghai: Shanghai bowuguan; Hong Kong: Xianggang zhongwen daxue wenwuguan, 2010), 89–164.

78 Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Pingdingshan wenwu guanliju 平頂山市文物管理局, Pingdingshan Yingguo mudi I 平頂山應國墓地I (Zhengzhou: Daxiang, 2012).

79 For a presentation and translation of some of these inscriptions, see Shaughnessy, Edward, “New Sources of Western Zhou History: Recent Discoveries of Inscribed Bronze Vessels,” Early China 26–27 (2001–2002), 79–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a study of archery practice during the Western Zhou period as seen in contemporary bronze inscriptions, see Susanne Adamski, Die Darstellung des Bogenschießens in Bronzeinschriften der West-Zhou-Zeit (1045–771 v. Chr.): Eine philologische Quellenanalyse (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017).

80 For example, the late Western Zhou tomb M257 contained only one inscription (on two bronzes) by Ke Shi 柯史, and the late Spring and Autumn period tomb M301 contained ten uninscribed bronze vessels. See Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Pingdingshan shi wenwuju 平頂山市文物局 and Henan daxue lishi wenhua xueyuan 河南大學歷史文化學院, “Henan Pingdingshan Ying guo mudi M257 fajue jianbao” 河南平頂山應國墓地 M257 發掘簡報, Huaxia kaogu 2015.3, 9–21; Henan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Pingdingshan shi wenwuju, and Henan daxue lishi wenhua xueyuan, “Henan Pingdingshan Chunqiu wanqi M301 fajue jianbao” 河南平頂山春秋晚期 M301 發掘簡報, Wenwu 2012.4, 4–28.

81 Nanyang shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 南陽市文物考古研究所, “Henan Nanyang Chunqiu Peng She mu fajue jianbao” 河南南陽春秋彭射墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2011.3, 4–31.

82 See above, pp. 6–7.

83 See Zheng Tongxiu 鄭同修 et al., “Shandong sheng Gaoqing Chenzhuang Xi-Zhou yizhi kaogu fajue huo zhongda chengguo” 山東省高青陳莊西周遺址考古發掘獲重大成果, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Feb. 5, 2010, 9; Shandong sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, “Shandong Gaoqing xian Chenzhuang Xi-Zhou yizhi” 山東高青縣陳莊西周遺址, Kaogu 2010.8, 27–34; Zheng Tongxiu, Gao Mingkui 高明奎, and Wei Chengmin 魏成敏, “Shandong Gaoqing xian Chenzhuang Xi-Zhou chengzhi fajue” 山東高青縣陳莊西周城址發掘, in 2009 Zhonguo zhongyao kaogu faxian 2009 中國重要考古發現 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2010), 38–43; Shandong sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, “Shandong Gaoqing xian Chenzhuang Xi-Zhou yicun fajue jianbao” 山東高青縣陳莊西周遺存發掘簡報, Kaogu 2011.2, 3–21.

84 Anhui sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 安徽省文物考古研究所 and Bengbu shi bowuguan 蚌埠市博物館, “Anhui Bengbu Shuangdun yi hao Chunqiu mu fajue jianbao” 安徽蚌埠雙墩一號春秋墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2010.3, 4–18; Anhui sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Bengbu shi bowuguan, “Chunqiu Zhongli jun Bo mu fajue baogao” 春秋鐘離君柏墓發掘報告, Kaogu xuebao 2013.2, 239–82. A monograph was published the same year; see Kan Xuhang 闞緒杭, ed., Zhongli jun Bo mu 鐘離君柏墓 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2013). The best quality reproductions of the inscription rubbings are found in the final archaeological report.

85 The tomb also contained more than 2,000 conical shape clay elements identified as figurines in the report.

86 Xiangyang shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, “Hubei Xiangyang Shengang mudi M1022 fajue” 湖北襄陽沈崗墓地 M1022 發掘, Wenwu 2013.7, 4–19.

87 Zaozhuang shi bowuguan 棗莊市博物館, Zaozhuang shi wenwu guanli weiyuanhui bangongshi 棗莊市文物管理委員會辦公室, and Zaozhuang shi Yicheng qu wenguang xinju 棗莊市嶧城區文廣新局, “Shandong Zaozhuang Xulou Dong-Zhou mu faxian jianbao” 山東棗莊徐樓東周墓發現簡報, Wenwu 2014.1, 4–27.

88 See Shandong sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Xintai shi bowuguan新泰市博物館, Xintai Zhoujiazhuang Dong-Zhou mudi 新泰周家莊東周墓地 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2014), 482–83. Notice that more than 700 inscriptions on ceramics, partly related to a Warring States official pottery making workshop, were also discovered in the same region, providing information about local ceramic production. See Shandong daxue lishi wenhua xueyuan Kaoguxue xi 山東大學歷史文化學院考古學系, Shandong bowuguan 山東博物館, and Xintai shi bowuguan, Xintai chutu Tian Qi taowen 新泰出土田齊陶文 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2014).

89 Nanyang shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Nanyang Zhifu yamen bowugan 南陽知府衙門博物館, “Henan Nanyang shi Huaxinyuan xiaoqu M124 fajue jianbao” 河南南陽市華鑫苑小區 M124 發掘簡報, Huaxia kaogu 2015.3, 22–27.

90 The same can also be said about tomb M126 from Fenshuiling 分水嶺, in Changzhi 長治 region, which contained an undetermined number of uninscribed bronze objects and a halberd blade with an inscription indicating it was made for a Lord (Gong 公), but the report is said to be incomplete. See Shanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo, Shanxi bowuyuan 山西博物院, and Changzhi bowuguan 長治市博物館, Changzhi Fenshuiling Dong-Zhou mudi 長治分水嶺東周墓地 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2010), 7 and 302–3.

91 Jingzhou bowuguan 荊州博物館, “Hubei Jingzhou Caojiashan yi hao Chu mu fajue jianbao” 湖北荆州曹家山一號楚墓發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2015.5, 24–34.

92 See, for example, Dong Shan 董珊, Wu Yue timing yanjiu 吳越題名研究 (Beijing: Kexue, 2014), 74–76.

93 See Cao Jinyan 曹錦炎 and Li Zebin 李則斌, “Jiangsu Xuyi Xi-Han Jiangdu wang mu chutu Yue guo niaochongshu chunyu” 江蘇盱眙西漢江都王墓出土越國鳥蟲書錞于, Wenwu 2016.11, 51–58.

94 See Zhang Changping 張昌平, “Lun Suizhou Yangzishan xinchu E guo qingtongqi” 論隨州羊子山新出噩國青銅器, Wenwu 2011.11, 87–94. See also Shaughnessy, “Newest Sources of Western Zhou History,” 140–41.

95 See Edward L. Shaughnessy, “Western Zhou Bronze Inscriptions,” in New Sources of Early Chinese History: An Introduction to the Reading of Inscriptions and Manuscript, ed. Edward L. Shaughnessy (Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and Institute of East Asian Studies, 1997), 82–83.

96 Cui Benxin 崔本信, Wang Wei 王偉, and Zeng Qingshuo 曾慶碩, “Henan Nanyang Xiaxiangpu Zhou dai E guo guizu mudi” 河南南陽夏響鋪周代鄂國貴族墓地, in 2012 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian (Beijing: Wenwu, 2013), 60–63; Fang Yanming 方燕明 et al., “2012 niandu Henan sheng wu da kaogu xin faxian” 2012 年度河南省五大考古新發現, Huaxia kaogu 2013.3, 151 and color plates 11 and 12. Cui Benxin and Wang Wei, “Nanshui beidiao zhongxian gongcheng Nanyang Xiaxiangpu E guo guizu mudi fajue chengguo: Dui Xi-Zhou wanqi dao Chunqiu zaoqi E guo yanjiu jiang shi yige tupo” 南水北調中線工程南陽夏響鋪鄂國貴族墓地發掘成果—對西周晚期到春秋早期鄂國研究將是一個突破, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Jan. 4, 2013, 8.

97 See “Gu E guo ceng shi Xi-Zhou suo feng de nanfang daguo hou shuai zhong pan Zhou” 古鄂國曾是西周所封的南方大國後率眾叛周, Sept. 15, 2014 (http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2014/0915/c22219–25662507.html) accessed on July 27, 2020.

98 Tomb M2 from Leigudun was excavated in 1981, but the final report was only published in 2008. Unlike tomb M1 which contained 83 inscribed bronze vessels and 65 inscribed bronze bells, M2 contained 61 uninscribed bronze vessels, 36 uninscribed bronze bells, and only one inscribed bronze vessel. The inscription indicated that the vessel was cast for Lord Fan of Sheng 盛君繁. See Suizhou shi bowuguan 隨州市博物館, Suizhou Leigudun er hao mu 隨州擂鼓墩二號墓 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2008) 46–47.

99 For an overview of those discoveries, see Olivier Venture, “Zeng: The Rediscovery of a Forgotten Regional State,” in China Across the Centuries: Papers from a Lecture Series in Budapest, ed. Gábor Kósa (Budapest: Department of East Asian Studies, Eötvös Loránd University, 2017), 1–32.

100 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 湖北省文物考古研究所 and Suizhou shi bowuguan 隨州市博物館, “Hubei Suizhou shi Yejiashan Xi-Zhou mudi” 湖北隨州市葉家山西周墓地, Kaogu 2012.7, 31–52; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Hubei Suizhou shi Yejiashan Xi-Zhou mudi fajue jianbao” 湖北隨州市葉家山西周墓地發掘簡報, Wenwu 2011.11, 4–60; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Hubei Suizhou Yejiashan M65 fajue jianbao” 湖北隨州葉家山M65發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2011.3, 3–40; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Suizhou Yejiashan M28 fajue baogao” 随州葉家山 M28 發掘報告, Jianghan kaogu 2013.4, 3–57; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Suizhou Yejiashan Xi-Zhou mudi di’er ci kaogu fajue de zhuyao shouhuo” 随州葉家山西周墓地第二次考古發掘的主要收獲, Jianghan kaogu 2013.3, 3–6; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Suizhou Yejiashan Zeng guo mudi erqi kaogu fajue zai huo dapi Xi-Zhou qingtongqi” 隨州葉家山曾國墓地二期考古發掘再獲大批西周青銅器, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Oct. 25, 2013, 8; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Suizhou shi bowuguan, and Chutu wenxian yu Zhongguo gudai wenming yanjiu xietong chuangxin zhongxin 出土文獻與中國古代文明研究協同創新中心, “Hubei Suizhou Yejiashan M107 fajue jianbao” 湖北隨州葉家山 M107 發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2016.3, 3–40. Good quality color reproductions can also be found in Hubei sheng bowuguan 湖北省博物館, Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, and Suizhou shi bowuguan, Suizhou Yejiashan Xi-Zhou zaoqi Zeng guo mudi 隨州葉家山西周早期曾國墓地 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2013).

101 See Fang Qin 方勤 et al., “Hubei Jingshan Sulong yizhi kaogu shouhuo” 湖北京山蘇壟遺址考古收穫, Jianghan kaogu 2017.6, 3–39; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, “Hubei Jingshan Sulong muqun M85” 湖北京山蘇壟墓群 M85, Jianghan kaogu 2018.1, 26–33.

102 The discoveries of 2002–2003 were published in Xiangfan shi kaogudui 襄樊市考古隊, Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, and Hubei Xiao-Xiang gaosugonglu kaogudui 湖北孝襄高速公路考古隊, ed., Zaoyang Guojiamiao Zeng guo mudi 棗陽郭家廟曾國墓地 (Beijing: Kexue, 2005). For later discoveries, see Fang Qin and Hu Gang 胡剛, “Zaoyang Guojiamiao Zeng guo mudi Caomenwan muqu kaogu zhuyao shouhuo” 棗陽郭家廟曾國墓地曹門灣墓區考古主要收獲, Jianghan kaogu 2015.3, 3–11; Wuhan daxue lishi xueyuan 武漢大學歷史學院, Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Hubei Jingzhou wenwu baohu zhongxin 湖北荆州文物保護中心, and Zaoyang shi bowuguan kaogudui 棗陽市博物館考古隊, “Hubei Zaoyang Guojiamiao mudi Caomenwan muqu (2014 niandu) M10, M13, M22 fajue jianbao” 湖北棗陽郭家廟墓地曹門灣墓區（2014 年度）M10、M13、M22 發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2016.5, 13–35; Wuhan daxue lishi xueyuan, Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Hubei Jingzhou wenwu baohu zhongxin, and Zaoyang shi bowuguan kaogudui, “Hubei Zaoyang Guojiazhuang mudi Caomenwan muqu (2015 niandu) M43 fajue jianbao” 湖北棗陽郭家廟墓地曹門灣墓區（2015 年度）M43 發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2016.5, 36–49.

103 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Suizhou shi Zengduqu kaogudui 隨州市曾都區考古隊, and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Hubei Suizhou Yidigang mudi Zeng guo mu 1994 nian fajue jianbao” 湖北隨州義地崗墓地曾國墓 1994 年發掘簡報, Wenwu 2008.2, 4–18; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Hubei Suizhou Yidigang Zeng Gong Zi Quji mu de fajue jianbao” 湖北隨州義地崗曾公子去疾墓的發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2012.3, 1–26.

104 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, “Hubei Suizhou Wengengta mudi kaogu fajue de zhuyao shouhuo” 湖北隨州文峰塔墓地考古發掘的主要收穫, Jianghan kaogu 2013.1, 3–5; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Hubei Suizhou shi Wenfengta Dong-Zhou mudi” 湖北随州市文峰塔東周墓地, Kaogu 2014.7, 18–33; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, “2013 nian Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo kaogu gongzuo zhuyao shouhuo” 2013 年湖北省文物考古研究所考古工作主要收穫, Jianghan kaogu 2014.1, 7–13; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Hubei Suizhou Wenfengta M1 (Zeng hou Yu mu), M2 fajue jianbao” 湖北隨州文峰塔 M1（曾侯與墓）、M2 發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2014.4, 3–51; Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi bowuguan, “Suizhou Wenfengta mudi M4 fajue jianbao” 隨州文峰塔墓地 M4 發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2015.1, 3–15.

105 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Suizhou shi bowuguan, and Suizhou shi Zengduqu kaogudui, “Suizhou Handong donglu mudi 2017 nian kaogu fajue shouhuo” 隨州漢東東路墓地 2017 年考古發掘收穫, Jianghan kaogu 2018.1, 34–39.

106 A similar discourse is attested in an incomplete inscription seen on an unscientifically excavated bronze bell. See Cao Jinyan 曹錦炎, “Zeng hou can zhong mingwen kaoshi” 曾侯殘鐘銘文考釋, Jianghan kaogu 2014.4, 70–73.

107 See Zhang Changping, “Cong wushi nian dao wu nian: Zeng guo kaogu jiantao” 從五十年到五年—曾國考古檢討, Jianghan kaogu 2017.1, 57–67.

108 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Xiangyang shi wenwu kaogu yanjusuo 襄陽市文物考古研究所, and Zaoyang shi wenwu kaogudui 棗陽市文物考古隊, “Hubei Zaoyang Jiuliandun M2 fajue jianbao” 湖北棗陽九連墩M2發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2018.6, 3–55.

109 Shandong daxue lishi wenhua xueyan, Shandong daxue wenhua yichan yanjiuyuan 山東大學文化遺產研究院, and Zoucheng shi wenwuju 鄒城市文物局, “Shandong Zoucheng shi Zhu guo gucheng yizhi 2017 nian J3 fajue jianbao” 山東鄒城市邾國古城遺址 2017 年 J3 發掘簡報, Kaogu 2018.8, 3–24.

110 Shandong sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Qingzhou shi bowuguan 青州市博物館, “Shandong Qingzhou Xixin Zhanguo mu fajue jianbao” 山東青州西辛戰國墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2014.9, 4–32.

111 Li Yingfu 李映福 et al., “Sichuan Guanghan Shiting jiang Han dai tie qiaodun xiangguan wenti yanjiu” 四川廣漢石亭江漢代鐵橋墩相關問題研究, Kaogu 2015.9, 101–13.

112 Zhou Ting 周婷 and Liang Chao 梁超, “Hubei Gucheng Jianjiao mudi chutu zhongyao wenwu” 湖北谷城尖角墓地出土重要文物, Jianghan kaogu 2015.3, 38–48.

113 Jing Hongwei 景宏偉 and Cao Jianning 曹建寧, “Shaanxi Fengxiang Xiaosha’ao cun faxian Chunqiu shiqi jiaocang qingtongqi” 陝西鳳翔小沙凹村發現春秋時期窖藏青銅器, Kaogu yu wenwu 2016.4, 143–44.

114 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Wuhan daxue lishi xueyuan Kaogu xi 武漢大學歷史學院考古系, “Hubei Yichang Wanfunao yizhi fajue jianbao” 湖北宜昌萬福垴遺址發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2016.4, 11–35.

115 For a presentation of some important inscriptions of unknown provenance, see Shaughnessy, “Newest Sources of Western Zhou History,” 150–75 (including a few scientifically excavated examples).

116 Wu Zhenfeng 吳鎮烽, Shang Zhou qingtongqi mingwen ji tuxiang jicheng 商周青銅器銘文暨圖像集成, 35 vols. (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2012). Wu Zhenfeng, Shang Zhou qingtongqi mingwen ji tuxiang jicheng xubian 商周青銅器銘文暨圖像集成續編, 4 vols. (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2016). The advantage of Wu’s books lies in the very large number of items, compared to the 12,113 items in the Yin Zhou jinwen jicheng 殷周金文集成, rev. ed. (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2007) [hereafter, Jicheng], and the fact it provides reproductions of the inscribed objects that are absent from the Jicheng. But differences in terms of quality also have to be taken into consideration, which leads us to still prefer the Jicheng as the primary reference corpus for the study of bronze inscriptions, with Wu’s corpus a useful complement.

117 Geng Chao 耿超 and Li Wenlong 李文龍, “Hebei daxue bowuguan cang san jian Shang dai qingtongqi” 河北大學博物館藏三件商代青銅器, Wenwu 2018.4; 53–54.

118 Huang Jinqian 黄錦前, “Henan daxue wenwuguan cang Shang Zhou qingtong liqi” 河南大學文物館藏商周青銅禮器, Wenwu 2018.2, 75–80.

119 Yuan Guangkuo 袁廣闊 and Cui Zongliang 崔宗亮, “Shoudu shifan daxue lishi bowuguan cang Xing gong gui 首都師範大學歷史博物館藏邢公簋, Wenwu 2017.3, 82–84.

120 Shouyang zhai 首陽齋, Shanghai bowuguan 上海博物館, and Xianggang zhongwen daxue wenwuguan 香港中文大學文物館, ed., Shouyang jijin: Hu Yingying Fan Jirong cang zhongguo gudai qingtongqi 首陽吉金—胡盈瑩、范季融藏中國古代青銅器 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2008).

121 Musée des Arts asiatiques Guimet, ed., Trésors de la Chine ancienne: bronzes rituels de la collection Meiyintang (Paris: Musée des Arts asiatiques Guimet, 2013).

122 Gilles Béguin et al., Chine de bronze et d’or: Collection Dong Bo Zhai (Sarran: Musée du président Jacques Chirac, 2011). Note that two identical, forty-six-character early Western Zhou inscriptions were mistakenly considered as possibly inauthentic by the author (me). For a detailed study of these inscriptions, see Dong Shan 董珊, “Yi zun, Yi you kaoshi” 疑尊、疑卣考釋, Zhongguo guojia bowuguan guankan 2012.9, 71–80.

123 For the second corpus, see Allan, Sarah and William, Crispin, eds., The Guodian Laozi: Proceedings of the International Conference, Dartmouth College, May 1998 (Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and Institute of East Asian Studies, 2000)Google Scholar.

124 For a global overview of these discoveries, see the Manuscripts Database of the Institute of Chinese Studies at the University of Heidelberg, last revision Mar. 30, 2014 (http://projects.zo.uni-heidelberg.de/manuscript/index.php/), accessed on July 27, 2020.

125 For scholarship published in China, one can consult, for example, the comprehensive bibliographies regularly published in the journal Jianbo 簡帛.

126 See Paul Goldin, “Ancient Chinese Manuscripts: Bibliography of Materials in Western Language,” regularly updated (https://upenn.academia.edu/PaulGoldin), accessed on July 27, 2020.

127 For a large-scale reflection on excavated manuscripts, see Giele, Enno, “Excavated Manuscripts: Context and Methodology,” in China’s Early Empires: A Re-appraisal, ed. Nylan, Michael and Loewe, Michael (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2010), 114–34Google Scholar.

128 Li Yongkang 李永康, “Wuhan shi Dingjiazui Zhanguo Chu mu” 武漢市丁家嘴戰國楚墓, in Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 2010, 316–17.

129 Wuhan shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 武漢市文物考古研究所 and Wuhan daxue Lishi xueyuan Jianbo yanjiu zhongxin 武漢大學歷史學院簡帛研究中心, “Hubei Wuhan Dingjiazui M1, M2 chutu Zhanguo zhujian” 湖北武漢丁家嘴 M1、M2 出土戰國竹簡, Wenwu 2015.6, 49–51.

130 Song Youzhi 宋有志, “Hubei Jingmen Yancang muqun M1 fajue qingkuang” 湖北荊門嚴倉墓群 M1 發掘情况, Jianghan kaogu 2010.1, 132, and color plates 3–7.

131 Li Tianhong 李天虹, Song Youzhi, and Cai Dan 蔡丹, “Yancang yi hao Chu mu qiance jizai de jiaju yongxi 嚴倉一號楚墓遣冊記載的家具用席,” Wenwu 2017.9, 63–69.

132 Jingzhou bowuguan, “Hubei Jingzhou Wangshanqiao yi hao Chu mu fajue jianbao” 湖北荊州望山橋一號楚墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2017.2, 4–37.

133 Xiangyang shi bowuguan 襄陽市博物館 and Laohekou shi bowuguan 老河口市博物館, “Hubei Laohekou Angang yi hao mu fajue jianbao” 湖北老河口安崗一號墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2017.7, 2–37; Xiangyang shi bowuguan and Laohekou shi bowuguan, “Hubei Laohekou Angang er hao mu fajue jianbao” 湖北老河口安崗二號墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2017.7, 38–58; Liu Guosheng 劉國勝 and Hu Yali 胡雅麗, “Hubei Laohekou Angang Chu mu zhujian gaishu” 湖北老河口安崗楚墓竹簡概述, Wenwu 2017.7, 59–64.

134 Jingzhou bowuguan, “Hubei Jingzhou Liujiatai yu Xiajiatai mudi faxian dapi Zhanguo muzang” 湖北荆州劉家台與夏家台墓地發現大批戰國墓葬, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Apr. 8, 2016, 8. For early China’s daybook tradition, see Harper, Donald and Kalinowski, Marc, eds., Books of Fate and Popular Culture in Early China: The Daybook Manuscripts of the Warring States, Qin, and Han (Leiden: Brill, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

135 For an overview of Fangmatan tomb M1, see Alain Thote, “Daybooks in Archaeological Context,” in Books of Fate and Popular Culture, ed. Harper and Kalinowski, 21–25. For a presentation of Fangmatan M1 rishu manuscript, see Liu Lexian, “Daybooks: A Type of Popular Hemerological Manual of the Warring States, Qin, and Han,” in Books of Fate and Popular Culture, ed. Harper and Kalinowski, 67–69.

136 Gansu sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 甘肅省文物考古研究所, ed., Tianshui Fangmatan Qin jian 天水放馬灘秦簡 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2009).

137 Sun Zhanyu 孫占宇, Tianshui Fangmatan Qin jian jishi 天水放馬灘秦簡集釋 (Lanzhou: Gansu wenhua, 2013).

138 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Fenghuangshan Xi-Han jiandu 鳳凰山西漢簡牘 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2012).

139 A few documents, still in quite good condition, were published separately with high quality color pictures. See Nishibayashi Shōichi 西林昭一 et al., eds., Kantoku meisekisen: 5 Kohoku hen san 簡牘名跡選 5湖北篇三 (Tokyo: Nigensha, 2009) and Peng Hao 彭浩, ed., Fenghuangshan Han mu jiandu 鳳凰山漢墓簡牘 (Wuhan: Hubei meishu, 2002).

140 Zheng Zhonghua 鄭中華, “Jingzhou shi Yueqiao Qin Han mu” 荊州市岳橋秦漢墓, in Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 2003 中國考古學年鑑 2003 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2004), 250–51.

141 Zheng Zhonghua, “Yintai mudi chutu dapi Xi-Han jiandu” 印臺墓地出土大批西漢簡牘, in Jingzhou zhongyao kaogu faxian 荊州重要考古發現, ed. Jingzhou bowuguan (Beijing: Wenwu, 2009), 204–8. For daybook fragments from this corpus, see Liu Lexian 劉樂賢, “Yintai Han jian Rishu chutan” 印臺漢簡《日書》初探, Wenwu 2009.10, 92–96.

142 Jingzhou bowuguan, “Hubei Jingzhou Jinan Songbai Han mu fajue jianbao” 湖北荆州紀南松柏漢墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2008.4, 24–32.

143 Jingzhou bowuguan, “Hubei Jingzhou Xiejiaqiao yi hao Han mu fajue jianbao” 湖北荊州謝家橋一號漢墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2009.4, 26–42.

144 Jingzhou bowuguan, “Hubei Jingzhou Gaotai mudi M46 fajue jianbao” 湖北荆州高台墓地 M46 發掘簡報, Kaogu yu wenwu 2014.5, 28–34. Another tomb from the same period (M18), containing a funeral inventory and a “document of declaration to the earth,” was already discovered at Gaotai in the 1990s.

145 A new study of the Shuihudi M11 legal manuscripts was published in 2018. See Caldwell, Ernest, Writing Chinese Laws: The Form and Function of Legal Statutes Found in the Qin Shuihudi Corpus (Abingdon: Routledge, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

146 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Yunmeng xian bowuguan 雲夢縣博物館, “Hubei Yunmeng Shuihudi M77 fajue jianbao” 湖北雲夢睡虎地 M77 發掘簡報, Jianghan kaogu 2008.4, 31–37.

147 Xiong Beisheng 熊北生, Chen Wei, and Cai Dan 蔡丹, “Hubei Yunmeng Shuihudi 77 hao Xi-Han mu chutu jiandu gaishu” 湖北雲夢睡虎地77號西漢墓出土簡牘概述, Wenwu 2018.3, 43–53. On the concept of the “event calendar,” see Wei, Chen, “‘Event Calendars’ in the Early Imperial Era: A Re-Assessment,” Bamboo and Silk 1.2 (2018), 446–68Google Scholar.

148 See Hunan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Huaihua shi wenwuchu 懷化市文物處, and Yuanling xian bowuguan 沅陵縣博物館, “Yuanling Huxishan yi hao Han mu fajue jianbao” 沅陵虎溪山一號漢墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2003.1, 36–55. For a brief overview of the Huxishan M1 discovery, see Harper and Kalinowski, Books of Fate and Popular Culture, 77.

149 See Zhang Chunlong 張春龍, “Huxishan Han jian xuan” 虎溪山漢簡選, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 9 出土文獻研究 9 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2010), 46–48. Note that twenty of these bamboo slips were also published in a book for calligraphers with enlarged color photographs; see Nishibayashi Shōichi西林昭一 et al., eds., Kantoku meisekisen: 2 Konan hen san 簡牘名跡選. 2 湖南篇二 (Tokyo: Nigensha, 2009), 4–27.

150 For the Kongjiapo tomb, see Thote, “Daybooks in Archaeological Context,” 29–34. For a presentation of the Kongjiapo rishu manuscript, see Liu Lexian, “Daybooks: A Type of Popular Hemerological Manual,” 70.

151 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Suizhou shi Zengduqu kaogudui, “Hubei Suizhou shi Zhoujiazhai mudi M8 fajue jianbao” 湖北随州市周家寨墓地 M8 發掘簡報, Kaogu 2017.8, 3–21.

152 Yinqueshan Han mu zhujian zhengli xiaozu 銀雀山漢墓竹簡整理小組, Yinqueshan Han mu zhujian (er) 銀雀山漢墓竹簡（貳） (Beijing: Wenwu, 2010).

153 Qingdao shi wenwu baohu kaogu yanjiusuo 青島市文物保護考古研究所 and Huangdaoqu bowuguan 黄島區博物館, “Shandong Qingdao shi Tushantun mudi de liang zuo Han mu” 山東青島市土山屯墓地的兩座漢墓, Kaogu 2017.10, 32–59.

154 Qingdao shi wenwu baohu kaogu yanjiusuo, Yantai shi bowuguan 煙臺市博物館, and Huangdaoqu bowuguan, “Qingdao tushantun muqun” 青島土山屯墓群, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Dec. 22, 2017, 4.

155 Shandong sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, “Shandong Rizhao Haiqu Xi-Han mu (M106) jianbao” 山東日照海曲西漢墓（M106）簡報, Wenwu 2010.1, 4–25.

156 For pictures and explanations related to this document, see Liu Shaogang 劉紹剛 and Zheng Tongxiu, “Rizhao Haiqu jian Han Wudi houyuan er nian shiri yanjiu” 日照海曲簡《漢武帝後元二年視日》研究, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 9 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2010), pl. 7 and 49–59.

157 See Liu Shaogang and Zheng Tongxiu, “Rizhao Haiqu Han mu chutu qiance gaishu” 日照海曲漢墓出土遣策概述, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 12 (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2013), 202–12.

158 See Michael Loewe, The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to “A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods” (Leiden: Brill, 2004).

159 Lianyungang shi bowuguan 連雲港市博物館, “Jiangsu Lianyungang Haizhou Xi-Han mu fajue jianbao” 江蘇連雲港海州西漢墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2012.3, 4–17.

160 For a brief and laconic report, see Lianyungang shi bowuguan, “Jiangsu Lianyungang Haizhou Zhangzhuang faxian gu muzang qun” 江蘇連雲港海州張莊發現古墓葬群, Sept. 6, 2018 (http://kaogu.cssn.cn/zwb/xccz/201809/t20180906_4556063.shtml) accessed on July 27, 2020.

161 Lee Sungshi 李成市, Yun Yong-gu 尹龍九, and Kim Kyung Ho 金慶浩, “Heijō Teihakudō sanrokuyongo fun setsudo chikukan Rongo nitsuite” 平壤貞柏洞三六四號墳出土竹簡《論語》について, trans. Hashimoto Shigeru 橋本繁, Chūgoku shutsudo shiryō kenkyū 中國出土資料研究 14 (2010), 110–49. Enlarged pictures can be found in Lee Sungshi, Yun Yong-gu, and Kim Kyung Ho, “Pingrang Zhenbaidong 364 hao mu chutu zhujian Lun yu” 平壤貞柏洞 364 號墓出土竹簡《論語》, trans. Liu Simeng 劉思孟, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 10 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2011). Both articles are revised translations of an article published in Korean in Mokkan koa munja yonku 木簡과 文字연구4 (2009) (not seen by the author). For a presentation and a reflection in English on the Lunyu manuscript, see Hans van Els, P., “Confucius’s Sayings Entombed: On Two Han Dynasty Bamboo Lunyu Manuscripts,” in Confucius and the Analects Revisited, ed. Michael Hunter and Martin Kern (Leiden: Brill, 2018), 152–86. On the official documents, see Yun Yong-gu, “Heijō shutsudo ’Rakurō-gun shogen yonen kenbetsu toguchi-bo’ kenkyū” 平壤出土「乐浪郡初元四年县别户口簿」研究, trans. Hashimoto Shigeru, Chūgoku shutsudo shiryō kenkyū 13 (2009), 206–35.

162 Gansu sheng kaogu yanjiusuo 甘肅省考古研究所, “Gansu Yongchang Shuiquanzi Han mu fajue jianbao” 甘肅永昌水泉子漢墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2009.10, 52–61. Zhang Cunliang 張存良 and Wu Hong 吳紅, “Shuiquanzi Han jian chushi” 水泉子漢簡初識, Wenwu 2009.10, 88–91. More slip fragments are reproduced in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 9 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2010), pl. 1–4.

163 Gansu sheng kaogu yanjiusuo, “Gansu Yongchang xian Shuiquanzi Han muqun 2012 nian fajue jianbao” 甘肅永昌縣水泉子漢墓群 2012 年發掘簡報, Kaogu 2017.12, 39–54.

164 For a presentation of this calendar with small, black-and-white pictures of all the slips, see Zhang Cunliang, Wang Yong’an 王永安, and Ma Honglian 馬洪連, “Gansu Yongchang xian Shuiquanzi Han jian ‘Wufeng er nian liri’ zhengli yu yanjiu” 甘肅永昌縣水泉子漢簡 “五鳳二年曆日”整理與研究, Kaogu 2018.3, 94–103.

165 For an archaeological report, see Chengdu wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 成都文物考古研究所 and Jingzhou wenwu baohu zhongxin 荊州文物保護中心, “Chengdu shi Tianhui zhen Laoguanshan Han mu” 成都市天回鎮老官山漢墓, Kaogu 2014.7, 59–70.

166 For a detailed presentation of the medical manuscripts, see Zhongguo zhongyi kexueyuan Zhongguo yi shi wenxian yanjiusuo 中國中醫科學院中國醫史文獻研究所, Chengdu wenwu kaogu yanjiuyuan, and Jingzhou wenwu baohu zhongxin, “Sichuan Chengdu Tianhui Han mu yi jian zhengli jianbao” 四川成都天回漢墓醫簡整理簡報, Wenwu 2017.12, 48–57. Enlarged black-and-white photos of eight slips can be found in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 16 (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2017), pl. 1–4.

167 For a preliminary report, see Jiangxi sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 江西省文物考古研究所, Nanchang shi bowuguan 南昌市博物館 and Nanchang Xinjianqu bowuguan 南昌市新建區博物館, “Nanchang Xi-Han Haihun hou mu” 南昌西漢海昏侯墓, Kaogu 2016.7, 45–62. An exhibition catalogue was also published in 2016 with many color photographs, including a few pictures of bamboo slips and wooden tablets. See Jiangxi sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Shoudu bowuguan 首都博物館, Wuse xuanyao: Nanchang Han dai Haihun houguo kaogu chengguo 五色炫耀—南昌漢代海昏侯國考古成果 (Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin, 2016).

168 For an overview of the bamboo-slip texts, see Jiangxi sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiuyuan 江西省文物考古研究院, Beijing daxue chutu wenxian yanjiusuo 北京大學出土文獻研究所, Jingzhou wenwu baohu zhongxin, “Jiangxi Nanchang Xi-Han Haihun hou Liu He mu chutu jiandu” 江西南昌西漢海昏侯劉賀墓出土簡牘, Wenwu 2018.11, 87–96.

169 Changsha shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo 長沙市文物考古研究所 and Changsha jiandu bowuguan 長沙簡牘博物館, “Hunan Changsha Wangchengpo Xi-Han Yuyang mu fajue jianbao” 湖南長沙望城坡西漢漁陽墓發掘簡報, Wenwu 2010.4, 4–35.

170 Another practice attested in a Han tomb from Ningxia province consisted of writing the contents of a bamboo basket directly on the basket itself. See Wang Renfang 王仁芳 and Chen Xiaobi 陳曉㮿, “Ningxia Zhongwei Changle Han mu 2012 nian kaogu fajue” 寧夏中衛常樂漢墓 2012 年考古發掘, in 2012 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian 2012 中國重要考古發現 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2013), 112.

171 Hu Jian 胡健, “Zhongguo Huabei diqu faxian zhenxi muzhi Han dai jiandu” 中國華北地區發現珍稀木質漢代簡牘, Nov. 5, 2018 (http://kaogu.cssn.cn/zwb/xccz/201811/t20181105_4769948.shtml), accessed on July 27, 2020.

172 Jiang Lujing 將魯敬 and Liu Jianye 劉建業, “Hubei Jingzhou Gaotai Zhanguo gu jing qun J67 chutu Chu jian chutan” 湖北荊州高臺戰國古井群J67出土楚簡初探, Jianbo 12 (2016), 29–33.

173 Luo Qiangwu 羅強武, “Hunan Xiangxiang faxian san yan jing guwenhua yizhi: chutu jiandu duo wei zhengui de Zhanguo wanqi zhengfu dang’an” 湖南湘鄉發現三眼井古文化遺址—出土簡牘多為珍貴的戰國晚期政府檔案, Feb. 25, 2015 (http://chinesearchaeology.net/cn/xccz/20150225/49335.html), accessed on July 28, 2020.

174 See Zhang Xingguo 張興國 et al., “Hunan Yiyang Tuzishan yizhi 2013 nian fajue shouhuo” 湖南益陽兔子山遺址2013年發掘收穫, in 2013 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian 2013 中國重要考古發現 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2014), 72–75; Hunan sheng wenwu kaogu yajiusuo 湖南省文物考古研究所 and Yiyang shi wenwuchu 益陽市文物處, “Hunan Yiyang Tuzishan yizhi jiu hao jing fajue jianbao” 湖南益陽兔子山遺址九號井發掘簡報, Wenwu 2016.5, 32–48.

175 For an overview and discussion of this corpus, see Robin Yates, “The Qin Slips and Boards from Well No. 1, Liye, Hunan: A Brief Introduction to the Qin Qianling County Archives,” Early China 35–36 (2012–2013), 291–329.

176 See Hunan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, ed., Liye Qin jian (yi) 里耶秦簡（壹）(Beijing: Wenwu, 2012); Hunan sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, ed., Liye Qin jian (er) 里耶秦簡（貳）(Beijing: Wenwu, 2017); Liye Qin jian bowuguan 里耶秦簡博物館 and Chutu wenxian yu Zhongguo gudai wenming yanjiu xietong chuangxin zhongxin Zhongguo renmin daxue zhongxin 出土文獻與中國古代文明研究協同創新中心中國人民大學中心, eds., Liye Qin jian bowuguan cang Qin jian 里耶秦簡博物館藏秦簡 (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2016).

177 See Chen Wei, ed., Liye Qin jiandu jiaoshi (diyi juan) 里耶秦簡牘校釋（第一卷） (Wuhan: Wuhan daxue, 2012); Chen Wei, ed., Liye Qin jiandu jiaoshi (di’er juan) 里耶秦簡牘校釋（第二卷） (Wuhan: Wuhan daxue, 2018).

178 Gansu jiandu baohu yanjiu zhongxin 甘肅簡牘保護研究中心 et al., eds., Jianshui Jinguan Han jian 肩水金關漢簡, vols. 1–5 (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2011–2016).

179 Gansu jiandu bowuguan 甘肅簡牘博物館, Gansu sheng wenwu kaogu yajiusuo 甘肅省文物考古研究所, and Chutu wenxian yu Zhongguo gudai wenming yanjiu xietong chuangxin zhongxin Zhongguo renmin daxue zhongxin, ed., Diwan Han jian 地灣漢簡 (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2017).

180 Wang Tao 汪濤, Hu Pingsheng 胡平生, and Wu Fangsi 吳芳思 (Frances Wood), Yingguo guojia tushuguan cang Sitanyin suo huo weikan Han wen jiandu 英國國家圖書館藏斯坦因所獲未刊漢文簡牘 (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu, 2007).

181 This supplementary corpus was in fact published two times within the same year. See Zhang Cunliang 張存良 and Ju Hong 巨虹, “Yingguo guojia tushuguan cang Sitanyin suo huo Han wen jiandu weikan bufen” 英國國家圖書館藏斯坦因所獲漢文簡牘未刊部分, Wenwu 2016.6, 75–79; Wang Tao, Hu Pingsheng and Wu Fangsi, “Yingguo guojia tushuguan cang Sitanyin suo huo weikan Han wen jiandu buyi shiwen”《英國國家圖書館藏斯坦因所獲未刊漢文簡牘》補遺釋文, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 15 出土文獻研究 15 (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2016), 320–29. The second publication includes better quality color pictures.

182 For an introduction to this corpus, see Yang Jidong, “Transportation, Boarding, Lodging, and Trade along the Early Silk Road: A Preliminary Study of the Xuanquan Manuscripts,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 135.3 (2015), 421–32.

183 For an annotated transcription of a large selection of Xuanquan documents, see Hu Pingsheng and Zhang Defang 張德芳, Dunhuang Xuanquan Han jian shi cui 敦煌懸泉漢簡釋粹 (Shanghai: Shanghai guiji, 2001). For recent publications of new documents, see Zhang Defang, “Dunhuang Xuanquan Han jian zhong de ‘Dayuan’ jian yiji Han chao yu Dayuan guanxi kaoshu” 敦煌懸泉漢簡中的“大宛”簡以及漢朝與大宛關係考述, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 9 出土文獻研究 9 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2010), 140–47.

184 See Li Dan 李丹, “Changsha xian qiannian Changsha gu chengqiang: chutu Xi-Han jiandu jin 100 mei” 長沙現千年長沙古城墻：出土西漢簡牘近 100 枚, Dec. 29, 2014 (http://history.sina.com.cn/lszx/whrd/2014–12–29/1005113742.shtml), accessed on July 28, 2020.

185 After a selected publication in 2015, the formal publication of this corpus began in 2018. See Changsha shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo et al., Changsha Wuyi guangchang Dong-Han jiandu xuanshi 長沙五一廣場東漢簡牘選釋 (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2015); Changsha shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo et al., Changsha Wuyi guangchang Dong-Han jiandu (yi) 長沙五一廣場東漢簡牘 （壹） (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2018); Changsha shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo et al., Changsha Wuyi guangchang Dong-Han jiandu (er) 長沙五一廣場東漢簡牘 （貳） (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2018).

186 Changsha shi wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo, Changsha Shangdejie Dong-Han jiandu 長沙尚德街東漢簡牘 (Changsha: Yuelu, 2016).

187 See Zoumalou jiandu zhenglizu 走馬樓簡牘整理組, ed., Changsha Zoumalou Sanguo Wu jian: zhujian 長沙走馬樓三國吳簡：竹簡, 8 vols. (Beijing: Wenwu, 2003–2018).

188 For a preliminary archaeological report and presentation of documents from well J10, see Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Chenzhou wenwuchu 郴州文物處, “Hunan Chenzhou Suxianqiao yizhi fajue jianbao” 湖南郴州蘇仙橋遺址發掘簡報, Hunan kaogu jikan 8 (2009), 93–117.

189 For a presentation with transcriptions and black and white pictures for all documents from J4, see Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Chenzhou wenwuchu, “Hunan Chenzhou Suxianqiao J4 Sanguo Wu jian” 湖南郴州蘇仙橋 J4 三國吳簡, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 7 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2005), 152–68.

190 See Tong Fang 童芳, “Sichuan Quxian chutu Han dai zhumu jiandu” 四川渠縣出土漢代竹木簡牘, Sept. 20, 2018 (http://kaogu.cssn.cn/zwb/xccz/201809/t20180920_4564184.shtml) accessed on July 28, 2020.

191 For cases of fake manuscripts and their characteristics, see Hu Pingsheng 胡平生, “Lun jianbo bianwei yu liushi jiandu qiangqiu” 論簡帛辨偽與流失簡牘搶救, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 9 出土文獻研究 9 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2010), 76–108. For an example of a “pretend” Warring states manuscript containing a copy of a section of the Zuo zhuan 左傳, see Cao Jinyan 曹錦炎, ed., Zhejiang daxue cang Zhanguo Chu jian 浙江大學藏戰國楚簡 (Hangzhou: Zhejiang daxue, 2011).

192 Li Ling 李零, Zidanku boshu 子彈庫帛書 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2017).

193 For a translation of this volume, see Li Ling, The Chu Silk Manuscripts from Zidanku, Changsha (Hunan Province), Vol. 1: Discovery and Transmission, trans. and ed. Lothar von Falkenhausen (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2020). For another recent and synthetic presentation of the manuscripts in English, see Li Ling “The Zidanku Silk Manuscripts,” in Books of Fate and Popular Culture, ed. Harper and Kalinowski, 259–77.

194 Ma Chengyuan 馬承源, ed., Shanghai bowuguan cang Zhanguo Chu zhushu 上海博物館藏戰國楚竹書, 9 vols. (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2001–2012).

195 For this text, see Caboara, Marco, “A Recently Published Shanghai Museum Bamboo Manuscript on Divination,” in Coping with the Future: Theories and Practices of Divination in East Asia, ed. Lackner, Michael (Leiden: Brill, 2018), 23–46Google Scholar.

196 For an overview of the Tsinghua corpus, see Liu Guozhong, Introduction to the Tsinghua Bamboo-Strip Manuscripts, trans. Christopher J. Foster and William N. French (Leiden: Brill, 2016).

197 For a general presentation of the corpus, see Huang Dekuan 黃德寬, “Anhui daxue cang Zhanguo zhujian gaishu” 安徽大學藏戰國竹簡概述, Wenwu 2017.9, 54–59. For the Shi jing poems in particular, see Xu Zaiguo 徐在國, “Anhui daxue cang Zhanguo zhujian Shi jing shi xu yu yiwen” 安徽大學藏戰國竹簡《詩經》詩序與異文, Wenwu 2017.9, 60–62.

198 See Xia Jing 夏静, “Zhanguo Chu jian rucang Wuhan daxue” 戰國楚簡入藏武漢大學, Guangming ribao 光明日報, January 16, 2013, 9.

199 For an overview of the Yuelu corpus, see Ulrich Lau and Thies Staack, Legal Practice in the Formative Stages of the Chinese Empire: An Annotated Translation of the Exemplary Qin Criminal Cases from the Yuelu Academy Collection (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 11–14.

200 See Zhu Hanmin 朱漢民 and Chen Songchang 陳松長, ed., Yuelu shuyuan cang Qin jian 嶽麓書院藏秦簡, 5 vols. (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu, 2010–2017). Note: Chen Songchang took over as sole editor after vol. 3.

201 For a general introduction to Peking University Qin manuscripts corpus, see Beijing daxue chutu wenxian yanjiusuo 北京大學出土文獻研究所, “Beijing daxue cang Qin jiandu gaishu” 北京大學藏秦簡牘概述, Wenwu 2012.6, 65–73. The same issue of Wenwu also contains specialized articles on this corpus, and several pieces were also published later. See, for example, Zhu Fenghan, “San zhong ‘Wei li zhi dao’ ticai zhi Qin jian bufen jianwen duidu” 三種“爲吏之道”題材之秦簡部分簡文對讀, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 14 出土文獻研究 14 (Shanghai: Zhongxi, 2015), 1–7; Chen Kanli 陳侃理, “Beijing daxue cang Qin jian yongzuo wenshu chushi” 北京大學藏秦簡傭作文書初釋, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 14, 8–14; Tian Tian 田天, “Beida cang Qin jian Za zhu fang jianjie” 北大藏秦簡《雜祝方》簡介, in Chutu wenxian yanjiu 14, 15–22.

202 For an overview of the Peking University Han manuscript corpus, see Beijing daxue chutu wenxian yanjiusuo, “Beijing daxue cang Xi-Han zhushu gaishuo” 北京大學藏西漢竹書概說, Wenwu 2011.6, 49–55. The same issue of Wenwu also contains specialized articles about this corpus. For an introduction in English, see Foster, Christopher J., “Introduction to the Peking University Han Bamboo Strips: On the Authentication and Study of Purchased Manuscripts,” Early China 40 (2017), 167–239CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

203 Beijing daxue chutu wenxian yanjiusuo, ed., Beijing daxue cang Xi-Han zhushu 北京大學藏西漢竹書, 5 vols. (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2012–2016).

204 For the Chu Silk Manuscript’s revised edition, see above p. 49.

205 Chen Wei, ed., Chudi chutu Zhanguo jiance (shisi zhong) 楚地出土戰國簡冊（十四種） (Beijing: Jingji kexue, 2009). Note that both the Chu and Qin projects each include a series of research monographs not cited in the present article.

206 See Wuhan daxue Jianbo yanjiu zhongxin and Jingmen bowuguan, eds., Chudi chutu Zhanguo jiance heji (yi): Guodian Chu mu zhushu 楚地出土戰國簡册合集（一）：郭店楚墓竹書 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2011) and Chen Wei and Peng Hao 彭浩, ed., Chudi chutu Zhanguo jiance heji (er): Geling Chu mu zhujian, Changtaiguan Chu mu zhujian 楚地出土戰國簡册合集（二）：葛陵楚墓竹簡、長臺關楚墓竹簡 (Beijing: Wenwu, 2013).

207 Chen Wei, ed., Qin jiandu heji秦簡牘合集 (Wuhan: Wuhan daxue, 2014). For an overview of this book, see my review article in Early China 39 (2016), 255–63.

208 A second revision of the transcription and commentary (with no photographs) was published as Chen Wei, ed., Qin jiandu heji: Shiwen zhushi xiuding ben 秦簡牘合集：釋文注釋修訂本, 4 vols. (Wuhan: Wuhan daxue, 2016).

209 Qiu Xigui 裘錫圭, ed., Changsha Mawangdui Han mu jianbo jicheng 長沙馬王堆漢墓簡帛集成 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2014).

210 Namely Tsinghua Univerity, Peking University, Fudan University, Chinese Renmin University, Sun Yat-sen University, Jilin University, Anhui University, Hunan University, Capital Normal University, Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage and the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

211 See Guo Sike 郭思克, “Yinqueshan Han mu jiandu yanjiu ji baohu zhengli” 銀雀山漢墓簡牘研究及保護整理, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Feb. 13, 2015, 6; Xu Xiuli 徐秀麗, “Shandong bowuguan jiakuai tuijin Han jian pucha” 山東博物館加快推進漢簡普查, Zhongguo wenwu bao, Sept. 25, 2015, 1.

212 Jiandu zhengli xiaozu 簡牘整理小組, ed., Juyan Hanjian 居延漢簡, 4 vols. (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2014–2017).