Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T21:26:49.623Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

UNSHACKLING INTERSECTIONALITY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2014

Priscilla A. Ocen*
Affiliation:
Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
*
Priscilla A. Ocen, Loyola Law School, 919 Albany Street, Los Angeles, CA 90015. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In this essay, I call for an “unshackling” of intersectionality from the narrow and restrictive ways in which legal scholars and activists interpret and mobilize the theory and critique the single-axis framework that has been deployed by legal scholars and advocates in the context of mass incarceration. Specifically, I assert that a single-axis analysis of mass incarceration is insufficient to capture the broad impact of the prison and the raced and gendered logics that animate its operation. As a consequence of the failure to engage intersectionality in the context of the prison, legal scholarship on incarceration tends to obscure the centrality of Black women's gender in the racialized system of control and posits Black men as the primary targets of mass incarceration. This undertheorization of incarceration also hinders the development of a framework that can account for why both Black women and Black men are vulnerable to multiple systems of social control.

Type
Intersectionality
Copyright
Copyright © W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Lucy (2005). Death by Discretion, Who Decides Who Lives and Who Dies in the United States of America. American Journal of Criminal Law, 32(3): 381401.Google Scholar
Alexander, Elizabeth (2010). Unshackling Shawanna: The Battle Over Chaining Women Prisoners During Labor and Delivery. University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review, 32(4): 435459.Google Scholar
Alexander, Michelle (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Anderson v. Cornejo (2004). 355 F.3d 1021.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Thomas M. and Brunie, Kelly M. (2010). The Absence of Penological Rationale in the Restrictions on the Rights of Incarcerated Women. University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review, 32(4): 461503.Google Scholar
Bryant v. Maffucci (1991). 923 F.2d 979.Google Scholar
Budnitz, Elizabeth (2006). Not Part of Her Sentence: Applying the Supreme Court's Johnson v. California to Prison Abortion Policies. Brooklyn Law Review, 71(3): 12911332.Google Scholar
California Coalition for Women Prisoners (2003). Our Mission. http://womenprisoners.org/?p=82#more-82 (accessed November 25, 2013).Google Scholar
California Department of Corrections (2008). The California Prisoners Handbook (4th Edition). Sacramento, CA.Google Scholar
Carbado, Devon W. (2002). (E)racing the Fourth Amendment. Michigan Law Review, 100(4): 9461044.Google Scholar
Chandler, Cynthia (2003). Death and Dying in America: The Prison Industrial Complex's Impact on Women's Health. Berkeley Women's Law Journal, 18(1): 4060.Google ScholarPubMed
Collins, Patricia Hill (2008). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frank Rudy (2009). Who's the Man?: Masculinities Studies, Terry Stops, and Police Training. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 18(3): 671742.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6): 1241, 1242–1299.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1992). Race, Gender and Sexual Harassment. Southern California Law Review, 65(3): 14671476.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (2012). From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Critically About Women, Race and Social Control. UCLA Law Review, 59(6): 1418, 1428–1472.Google Scholar
Davis, Angela J. (1998). Prosecution and Race: The Power and Privilege of Discretion. Fordham Law Review, 67(1): 1368.Google Scholar
Deason, Claire (2009). Unexpected Consequences: The Constitutional Implications of Federal Prison Policy for Offenders Considering Abortion. Minnesota Law Review, 93(4): 13771409.Google Scholar
Egerman, Mark (2008). Roe v. Crawford: Do Inmates Have An Eighth Amendment Right to Elective Abortions? Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 31(2): 423446.Google Scholar
Fellner, Jamie (2009). Race, Drugs, and Law Enforcement in the United States. Stanford Law & Policy Review, 20(2): 257291.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Flyn L. (2007). Cross-Gender Supervision in Prisons and the Constitutional Right of Prisoners to Remain Free from Rape. William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 13(3): 841866.Google Scholar
Giddings, Paula (1996). When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America. New York: Morrow.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange Marie (2004). The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the Welfare Queen. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Harris, David A. (2001). Addressing Racial Profiling in the States: A Case Study of the New Federalism in Constitutional Criminal Procedure. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 3(1): 367397.Google Scholar
Johnson, Corey (2013). Female Inmates Sterilized in California Without Prior Approval, Center for Investigative Reporting, July 7http://cironline.org/reports/female-inmates-sterilized-california-prisons-without-approval-4917⟩ (accessed July 19, 2013).Google Scholar
Johnson, Paula C. (1997). At the Intersection of Injustice: Experiences of African American Women in Crime and Sentencing. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law, 4(1): 176.Google Scholar
Justice Now (2009). Testimony of Justice Now Submitted to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women 2 (unpublished).Google Scholar
Krim, Lisa (1995). A Reasonable Woman's Version of Cruel and Unusual Punishment: Cross Gender, Clothed Body Searches of Women Prisoners. UCLA Women's Law Journal, 6(1): 85122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapidus, Lenora, Luthra, Namita, Vermal, Anjuli, Small, Deborah, Allard, Patricia, and Levinston, Kristen (2005). Caught in the Net: The Impact of Drug Policies on Women and Families. ⟨http://www.fairlaws4families.org/final-caught-in-the-net-report.pdf.⟩ (accessed June 6, 2013).Google Scholar
Levi, Robin, Kunakemakorn, Nerissa, Zohrabi, Azadeh, Afanasieff, Elizaveta, and Edwards-Masuda, Nicole (2010). Creating the Bad Mother: How the U.S. Approach to Pregnancy in Prison Violates the Right to be a Mother. UCLA Women's Law Journal, 18(1): 178.Google Scholar
López, Ian F. Haney (2010). Post-Racial Racism: Racial Stratification and Mass Incarceration in the Age of Obama. California Law Review, 98: 10231073.Google Scholar
Maclin, Tracey (1998). Race and the Fourth Amendment. Vanderbilt Law Review, 51(2): 333394.Google Scholar
McAdams, Richard H. (1998). Race and Selective Prosecution: Discovering the Pitfalls of Armstrong. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 73(2): 605668.Google Scholar
McCrary, Heather L. (2006). Pregnant Behind Bars: Chapter 608 and California's Reformation of the Medical Care and Treatment of Pregnant Women. McGeorge Law Review, 37(2): 314322.Google Scholar
Miller, Theresa (2007). Keeping the Government's Hands Off Our Bodies: Mapping a Feminist Legal Theory Approach to Privacy in Cross-Gender Prison Searches. Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 4(2): 861890.Google Scholar
Monmouth County Correctional Institutional Inmates v. Lanzaro (1987). 834 F.2d 326.Google Scholar
Moynihan, Daniel (1965). The Negro Family: A Case for Action. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor.Google Scholar
Nunn, Kenneth B. (2002). Race, Crime and the Pool of Surplus Criminality: Or Why the War on Drugs is a War on Blacks. Journal of Gender, Race and Justice, 6(2): 381446.Google Scholar
Ocen, Priscilla A. (2012a). Punishing Pregnancy: Race, Incarceration and the Shackling of Pregnant Prisoners. California Law Review, 100(5): 12391312.Google Scholar
Ocen, Priscilla A. (2012b). The New Racially Restrictive Covenant: Race, Welfare and the Policing of Black Women in Subsidized Housing. UCLA Law Review, 59(6): 15401582.Google Scholar
Ogletree, Charles (2002). Black Man's Burden: Race and the Death Penalty in America. Oregon Law Review, 81(1): 1538.Google Scholar
Oparah, Julia C. (2012). Feminism and the (Trans)Gender Entrapment of Non-Conforming Prisoners. UCLA Law Review, 18(2): 239272.Google Scholar
Parker, Katherine C. (2002). Female Inmates Living in Fear: Sexual Abuse by Correctional Officers in the District of Columbia. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 10(2): 443478.Google Scholar
Richie, Beth E. (2012). Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence and America's Prison Nation. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Ritchie, Andrea J. (2006). Law Enforcement Violence against Women of Color. In Violence, Incite! Women of Color Against (Ed.), Color of Violence: the Incite! Anthology, pp. 138156. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Dorothy (1991). Punishing Drug Addicts Who Have Babies: Women of Color, Equality and the Right to Privacy. Harvard Law Review, 104(7): 14191482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Dorothy (1993). Crime, Race and Reproduction. Tulane Law Review, 67(6): 19451977.Google Scholar
Roe v. Crawford (2008). 514 F.3d 789.Google Scholar
Sapir, Yoav (2003). Neither Intent nor Impact: A Critique of the Racially-based Selective Prosecution Jurisprudence and a Reform Proposal. Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal, 19: 127180.Google Scholar
Shaylor, Cassandra (1998). It's Like Living in a Black Hole: Women of Color and Solitary Confinement in the Prison Industrial Complex. New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement, 24(2): 385, 394–416.Google Scholar
Sichel, Dana (2007). Giving Birth in Shackles: A Constitutional and Human Rights Violation. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 16(2): 223256.Google Scholar
Sklansky, David A. (1995). Cocaine, Race, and Equal Protection. Stanford Law Review, 47(7): 12831322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Barbara V. (2003). Watching You, Watching Me. Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 15(2): 225288.Google Scholar
Smith, Barbara V. (2006). Sexual Abuse of Women in United States Prisons: A Modern Corollary to Slavery. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 33(2): 571608.Google Scholar
Smith, Joshua Emerson (2013). Groups Set to Protest Overcrowding at Chowchilla Women's Prison. Merced Sun-Star, Jan. 23. ⟨http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2013/01/24/2778317/groups-set-to-protest-crowding.html⟩ (accessed July 31, 2013).Google Scholar
Springfield, Delia (2000). Sisters in Misery: Utilizing International Law to Protect United States Female Prisoners from Sexual Abuse. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, 10(2): 457486.Google Scholar
Thompson, Anthony C. (1999). Stopping the Usual Suspects: Race and the Fourth Amendment. New York University Law Review, 74(4): 9561013.Google Scholar
Tonry, Michael (1995). Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tyson, Christopher J. (2007). At the Intersection of Race and History: The Unique Relationship between the Davis Intent Standard and the Crack Laws. Howard Law Journal, 50(2): 345396.Google Scholar
Victoria W. v. Larpenter (2004). 369 F.3d 475.Google Scholar
Weaver, Vesla M. (2007). Frontlash; Race and the Development of Punitive Public Policy. Studies in American Political Development, 21(2): 230265.Google Scholar
Williams et al. v. City of Antioch (2010). WL 3632197.Google Scholar
Witherspoon, Floyd D. (2004). Racial Profiling of African American Males: Stopped, Searched and Stripped of Constitutional Protection. John Marshall Law Review, 38(2): 439468.Google Scholar