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Literature and art, which previously had been considered as cultural traditions, became, during the nineteenth century, objects of historical knowledge; the feeling of contemporaries was ‘that history would be the hallmark of the nineteenth century, and would lend it its name, just as philosophy had given its name to the eighteenth’. Of the many perspectives from which a work of art can be viewed, there was none more constant thereafter than that of history.
1 Augustin Thierry, in 1834.
2 Joseph Bédier.
3 Gustave Lanson.
4 De la Tradition en Littérature
5 Gothic Art.
6 The Decline of the West.
7 René Bray.
8 Bédier-Hazard: Littérature française, II, 382.
9 Encyclopedie française.
10 ‘If Euripedes and Sophocles, if Virgil and the divine Homer himself were to return to the world, perhaps not imbued with the spirit of their times, because it might not suffice for us, but with the same ability they had, with precisely the same mentality that would absorb the ideas of our period; if, without telling us who they had been, they became our contem poraries, in the hope of delighting and enchanting us once again by devoting themselves to the same kind of work they had done before, they would be quite stunned to discover that they would have to bow down before themselves; that they could not compete with them selves, no matter to what sublime heights their spirits might soar; stunned to find themselves Modems, apparently good or even excellent ones, but nonetheless mediocre poets, compared to Sophocles, to Euripedes, to Virgil and to the Homer of ancient times…' Marivaux, 1755.
11 ‘Historical science does not develop, like the science of nature, according to a rhythm of growth and progress … [but] each society rewrites its own history because it selects itself, recreates its own past.' What is valid for history as knowledge is valid for history as an occur rence, for ‘Man is not only in history but he carries with him the history he investigates.' (Raymond Aron: Introduction à la Philosophie de l'Histoire, pp. 10-II).
12 Jean-Paul Sartre.
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