Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T18:25:49.606Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2011

Robert-Paul Juster ,
Gustav Bizik ,
Martin Picard ,
Genevieve Arsenault-Lapierre ,
Shireen Sindi ,
Lyane Trepanier ,
Marie-France Marin ,
Nathalie Wan ,
Zoran Sekerovic  and
Catherine Lord
...Show all authors
Robert-Paul Juster*
Affiliation:
University of Montreal McGill University
Gustav Bizik
Affiliation:
Charles University
Martin Picard
Affiliation:
McGill University
Genevieve Arsenault-Lapierre
Affiliation:
University of Montreal McGill University
Shireen Sindi
Affiliation:
University of Montreal McGill University
Lyane Trepanier
Affiliation:
University of Montreal
Marie-France Marin
Affiliation:
University of Montreal
Nathalie Wan
Affiliation:
University of Montreal
Zoran Sekerovic
Affiliation:
University of Montreal
Catherine Lord
Affiliation:
University of Montreal
Alexandra J. Fiocco
Affiliation:
Ryerson University
Pierrich Plusquellec
Affiliation:
University of Montreal University of Sherbrooke
Bruce S. McEwen
Affiliation:
Rockefeller University
Sonia J. Lupien
Affiliation:
University of Montreal
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Robert-Paul Juster, 7401 Hochelaga, McGill University, Louis Riel Pavilion, Unit 226, Room RI-2678, Montreal, QC H1N 3M5, Canada; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The allostatic load (AL) model represents an interdisciplinary approach to comprehensively conceptualize and quantify chronic stress in relation to pathologies throughout the life cycle. This article first reviews the AL model, followed by interactions among early adversity, genetics, environmental toxins, as well as distinctions among sex, gender, and sex hormones as integral antecedents of AL. We next explore perspectives on severe mental illness, dementia, and caregiving as unique human models of AL that merit future investigations in the field of developmental psychopathology. A complimenting transdisciplinary perspective is applied throughout, whereby we argue that the AL model goes beyond traditional stress–disease theories toward the advancement of person-centered research and practice that promote not only physical health but also mental health.

Type
Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 23 , Issue 3: Allostatic Load: Part 1 , August 2011 , pp. 725 - 776
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agirbasli, M., Agaoglu, N. B., Orak, N., Caglioz, H., Ocek, T., Karabag, T., et al. (2010). Sex hormones, insulin resistance and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in children. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 73, 166–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agusa, T., Kunito, T., Iwata, H., Monirith, I., Chamnan, C., Tana, T. S., et al. (2007). Mercury in hair and blood from residents of Phnom Penh (Cambodia) and possible effect on serum hormone levels. Chemosphere, 68, 590–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, G., Freeman, S., & Higginbotham, N. (1998). Complexity and human health: The case for a transdisciplinary paradigm. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 22, 55–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alley, D. E., Crimmins, E. M., Karlamangla, A., Hu, P., & Seeman, T. E. (2008). Inflammation and rate of cognitive change in high-functioning older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 63, 50–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allison, D. B., Mentore, J. L., Heo, M., Chandler, L. P., Cappelleri, J. C., Infante, M. C., et al. (1999). Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A comprehensive research synthesis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1686–1696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allsworth, J. E., Weitzen, S., & Boardman, L. A. (2005). Early age at menarche and allostatic load: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Annals of Epidemiology, 15, 438–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amore, M. (2005). Partial androgen deficiency and neuropsychiatric symptoms in aging men. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 28(Suppl. 11), 49–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Ancelin, M. L., & Ritchie, K. (2005). Lifelong endocrine fluctuations and related cognitive disorders. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 11, 4229–4252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arvanitakis, Z., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2004). Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Archives of Neurology, 61, 661–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asada, T., Kinoshita, T., & Kakuma, T. (2000). Analysis of behavioral disturbances among community-dwelling elderly with Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 14, 160–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baccarelli, A., Mocarelli, P., Patterson, D. G. Jr., Bonzini, M., Pesatori, A. C., Caporaso, N., et al. (2002). Immunologic effects of dioxin: New results from Seveso and comparison with other studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 1169–1173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, G. A., Santalo, R., & Blumenstein, J. (1977). Effect of psychotropic agents upon the blastogenic response of human T-lymphocytes. Biological Psychiatry, 12, 159–169.Google ScholarPubMed
Baker, L. D., Frank, L. L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., McTiernan, A., et al. (2010). Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: A controlled trial. Archives of Neurology, 67, 71–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, A. M., Procyshyn, R. M., Hui, P., Johnson, J. L., & Honer, W. G. (2008). Self-reported motivation to smoke in schizophrenia is related to antipsychotic drug treatment. Schizophrenia Research, 100, 252–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett-Connor, E., & Edelstein, S. L. (1994). A prospective study of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cognitive function in an older population: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 42, 420–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, A. M., & Boyce, W. T. (2004). Prophecies of childhood: How children's social environments and biological propensities affect the health of populations. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 164–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bearden, C. E., Thompson, P. M., Dalwani, M., Hayashi, K. M., Lee, A. D., Nicoletti, M., et al. (2007). Greater cortical gray matter density in lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behl, C. (2002). Oestrogen as a neuroprotective hormone. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 3, 433–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellingrath, S., Weigl, T., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Chronic work stress and exhaustion is associated with higher allostastic load in female school teachers. Stress, 12, 37–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, H. A., Einarson, A., Taddio, A., Koren, G., & Einarson, T. R. (2004). Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology International, 103, 698–709.Google ScholarPubMed
Berr, C., Lafont, S., Debuire, B., Dartigues, J. F., & Baulieu, E. E. (1996). Relationships of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the elderly with functional, psychological, and mental status, and short-term mortality: A French community-based study. Proceedings of the Natational Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 13410–13415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilder, R. M., Goldman, R. S., Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Hoptman, M., Sheitman, B., et al. (2002). Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1018–1028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bob, P., Raboch, J., Maes, M., Susta, M., Pavlat, J., Jasova, D., et al. (2010). Depression, traumatic stress and interleukin-6. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120, 231–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonne, O., Brandes, D., Gilboa, A., Gomori, J. M., Shenton, M. E., Pitman, R. K., et al. (2001). Longitudinal MRI study of hippocampal volume in trauma survivors with PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1248–1251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bookwala, J., & Schulz, R. (2000). A comparison of primary stressors, secondary stressors, and depressive symptoms between elderly caregiving husbands and wives: The Caregiver Health Effects Study. Psychology and Aging, 15, 607–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchard, M. F., Bellinger, D. C., Weuve, J., Matthews-Bellinger, J., Gilman, S. E., Wright, R. O., et al. (2009). Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 1313–1319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boucher, O., Muckle, G., & Bastien, C. H. (2009). Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: A neuropsychologic analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouma, E. M., Riese, H., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2009). Adolescents' cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 884–893.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandes, M., Soares, C. N., & Cohen, L. S. (2004). Postpartum onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: Diagnosis and management. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 7, 99–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braver, S. L., Ellman, I. M., & Fabricius, W. V. (2003). Relocation of children after divorce and children's best interests: New evidence and legal considerations. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 206–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Vermetten, E., Staib, L., Bronen, R. A., Mazure, C., et al. (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse—A preliminary report. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Johnson, D. R., Yehuda, R., & Charney, D. S. (1993). Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 235–239.Google ScholarPubMed
Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E., Afzal, N., & Vythilingam, M. (2004). Deficits in verbal declarative memory function in women with childhood sexual abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 643–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Vaccarino, V., & Charney, D. S. (2004). Deficits in hippocampal and anterior cingulate functioning during verbal declarative memory encoding in midlife major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 637–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breunis, M. N., Kupka, R. W., Nolen, W. A., Suppes, T., Denicoff, K. D., Leverich, G. S., et al. (2003). High numbers of circulating activated T cells and raised levels of serum IL-2 receptor in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 157–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodeur, J. C., Sherwood, G., Rasmussen, J. B., & Hontela, A. (1997). Impaired cortisol secretion in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from lakes contaminated by heavy metals: In vivo and in vitro assessment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54, 2752–2758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, D. J., Pirkle, J. L., Kramer, R. A., Flegal, K. M., Matte, T. D., Gunter, E. W., et al. (1994). Blood lead levels in the US population—Phase-1 of the 3rd National-Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III, 1988 to 1991). Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 277–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In Interactional encyclopedia of education (Vol. 3, 2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1995). Developmental ecology through space and time: A future perspective. In Moen, P., Elder, G. H., & Luscher, K. (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development (pp. 619–647). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 113–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brosschot, J. F., Pieper, S., & Thayer, J. F. (2005). Expanding stress theory: Prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1043–1049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brosschot, J. F., & Thayer, J. F. (2003). Heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 50, 181–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruehl, H., Rueger, M., Dziobek, I., Sweat, V., Tirsi, A., Javier, E., et al. (2007). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation and memory impairments in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92, 2439–2445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brundtland, G. H. (2001). From the World Health Organization. Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 2391.Google ScholarPubMed
Bruns, C. M., & Kemnitz, J. W. (2004). Sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes mellitus. ILAR Journal/National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, 45, 160–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bschor, T., Adli, M., Baethge, C., Eichmann, U., Ising, M., Uhr, M., et al. (2002). Lithium augmentation increases the ACTH and cortisol response in the combined DEX/CRH test in unipolar major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, 470–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, T. W., & Lovallo, W. R. (2001). Enhanced memory for emotional material following stress-level cortisol treatment in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 307–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgmans, S., van Boxtel, M. P., Vuurman, E. F., Smeets, F., Gronenschild, E. H., Uylings, H. B., et al. (2009). The prevalence of cortical gray matter atrophy may be overestimated in the healthy aging brain. Neuropsychology, 23, 541–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 846–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, J. M., Baghurst, P. A., Sawyer, M. G., McMichael, A. J., & Tong, S. L. (1999). Lifetime low-level exposure to environmental lead and children's emotional and behavioral development at ages 11-13 years. The Port Pirie Cohort Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149, 740–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burt, D. B., Zembar, M. J., & Niederehe, G. (1995). Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 285–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, L. C., Newsom, J. T., Schulz, R., Hirsch, C. H., & German, P. S. (1997). Preventive health behaviors among spousal caregivers. Preventative Medicine, 26, 162–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buss, C., Lord, C., Wadiwalla, M., Hellhammer, D. H., Lupien, S. J., Meaney, M. J., et al. (2007). Maternal care modulates the relationship between prenatal risk and hippocampal volume in women but not in men. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2592–2595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., Poehlmann, K. M., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Malarkey, W. B., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., et al. (1998). Cellular immune responses to acute stress in female caregivers of dementia patients and matched controls. Health Psychology, 17, 182–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, S., Marriott, M., Nahmias, C., & MacQueen, G. M. (2004). Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 598–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canfield, R. L., Henderson, C. R. Jr., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Cox, C., Jusko, T. A., & Lanphear, B. P. (2003). Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1517–1526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canli, T., Qiu, M., Omura, K., Congdon, E., Haas, B. W., Amin, Z., et al. (2006). Neural correlates of epigenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 103, 16033–16038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Eliez, S., Patwardhan, A., Brown, W., Ray, R. D., et al. (2001). Attenuation of frontal asymmetry in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 943–951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, P. A., & Chang, B. L. (2000). Sleep and depression in cancer caregivers. Cancer Nursing, 23, 410–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease, Control, & Prevention. (2005). Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Atlanta, GA: Author.Google Scholar
Champagne, F., & Meaney, M. J. (2001). Like mother, like daughter: Evidence for non-genomic transmission of parental behavior and stress responsivity. Progress in Brain Research, 133, 287–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, H. M., & Egeland, G. M. (2004). Fish consumption, mercury exposure, and heart diseases. Nutrition Reviews, 62, 68–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Cherlin, A. J., & Kiernan, K. E. (1995). The long-term effects of parental divorce on the mental health of young adults: A developmental perspective. Child Development, 66, 1614–1634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, J., Lipska, B. K., Halim, N., Ma, Q. D., Matsumoto, M., Melhem, S., et al. (2004). Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): Effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. American Journal of Human Genetics, 75, 807–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, M. V., Kyvik, K. O., & Kessing, L. V. (2006). Cognitive function in unaffected twins discordant for affective disorder. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1119–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chuang, H. Y., Yu, K. T., Ho, C. K., Wu, M. T., Lin, G. T., & Wu, T. N. (2004). Investigations of vitamin D receptor polymorphism affecting workers' susceptibility to lead. Journal of Occupational Health, 46, 316–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (2002). The impact of social experience on neurobiological systems: Illustration from a constructivist view of child maltreatment. Cognitive Development, 17, 1407–1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001). Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 677–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Gunnar, M. R., & Toth, S. L. (2010). The differential impacts of early physical and sexual abuse and internalizing problems on daytime cortisol rhythm in school-aged children. Child Development, 81, 252–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Howe, M. L., & Toth, S. L. (2010). The effects of maltreatment and neuroendocrine regulation on memory performance. Child Development, 81, 1504–1519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2009). The past achievements and future promises of developmental psychopathology: The coming of age of a discipline. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 16–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, M. S., Bond, M. J., & Hecker, J. R. (2007). Environmental stress, psychological stress and allostatic load. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 12, 18–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohrs, S., Roher, C., Jordan, W., Meier, A., Huether, G., Wuttke, W., et al. (2006). The atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and quetiapine, but not haloperidol, reduce ACTH and cortisol secretion in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 185, 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colcombe, S. J., Kramer, A. F., McAuley, E., Erickson, K. I., & Scalf, P. (2004). Neurocognitive aging and cardiovascular fitness: Recent findings and future directions. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 24, 9–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Convit, A. (2005). Links between cognitive impairment in insulin resistance: An explanatory model. Neurobiology of Aging, 26(Suppl. 1), 31–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Convit, A., Wolf, O. T., Tarshish, C., & de Leon, M. J. (2003). Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 2019–2022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copinschi, G., Nedeltcheva, A., Leproult, R., Morselli, L. L., Spiegel, K., Martino, E., et al. (2010). Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95, 2195–2202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornblatt, B., Carson, W. H., Ali, M., Kern, R. S., Luo, X., & Green, M. (2002). Neurocognitive effects of aripiprazole vs olanzapine. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 5(Suppl. 1), S158.Google Scholar
Cornblatt, B. A., Lencz, T., Smith, C. W., Olsen, R., Auther, A. M., Nakayama, E., et al. (2007). Can antidepressants be used to treat the schizophrenia prodrome? Results of a prospective, naturalistic treatment study of adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 546–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cory-Slechta, D. A., Virgolini, M. B., Rossi-George, A., Thiruchelvam, M., Lisek, R., & Weston, D. (2008). Lifetime consequences of combined maternal lead and stress. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 102, 218–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cory-Slechta, D. A., Virgolini, M. B., Thiruchelvam, M., Weston, D. D., & Bauter, M. R. (2004). Maternal stress modulates the effects of developmental lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 717–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science and Medicine, 50, 385–1401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craddock, N., Owen, M. J., & O'Donovan, M. C. (2006). The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene as a candidate for psychiatric phenotypes: Evidence and lessons. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 446–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creese, J., Bedard, M., Brazil, K., & Chambers, L. (2008). Sleep disturbances in spousal caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 20, 149–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crews, D. E. (2007). Composite estimates of physiological stress, age, and diabetes in American Samoans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133, 1028–1034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crimmins, E. M., Johnston, M., Hayward, M., & Seeman, T. (2003). Age differences in allostatic load: An index of physiological dysregulation. Experimental Gerontology, 38, 731–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csernansky, J. G., Dong, H., Fagan, A. M., Wang, L., Xiong, C., Holtzman, D. M., et al. (2006). Plasma cortisol and progression of dementia in subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 2164–2169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutolo, M., Capellino, S., & Straub, R. H. (2008). Oestrogens in rheumatic diseases: Friend or foe? Rheumatology (Oxford), 47(Suppl. 3), 2–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutolo, M., & Straub, R. H. (2009). Insights into endocrine–immunological disturbances in autoimmunity and their impact on treatment. Arthritis Research and Therapy, 11, 218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutolo, M., Sulli, A., Capellino, S., Villaggio, B., Montagna, P., Seriolo, B., et al. (2004). Sex hormones influence on the immune system: Basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity. Lupus, 13, 635–638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czyrak, A., Mackowiak, M., Chocyk, A., Fijal, K., & Wedzony, K. (2003). Role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Polish Journal of Pharmacology, 55, 667–674.Google ScholarPubMed
Dakhale, G., Khanzode, S., Saoji, A., Khobragade, L., & Turankar, A. (2004). Oxidative damage and schizophrenia: The potential benefit by atypical antipsychotics. Neuropsychobiology, 49, 205–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dallaire, F., Dewailly, E., Vezina, C., Muckle, G., Weber, J. P., Bruneau, S., et al. (2006). Effect of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on incidence of acute respiratory infections in preschool Inuit children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1301–1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dallman, M. F., Akana, S. F., Strack, A. M., Scribner, K. S., Pecoraro, N., La Fleur, , et al. (2004). Chronic stress-induced effects of corticosterone on brain: Direct and indirect. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1018, 141–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darbre, P. D. (2006). Metalloestrogens: An emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 26, 191–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, P. W., Myers, G. J., Cox, C., Axtell, C., Shamlaye, C., Sloane-Reeves, J., et al. (1998). Effects of prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption on neurodevelopment: Outcomes at 66 months of age in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 701–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, L. L., Weaver, M., Zamrini, E., Stevens, A., Kang, D. H., & Parker, C. R. Jr. (2004). Biopsychological markers of distress in informal caregivers. Biological Research for Nursing, 6, 90–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Bellis, M. D., Hall, J., Boring, A. M., Frustaci, K., & Moritz, G. (2001). A pilot longitudinal study of hippocampal volumes in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 305–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., et al. (1999). A.E. Bennett Research Award. Developmental traumatology. Part II: Brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1271–1284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debes, F., Budtz-Jorgensen, E., Weihe, P., White, R. F., & Grandjean, P. (2006). Impact of prenatal methylmercury exposure on neurobehavioral function at age 14 years. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 28, 363–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dedovic, K., Duchesne, A., Andrews, J., Engert, V., & Pruessner, J. C. (2009). The brain and the stress axis: The neural correlates of cortisol regulation in response to stress. NeuroImage, 47, 864–871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Geus, E. J., Kupper, N., Boomsma, D. I., & Snieder, H. (2007). Bivariate genetic modeling of cardiovascular stress reactivity: Does stress uncover genetic variance? Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 356–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Mamani, A. G. (2010). Self-conscious emotions, general emotional distress, and expressed emotion in family members of patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 305–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denham, M., Schell, L. M., Deane, G., Gallo, M. V., Ravenscroft, J., & DeCaprio, A. P. (2005). Relationship of lead, mercury, mirex, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls to timing of menarche among Akwesasne Mohawk girls. Pediatrics, 115, E127–E134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denicoff, K. D., Rubinow, D. R., Papa, M. Z., Simpson, C., Seipp, C. A., Lotze, M. T., et al. (1987). The neuropsychiatric effects of treatment with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Annals of Internal Medicine, 107, 293–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Vugt, M. E., Nicolson, N. A., Aalten, P., Lousberg, R., Jolle, J., & Verhey, F. R. (2005). Behavioral problems in dementia patients and salivary cortisol patterns in caregivers. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 17, 201–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickerson, B. C., Goncharova, I., Sullivan, M. P., Forchetti, C., Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., et al. (2001). MRI-derived entorhinal and hippocampal atrophy in incipient and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 22, 747–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dik, M. G., Jonker, C., Hack, C. E., Smit, J. H., Comijs, H. C., & Eikelenboom, P. (2005). Serum inflammatory proteins and cognitive decline in older persons. Neurology, 64, 1371–1377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobbs, D. (2009). Orchid children. The Atlantic, 60–68.Google Scholar
Dowd, J. B., Simanek, A. M., & Aiello, A. E. (2009). Socio-economic status, cortisol and allostatic load: A review of the literature. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38, 1297–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Du, A. T., Schuff, N., Chao, L. L., Kornak, J., Jagust, W. J., Kramer, J. H., et al. (2006). Age effects on atrophy rates of entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Neurobiology of Aging, 27, 733–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duman, R. S., Nakagawa, S., & Malberg, J. (2001). Regulation of adult neurogenesis by antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 836–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eberling, J. L., Reed, B. R., Coleman, J. E., & Jagust, W. J. (2000). Effect of estrogen on cerebral glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women. Neurology, 55, 875–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eberling, J. L., Wu, C., Haan, M. N., Mungas, D., Buonocore, M., & Jagust, W. J. (2003). Preliminary evidence that estrogen protects against age-related hippocampal atrophy. Neurobiology of Aging, 24, 725–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elder, S. J., Lichtenstein, A. H., Pittas, A. G., Roberts, S. B., Fuss, P. J., Greenberg, A. S., et al. (2009). Genetic and environmental influences on factors associated with cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Lipid Research, 50, 1917–1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellingrod, V. L., Perry, P. J., Ringold, J. C., Lund, B. C., Bever-Stille, K., Fleming, F., et al. (2005). Weight gain associated with the −759C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor and olanzapine. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 134B, 76–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elman, I., Borsook, D., & Lukas, S. E. (2006). Food intake and reward mechanisms in patients with schizophrenia: Implications for metabolic disturbances and treatment with second-generation antipsychotic agents. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2091–2120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelhart, M. J., Geerlings, M. I., Meijer, J., Kiliaan, A., Ruitenberg, A., van Swieten, J. C., et al. (2004). Inflammatory proteins in plasma and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam study. Archives of Neurology, 61, 668–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epel, E. S. (2009). Psychological and metabolic stress: A recipe for accelerated cellular aging? Hormones (Athens), 8, 7–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epel, E. S., Blackburn, E. H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Adler, N. E., Morrow, J. D., et al. (2004). Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proceedings of the National Acedemy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 17312–17315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Chaddock, L., Hu, L., Morris, K. S., et al. (2009). Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans. Hippocampus, 19, 1030–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esser, C., & Welzel, M. (1993). Ontogenic development of murine fetal thymocytes is accelerated by 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Internation Journal of Immunopharmacology, 15, 841–852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esterling, B. A., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1996). Psychosocial modulation of cytokine-induced natural killer cell activity in older adults. Psychosomstic Medicine, 58, 264–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etgen, T., Sander, D., Huntgeburth, U., Poppert, H., Forstl, H., & Bickel, H. (2010). Physical activity and incident cognitive impairment in elderly persons: The INVADE study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170, 186–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W. (2003). A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Developmental Psychology, 39, 924–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W., Kim, P., Ting, A. H., Tesher, H. B., & Shannis, D. (2007). Cumulative risk, maternal responsiveness, and allostatic load among young adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43, 341–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory. Proceedings of the National Acedemy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 6545–6549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everett, C. J., King, D. E., Player, M. S., Matheson, E. M., Post, R. E., & Mainous, A. G. 3rd. (2010). Association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and serum C-reactive protein. Environmental Research, 110, 79–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, H. A., Longcope, C., Derby, C. A., Johannes, C. B., Araujo, A. B., Coviello, A. D., et al. (2002). Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: Longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Journal of Clinical and Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 589–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fewtrell, L. J., Pruss-Ustun, A., Landrigan, P., & yuso-Mateos, J. L. (2004). Estimating the global burden of disease of mild mental retardation and cardiovascular diseases from environmental lead exposure. Environmental Research, 94, 120–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fillion, M., Mergler, D., Sousa Passos, C. J., Larribe, F., Lemire, M., & Guimaraes, J. R. (2006). A preliminary study of mercury exposure and blood pressure in the Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Health, 5, 29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiocco, A. J., Poirier, J., Joober, R., Nair, N. P., & Lupien, S. J. (2008). Acute and long-term associations between ApoE genetic polymorphism, cortisol levels, and declarative memory performance in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 625–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, J. C., Kudielka, B. M., von Kanel, R., Siegrist, J., Thayer, J. F., & Fischer, J. E. (2009). Bone-marrow derived progenitor cells are associated with psychosocial determinants of health after controlling for classical biological and behavioral cardiovascular risk factors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 419–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flaskerud, J. H., Carter, P. A., & Lee, P. (2000). Distressing emotions in female caregivers of people with AIDS, age-related dementias, and advanced-stage cancers. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 36, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foland, L. C., Altshuler, L. L., Sugar, C. A., Lee, A. D., Leow, A. D., Townsend, J., et al. (2008). Increased volume of the amygdala and hippocampus in bipolar patients treated with lithium. Neuroreport, 19, 221–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forti, P., Pisacane, N., Rietti, E., Lucicesare, A., Olivelli, V., Mariani, E., Mecocci, P., & Ravaglia, G. (2010). Metabolic syndrome and risk of dementia in older adults. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 58, 487–492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fossati, P., Harvey, P. O., Le Bastard, G., Ergis, A. M., Jouvent, R., & Allilaire, J. F. (2004). Verbal memory performance of patients with a first depressive episode and patients with unipolar and bipolar recurrent depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 137–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, D., Diorio, J., Liu, D., & Meaney, M. J. (1999). Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science, 286, 1155–1158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., et al. (2001). Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56, M146–M156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fries, J. H., Hellhammer, J., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2005). A new view of hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1010–1016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furumoto-Dawson, A., Gehlert, S., Sohmer, D., Olopade, O., & Sacks, T. (2007). Early-life conditions and mechanisms of population health vulnerabilities. Health Affairs (Millwood), 26, 1238–1248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallacher, J., Bayer, A., Lowe, G., Fish, M., Pickering, J., Pedro, S., et al. (2010). Is sticky blood bad for the brain?: Hemostatic and inflammatory systems and dementia in the Caerphilly Prospective Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 30, 599–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, P., Watson, S., Smith, M. S., Young, A. H., & Ferrier, I. N. (2007). Plasma cortisol-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ratios in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 90, 258–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganzel, B. L., Morris, P. A., & Wethington, E. (2010). Allostasis and the human brain: Integrating models of stress from the social and life sciences. Psychological Review, 117, 134–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garg, R., & Yusuf, S. (1995). Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1450–1456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geerlings, M. I., den Heijer, T., Koudstaal, P. J., Hofman, A., & Breteler, M. M. (2008). History of depression, depressive symptoms, and medial temporal lobe atrophy and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 70, 1258–1264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geerlings, M. I., Ruitenberg, A., Witteman, J. C., van Swieten, J. C., Hofman, A., van Duijn, C. M., et al. (2001). Reproductive period and risk of dementia in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1475–1481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gendron, A. D., Bishop, C. A., Fortin, R., & Hontela, A. (1997). In vivo testing of the functional integrity of the corticosterone-producing axis in mudpuppy (amphibia) exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons in the wild. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 1694–1706.Google Scholar
Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006). “Weathering” and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 826–833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerritsen, L., Comijs, H. C., Deeg, D. J., Penninx, B. W., & Geerlings, M. I. (2009). Salivary cortisol, APOE-varepsilon4 allele and cognitive decline in a prospective study of older persons. Neurobiology of Aging, 40. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.09.007.Google Scholar
Gianaros, P. J., Jennings, J. R., Sheu, L. K., Greer, P. J., Kuller, L. H., & Matthews, K. A. (2007). Prospective reports of chronic life stress predict decreased grey matter volume in the hippocampus. Neuroimage, 35, 795–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giedd, J. N., Snell, J. W., Lange, N., Rajapakse, J. C., Casey, B. J., Kozuch, P. L., et al. (1996). Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of human brain development: Ages 4–18. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 551–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, S. G., & Grantwebster, K. S. (1995). Neurobehavioral effects of developmental methylmercury exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103, 135–142.Google ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, S. G., & Weiss, B. (2006). A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2 microg/dL. Neurotoxicology, 27, 693–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbertson, M. W., Shenton, M. E., Ciszewski, A., Kasai, K., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., et al. (2002). Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 1242–1247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giubilei, F., Patacchioli, F. R., Antonini, G., Sepe Monti, M., Tisei, P., Bastianello, S., et al. (2001). Altered circadian cortisol secretion in Alzheimer's disease: Clinical and neuroradiological aspects. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 66, 262–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glei, D. A., Goldman, N., Chuang, Y. L., & Weinstein, M. (2007). Do chronic stressors lead to physiological dysregulation? Testing the theory of allostatic load. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 769–776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, D. A. (2006). Allostatic load in women with and without PTSD symptoms. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1071, 442–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, D. A., Garcia-Arcena, E. F., & Mohlman, J. (2008). Peripheral biomarker composite associated with smaller hippocampal volume. NeuroReport, 19, 1313–1316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, D. A., Stuber, M., & Poland, R. E. (2006). Allostatic load in women with and without PTSD symptoms. Psychiatry, 69, 191–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godfrey, M. E., Wojcik, D. P., & Krone, C. A. (2003). Apolipoprotein E genotyping as a potential biomarker for mercury neurotoxicity. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 5, 189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goertzel, B. N., Pennachin, C., de Souza Coelho, L., Maloney, E. M., Jones, J. F., & Gurbaxani, B. (2006). Allostatic load is associated with symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Pharmacogenomics, 7, 485–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, S. M., Dziobek, I., Sweat, V., Tirsi, A., Rogers, K., Bruehl, H., et al. (2007). Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 50, 711–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, N., Glei, D., Seplaki, C. L., Lui, I. W., & Weinstein, M. (2005). Perceived stress and physiological dysregulations in older adults. Stress, 8, 95–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, N., Turra, C. M., Glei, D. A., Lin, Y. H., & Weinstein, M. (2006). Physiological dysregulation and changes in health in an older population. Experimental Gerontology, 41, 862–870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, N., Turra, C. M., Glei, D. A., Seplaki, C. L., Lin, Y. H., & Weinstein, M. (2006). Predicting mortality from clinical and nonclinical biomarkers. Journals of Gerontology. Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61, 1070–1074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, D. S., & Kopin, I. J. (2007). Evolution of concepts of stress. Stress, 10, 109–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomby, D. S., Larner, M. B., Stevenson, C. S., Lewit, E. M., & Behrman, R. E. (1995). Long-term outcomes of early childhood programs: Analysis and recommendations. Future Child, 5, 6–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goncharov, A., Haase, R. F., Santiago-Rivera, A., Morse, G., McCaffrey, R. J., Rej, R., et al. (2008). High serum PCBs are associated with elevation of serum lipids and cardiovascular disease in a Native American population. Environmental Research, 106, 226–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, E., McEwen, B. S., Huang, B., Dolan, L. M., & Adler, N. E. (2005). Social inequalities in biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in adolescence. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 9–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gore, S., Aseltine, R. H. Jr., & Colton, M. E. (1992). Social structure, life stress and depressive symptoms in a high school-aged population. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 97–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gotlib, I. H., Joormann, J., Minor, K. L., & Hallmayer, J. (2008). HPA axis reactivity: A mechanism underlying the associations among 5-HTTLPR, stress, and depression. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 847–851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goymann, W., & Wingfield, J. C. (2004). Allostatic load, social status and stress hormones: The costs of social status matter. Animal Behaviour, 67, 591–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grady, D., Herrington, D., Bittner, V., Blumenthal, R., Davidson, M., Hlatky, M., et al. (2002). Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 49–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Jorgensen, P. J., Clarkson, T., Cernichiari, E., & Videro, T. (1992). Impact of maternal seafood diet on fetal exposure to mercury, selenium, and lead. Arch Environmental Health, 47, 185–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, T. S., & Bingaman, E. W. (1996). The amygdala: Corticotropin-releasing factor, steroids, and stress. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 10, 155–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, M. F., Marder, S. R., Glynn, S. M., McGurk, S. R., Wirshing, W. C., Wirshing, D. A., et al. (2002). The neurocognitive effects of low-dose haloperidol: A two-year comparison with risperidone. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 972–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greendale, G. A., Kritz-Silverstein, D., Seeman, T., & Barrett-Connor, E. (2000). Higher basal cortisol predicts verbal memory loss in postmenopausal women: Rancho Bernardo Study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 48, 1655–1658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, R. A. (2000). Estrogen and cerebral blood flow: A mechanism to explain the impact of estrogen on the incidence and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Internation Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine, 45, 253–257.Google ScholarPubMed
Gruenewald, T. L., Seeman, T. E., Karlamangla, A. S., & Sarkisian, C. A. (2009). Allostatic load and frailty in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 57, 1525–1531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruenewald, T. L., Seeman, T. E., Ryff, C. D., Karlamangla, A. S., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Combinations of biomarkers predictive of later life mortality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 14158–14163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grundman, M., Jack, C. R. Jr., Petersen, R. C., Kim, H. T., Taylor, C., Datvian, M., et al. (2003). Hippocampal volume is associated with memory but not monmemory cognitive performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 20, 241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, S. M., Brewer, H. B. Jr., Cleeman, J. I., Smith, S. C. Jr., & Lenfant, C. (2004). Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 24, e13–e18.Google ScholarPubMed
Gump, B. B., Reihman, J., Stewart, P., Lonky, E., Granger, D. A., & Matthews, K. A. (2009). Blood lead (Pb) levels: Further evidence for an environmental mechanism explaining the association between socioeconomic status and psychophysiological dysregulation in children. Health Psychology, 28, 614–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gump, B. B., Stewart, P., Reihman, J., Lonky, E., Darvill, T., Matthews, K. A., et al. (2005). Prenatal and early childhood blood lead levels and cardiovascular functioning in 9 1/2 year old children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 655–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gump, B. B., Stewart, P., Reihman, J., Lonky, E., Darvill, T., Parsons, P. J., & et al. (2008). Low-level prenatal and postnatal blood lead exposure and adrenocortical responses to acute stress in children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 249–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gustafson, D., Rothenberg, E., Blennow, K., Steen, B., & Skoog, I. (2003). An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 1524–1528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddad, P. M., & Sharma, S. G. (2007). Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics: Differential risk and clinical implications. Central Nervous System Drugs, 21, 911–936.Google ScholarPubMed
Haley, W. E., Roth, D. L., Howard, G., & Safford, M. M. (2010). Caregiving strain and estimated risk for stroke and coronary heart disease among spouse caregivers: Differential effects by race and sex. Stroke, 41, 331–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamil-Luker, J., & O'Rand, A. M. (2007). Gender differences in the link between childhood socioeconomic conditions and heart attack risk in adulthood. Demography, 44, 137–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handa, R. J., Burgess, L. H., Kerr, J. E., & O'Keefe, J. A. (1994). Gonadal steroid hormone receptors and sex differences in the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis. Hormones and Behavior, 28, 464–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handa, R. J., Nunley, K. M., Lorens, S. A., Louie, J. P., McGivern, R. F., & Bollnow, M. R. (1994). Androgen regulation of adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone secretion in the male rat following novelty and foot shock stressors. Physiology & Behavior, 55, 117–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harman, S. M., Brinton, E. A., Cedars, M., Lobo, R., Manson, J. E., Merriam, G. R., et al. (2005). KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Climacteric: Journal of the International Menopause Society, 8, 3–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harman, S. M., Naftolin, F., Brinton, E. A., & Judelson, D. R. (2005). Is the estrogen controversy over? Deconstructing the Women's Health Initiative study: A critical evaluation of the evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1052, 43–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, P. D., Meltzer, H., Simpson, G. M., Potkin, S. G., Loebel, A., Siu, C., et al. (2004). Improvement in cognitive function following a switch to ziprasidone from conventional antipsychotics, olanzapine, or risperidone in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 66, 101–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heilmann, C., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Nielsen, F., & Budtz-Jorgensen, E. (2006). Reduced antibody responses to vaccinations in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Public Library of Science Medicine, 3, e311.Google ScholarPubMed
Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: Preclinical and clinical studies. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1023–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Heit, S., Graham, Y. P., Wilcox, M., Bonsall, R., et al. (2000). Pituitary–adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 592–597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008). The link between childhood trauma and depression: Insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 693–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C., Plotsky, P. M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2004). Importance of studying the contributions of early adverse experience to neurobiological findings in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 641–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hellhammer, J., Schlotz, W., Stone, A. A., Pirke, K. M., & Hellhammer, D. (2004). Allostatic load, perceived stress, and health: A prospective study in two age groups. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1032, 8–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendrickx, H., McEwen, B. S., & Ouderaa, F. (2005). Metabolism, mood and cognition in aging: The importance of lifestyle and dietary intervention. Neurobiology of Aging, 26(Suppl. 1), 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, J. P., Ostrander, M. M., Mueller, N. K., & Figueiredo, H. (2005). Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 29, 1201–1213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hertzman, C. (1999). The biological embedding of early experience and its effects on health in adulthood. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 896, 85–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hertzman, C., & Wiens, M. (1996). Child development and long-term outcomes: A population health perspective and summary of successful interventions. Social Science and Medicine, 43, 1083–1095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, R. C., Niti, M., Yap, K. B., Kua, E. H., & Ng, T. P. (2008). Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in Chinese older adults: Results from the Singapore longitudinal ageing studies. American Joural of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 519–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, C., Cunningham, C., Zotova, E., Woolford, J., Dean, C., Kerr, S., Culliford, D., et al. (2009). Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 73, 768–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holsboer, F., & Barden, N. (1996). Antidepressants and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical regulation. Endocrine Reviews, 17, 187–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hontela, A., Dumont, P., Duclos, D., & Fortin, R. (1995). Endocrine and metabolic dysfunction in yellow perch, perca-flavescens, exposed to organic contaminants and heavy-metals in the St-Lawrence River. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14, 725–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horstmann, S., Dose, T., Lucae, S., Kloiber, S., Menke, A., Hennings, J., Spieler, D., et al. (2009). Suppressive effect of mirtazapine on the HPA system in acutely depressed women seems to be transient and not related to antidepressant action. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 238–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hotchkiss, A. K., Rider, C. V., Blystone, C. R., Wilson, V. S., Hartig, P. C., Ankley, G. T., et al. (2008). Fifteen years after “Wingspread”—Environmental endocrine disrupters and human and wildlife health: Where we are today and where we need to go. Toxicological Sciences, 105, 235–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoth, K. F., Haley, A. P., Gunstad, J., Paul, R. H., Poppas, A., Jefferson, A. L., et al. (2008). Elevated C-reactive protein is related to cognitive decline in older adults with cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 56, 1898–1903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houston, B. K., & Vavak, C. R. (1991). Cynical hostility: Developmental factors, psychosocial correlates, and health behaviors. Health Psychology, 10, 9–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, M. L., Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2006). Memory and developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Developmental neuroscience (pp. 629–656). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Huang, C. W., Lui, C. C., Chang, W. N., Lu, C. H., Wang, Y. L., & Chang, C. C. (2009). Elevated basal cortisol level predicts lower hippocampal volume and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 16, 1283–1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, G. C., & Clark, E. A. (2007). Regulation of dendritic cells by female sex steroids: Relevance to immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity, 40, 470–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, T. F., Borenstein, A. R., Schofield, E., Wu, Y., & Larson, E. B. (2009). Association between late-life body mass index and dementia: The Kame Project. Neurology, 72, 1741–1746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunsberger, J., Austin, D. R., Henter, I. D., & Chen, G. (2009). The neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of psychotropic agents. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 333–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huurre, T., Junkkari, H., & Aro, H. (2006). Long-term psychosocial effects of parental divorce: A follow-up study from adolescence to adulthood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 256–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ILO. (2000). Yearbook. Geneva: Internation Labour Office.Google Scholar
Ismail, K., Murray, R. M., Wheeler, M. J., & O'Keane, V. (1998). The dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 28, 311–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jabbi, M., Kema, I. P., van der Pompe, G., te Meerman, G. J., Ormel, J., & den Boer, J. A. (2007). Catechol-o-methyltransferase polymorphism and susceptibility to major depressive disorder modulates psychological stress response. Psychiatric Genetics, 17, 183–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jack, C. R. Jr., Petersen, R. C., Xu, Y. C., O'Brien, P. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., et al. (1999). Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 52, 1397–1403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jack, C. R. Jr., Petersen, R. C., Xu, Y. C., Waring, S. C., O'Brien, P. C., Tangalos, E. G., et al. (1997). Medial temporal atrophy on MRI in normal aging and very mild Alzheimer's disease. [Research Support, Non-US Gov't Research Support, US Gov't. P.H.S.]. Neurology, 49, 786–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, J. L., & Jacobson, S. W. (1996). Intellectual impairment in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls in utero. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 783–789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jagust, W., Gitcho, A., Sun, F., Kuczynski, B., Mungas, D., & Haan, M. (2006). Brain imaging evidence of preclinical Alzheimer's disease in normal aging. Annals of Neurology, 59, 673–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, G., Huang, Q., & Lindfors, P. (2007). A life-span perspective on women's careers, health, and well-being. Social Science and Medicine, 65, 685–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, M., Nilsson, S., & Lund, B. O. (1998). Interactions between methylsulfonyl PCBs and the glucocorticoid receptor. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, 769–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, R. D., Pugh, P. J., Hall, J., Channer, K. S., & Jones, T. H. (2003). Altered circulating hormone levels, endothelial function and vascular reactivity in the testicular feminised mouse. European Journal of Endocrinology, 148, 111–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, R. L., Homa, D. M., Meyer, P. A., Brody, D. J., Caldwell, K. L., Pirkle, J. L., et al. (2009). Trends in blood lead levels and blood lead testing among US children aged 1 to 5 years, 1988–2004. Pediatrics, 123, e376–e385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordanova, V., Stewart, R., Davies, E., Sherwood, R., & Prince, M. (2007). Markers of inflammation and cognitive decline in an African-Caribbean population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 966–973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juster, R.-P., McEwen, B. S., & Lupien, S. J. (2010). Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 2–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juster, R.-P., Sindi, S., Marin, M. F., Perna, A., Hashemi, A., Pruessner, J. C., et al. (in press). A clinical allostatic load index is associated with burnout symptoms and hypocortisolemic profiles in healthy workers. Psychoneuroendocrinology.Google Scholar
Jylha, M. (2009). What is self-rated health and why does it predict mortality? Towards a unified conceptual model. Social Science and Medicine, 69, 307–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kajantie, E., & Phillips, D. I. (2006). The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 151–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalmijn, S., Foley, D., White, L., Burchfiel, C. M., Curb, J. D., Petrovitch, H., et al. (2000). Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American elderly men. The Honolulu–Asia aging study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 20, 2255–2260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalmijn, S., Launer, L. J., Stolk, R. P., de Jong, F. H., Pols, H. A., Hofman, A., et al. (1998). A prospective study on cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cognitive function in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83, 3487–3492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapczinski, F., Vieta, E., Andreazza, A. C., Frey, B. N., Gomes, F. A., Tramontina, J., et al. (2008). Allostatic load in bipolar disorder: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 675–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karl, A., Schaefer, M., Malta, L. S., Dorfel, D., Rohleder, N., & Werner, A. (2006). A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 1004–1031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlamangla, A. S., Singer, B. H., Chodosh, J., McEwen, B. S., & Seeman, T. E. (2005). Urinary cortisol excretion as a predictor of incident cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging, 26(Suppl. 1), 80–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlamangla, A. S., Singer, B. H., Greendale, G. A., & Seeman, T. E. (2005). Increase in epinephrine excretion is associated with cognitive decline in elderly men: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlamangla, A. S., Singer, B. H., McEwen, B. S., Rowe, J. W., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Allostatic load as a predictor of functional decline. MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 696–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlamangla, A. S., Singer, B. H., & Seeman, T. E. (2006). Reduction in allostatic load in older adults is associated with lower all-cause mortality risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 500–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, S. J., Young, R., Sweeting, H., Fischer, J. E., & West, P. (2008). Levels and confounders of morning cortisol collected from adolescents in a naturalistic (school) setting. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 1257–1268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Kuhn, J. W., Vittum, J., Prescott, C. A., & Riley, B. (2005). The interaction of stressful life events and a serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes of major depression: A replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 529–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, L. K., & Kerr, L. D. Jr. (2001). Screening tools for depression in primary care: The effects of culture, gender, and somatic symptoms on the detection of depression. Western Journal of Medicine, 175, 349–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessel, F., & Rosenfield, P. L. (2008). Toward transdisciplinary research: Historical and contemporary perspectives. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 35(Suppl. 2), S225–S234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessel, F., Rosenfield, P. L., & Anderson, N. B. (2008). Interdisciplinary research. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Dura, J. R., Speicher, C. E., Trask, O. J., & Glaser, R. (1991). Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: Longitudinal changes in immunity and health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 345–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. M., Stewart, R., Kim, S. W., Shin, I. S., Yang, S. J., & Yoon, J. S. (2009). Cholesterol and serotonin transporter polymorphism interactions in late-life depression. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 336–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S. H., Han, D. H., Joo, S. Y., & Min, K. J. (2010). The effect of dopamine partial agonists on the nicotine dependency in patients with schizophrenia. Human Psychopharmacology, 25, 187–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, Y. K., Jung, H. G., Myint, A. M., Kim, H., & Park, S. H. (2007). Imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 104, 91–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, A. C., Oka, R. K., & Young, D. R. (1992). Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate responses to the stress of work and caregiving in older women. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 49, 239–245.Google Scholar
Kinnunen, M. J., Kaprio, J., & Pulkkinen, L. (2005). Allostatic load of men and women in early middle age. Journal of Individual Differences, 26, 20–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirschbaum, C., Klauer, T., Filipp, S. H., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1995). Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 23–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Gaab, J., Schommer, N. C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1999). Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 154–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K. M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1995). Preliminary evidence for reduced cortisol responsivity to psychological stress in women using oral contraceptive medication. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 509–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirschbaum, C., Wust, S., Faig, H. G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1992). Heritability of cortisol responses to human corticotropin-releasing hormone, ergometry, and psychological stress in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 75, 1526–1530.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirschbaum, C., Wust, S., & Hellhammer, D. (1992). Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 648–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kivipelto, M., Helkala, E. L., Laakso, M. P., Hanninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Alhainen, K., et al. (2001). Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: Longitudinal, population based study. British Medical Journal, 322, 1447–1451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kivipelto, M., Ngandu, T., Fratiglioni, L., Viitanen, M., Kareholt, I., Winblad, B., et al. (2005). Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 62, 1556–1560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kivipelto, M., Ngandu, T., Laatikainen, T., Winblad, B., Soininen, H., & Tuomilehto, J. (2006). Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: A longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Neurology, 5, 735–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knutson, K. L., Spiegel, K., Penev, P., & Van Cauter, E. (2007). The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 11, 163–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knutson, K. L., Van Cauter, E., Rathouz, P. J., Yan, L. L., Hulley, S. B., Liu, K., et al. (2009). Association between sleep and blood pressure in midlife: The CARDIA sleep study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169, 1055–1061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolsch, H., Jessen, F., Freymann, N., Kreis, M., Hentschel, F., Maier, W., et al. (2005). ACE I/D polymorphism is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease but not of vascular dementia. Neuroscience Letters, 377, 37–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komesaroff, P. A., Esler, M. D., & Sudhir, K. (1999). Estrogen supplementation attenuates glucocorticoid and catecholamine responses to mental stress in perimenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 606–610.Google ScholarPubMed
Koob, G. F. (2003). Alcoholism: Allostasis and beyond. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 232–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G. F. (2008). A role for brain stress systems in addiction. Neuron, 59, 11–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G. F. (2009). Neurobiological substrates for the dark side of compulsivity in addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56(Suppl. 1), 18–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G. F., Ahmed, S. H., Boutrel, B., Chen, S. A., Kenny, P. J., Markou, A., et al. (2004). Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 739–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2001). Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 97–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2008a). Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 29–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2008b). Review. Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 363, 3113–3123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korf, E. S., Wahlund, L. O., Visser, P. J., & Scheltens, P. (2004). Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI predicts dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 63, 94–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kornstein, S. G., Schatzberg, A. F., Thase, M. E., Yonkers, K. A., McCullough, J. P., Keitner, G. I., et al. (2000). Gender differences in chronic major and double depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korte, S. M., Koolhaas, J. M., Wingfield, J. C., & McEwen, B. S. (2005). The Darwinian concept of stress: Benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 3–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Cohen, N. J., Banich, M. T., McAuley, E., Harrison, C. R., et al. (1999). Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature, 400, 418–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, B. J. (1997). Gain in the caregiving experience: Where are we? What next? Gerontologist, 37, 218–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroeze, W. K., Hufeisen, S. J., Popadak, B. A., Renock, S. M., Steinberg, S., Ernsberger, P., et al. (2003). H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 519–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kronenberg, F. (1990). Hot flashes: Epidemiology and physiology. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 592, 52–86; discussion 123–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kropp, S., Kern, V., Lange, K., Degner, D., Hajak, G., Kornhuber, J., et al. (2005). Oxidative stress during treatment with first- and second-generation antipsychotics. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 17, 227–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krystal, J. H., D'Souza, D. C., Gallinat, J., Driesen, N., Abi-Dargham, A., Petrakis, I., et al. (2006). The vulnerability to alcohol and substance abuse in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Neurotoxicological Research, 10, 235–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: A review. Biological Psychology, 69, 113–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagerlof, E. (2005). Global gender issues in relation to health and industrial work. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Lam, L. T. (2008). Sleep disruptions and mental health of primary caregivers of persons with disability due to chronic mental and physical conditions in the Australian population. Australian e-Journal for the Advacement of Mental Health, 7, 166–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landrigan, P. J. (1999). Risk assessment for children and other sensitive populations. Annals of the New York Acedemy of Science, 895, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langelaan, S., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., van Rhenen, W., & van Doornen, L. J. (2007). Is burnout related to allostatic load? International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 213–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laurin, D., David Curb, J., Masaki, K. H., White, L. R., & Launer, L. J. (2009). Midlife C-reactive protein and risk of cognitive decline: A 31-year follow-up. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 1724–1727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, B. K., Glass, T. A., McAtee, M. J., Wand, G. S., Bandeen-Roche, K., Bolla, K. I., et al. (2007). Associations of salivary cortisol with cognitive function in the Baltimore memory study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 810–818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, D. H., Lee, I. K., Porta, M., Steffes, M., & Jacobs, D. R. Jr. (2007). Relationship between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetologia, 50, 1841–1851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S., Colditz, G. A., Berkman, L. F., & Kawachi, I. (2003). Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women: A prospective study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 24, 113–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S., Kawachi, I., & Grodstein, F. (2004). Does caregiving stress affect cognitive function in older women? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 192, 51–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, Z. S., Chan, J. C., Yeung, V. T., Chow, C. C., Lau, M. S., Ko, G. T., et al. (1999). Plasma insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and central obesity among young Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 22, 1450–1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levin, E. D., Wilson, W., Rose, J. E., & McEvoy, J. (1996). Nicotine–haloperidol interactions and cognitive performance in schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 429–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, S. (2005). Developmental determinants of sensitivity and resistance to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 939–946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, S., & Ursin, H. (1991). What is stress? In Brown, M. R.Koobb, G. F., & Rivier, C. (Eds.), Stress neurobiology and neuroendocrinology (pp. 3–21). New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Li, G., Cherrier, M. M., Tsuang, D. W., Petrie, E. C., Colasurdo, E. A., Craft, S., et al. (2006). Salivary cortisol and memory function in human aging. Neurobiology of Aging, 27, 1705–1714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, G., Shofer, J. B., Kukull, W. A., Peskind, E. R., Tsuang, D. W., Breitner, J. C., et al. (2005). Serum cholesterol and risk of Alzheimer disease: A community-based cohort study. Neurology, 65, 1045–1050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, L. A., & Wang, P. W. (2005). PCB126 induces differential changes in androgen, cortisol, and aldosterone biosynthesis in human adrenocortical H295R cells. Toxicological Science, 85, 530–540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, W., Zhang, J. Q., Sun, J., Ke, J. H., Dong, Z. Y., & Wang, S. (2007). Job stress related to glyco-lipid allostatic load, adiponectin and visfatin. Stress and Health, 23, 257–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, J. A., Bymaster, F. P., Meltzer, H. Y., Deutch, A. Y., Duncan, G. E., Marx, C. E., et al. (2008). Antipsychotic drugs: Comparison in animal models of efficacy, neurotransmitter regulation, and neuroprotection. Pharmacological Reviews, 60, 358–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, J. A., Tollefson, G. D., Charles, C., Zipursky, R., Sharma, T., Kahn, R. S., et al. (2005). Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 361–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, Y. S., Rathod, D., Ho, W. C., & Caffrey, J. J. (2009). Cadmium exposure is associated with elevated blood C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in the U. S. population: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994). Annals of Epidemiology, 19, 592–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lind, P. M., Orberg, J., Edlund, U. B., Sjoblom, L., & Lind, L. (2004). The dioxin-like pollutant PCB 126 (3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl) affects risk factors for cardiovascular disease in female rats. Toxicology Letters, 150, 293–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindfors, P., Lundberg, O., & Lundberg, U. (2006). Allostatic load and clinical risk as related to sense of coherence in middle-aged women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 801–807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linkowski, P., Kerkhofs, M., Van Onderbergen, A., Hubain, P., Copinschi, G., L'Hermite-Baleriaux, M., et al. (1994). The 24-hour profiles of cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone secretion in mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 616–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linkowski, P., Van Onderbergen, A., Kerkhofs, M., Bosson, D., Mendlewicz, J., & Van Cauter, E. (1993). Twin study of the 24-h cortisol profile: Evidence for genetic control of the human circadian clock. American Journal of Physiology, 264(2, Pt. 1), E173–E181.Google ScholarPubMed
Lips, H. (2008). Sex & gender: An introduction (6th ed.). New York: McGraw–Hill Higher Education.Google Scholar
Liu, H. C., Yang, Y. Y., Chou, Y. M., Chen, K. P., Shen, W. W., & Leu, S. J. (2004). Immunologic variables in acute mania of bipolar disorder. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 150, 116–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lord, C., Buss, C., Lupien, S. J., & Pruessner, J. C. (2008). Hippocampal volumes are larger in postmenopausal women using estrogen therapy compared to past users, never users and men: A possible window of opportunity effect. Neurobiology of Aging, 29, 95–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loucks, E. B., Juster, R. P., & Pruessner, J. C. (2008). Neuroendocrine biomarkers, allostatic load, and the challenge of measurement: A commentary on Gersten. Social Science and Medicine, 66, 525–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, O. P., Shutt, L. J., Silfies, J. S., Bortolotti, G. R., Smits, J. E. G., & Bird, D. M. (2003). Effects of dietary PCB exposure on adrenocortical function in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Ecotoxicology, 12, 199–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Low, A. K., Russell, L. D., Holman, H. E., Shepherd, J. M., Hicks, G. S., & Brown, C. A. (2002). Hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease in women: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Medical Science, 324, 180–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, Y. F., & Wykle, M. (2007). Relationships between caregiver stress and self-care behaviors in response to symptoms. Clinical Nursing Research, 16, 29–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lublin, H., Eberhard, J., & Levander, S. (2005). Current therapy issues and unmet clinical needs in the treatment of schizophrenia: A review of the new generation antipsychotics. International Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 183–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luchsinger, J. A., Reitz, C., Honig, L. S., Tang, M. X., Shea, S., & Mayeux, R. (2005). Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 65, 545–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S., Lecours, A. R., Lussier, I., Schwartz, G., Nair, N. P., & Meaney, M. J. (1994). Basal cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging. Journal of Neuroscience, 14(5, Pt. 1), 2893–2903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S. J., de Leon, M., de Santi, S., Convit, A., Tarshish, C., Nair, N. P., et al. (1998). Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nature Neuroscience, 1, 69–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S. J., Evans, A., Lord, C., Miles, J., Pruessner, M., Pike, B., et al. (2007). Hippocampal volume is as variable in young as in older adults: Implications for the notion of hippocampal atrophy in humans. NeuroImage, 34, 479–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupien, S. J., Fiocco, A., Wan, N., Maheu, F., Lord, C., Schramek, T., et al. (2005). Stress hormones and human memory function across the lifespan. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 225–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2000). Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 976–980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2001). Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 653–676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 10, 434–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S. J., Ouellet-Morin, I., Hupbach, A., Walker, D., Tu, M. T., Buss, C., et al. (2006). Beyond the stress concept: Allostatic load—A developmental biological and cognitive perspective. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Handbook series on developmental psychopathology (pp. 784–809). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
MacLennan, A. H., Henderson, V. W., Paine, B. J., Mathias, J., Ramsay, E. N., Ryan, P., et al. (2006). Hormone therapy, timing of initiation, and cognition in women aged older than 60 years: The REMEMBER pilot study. Menopause, 13, 28–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacQueen, G. M., Campbell, S., McEwen, B. S., MacDonald, K., Amano, S., Joffe, R. T., et al. (2003). Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 1387–1392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maes, M., Meltzer, H. Y., & Bosmans, E. (1994). Immune-inflammatory markers in schizophrenia: Comparison to normal controls and effects of clozapine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 346–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maggio, M., Basaria, S., Ceda, G. P., Ble, A., Ling, S. M., Bandinelli, S., et al. (2005). The relationship between testosterone and molecular markers of inflammation in older men. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 28(11 Suppl. 11), 116–119.Google Scholar
Maki, P. M., & Resnick, S. M. (2000). Longitudinal effects of estrogen replacement therapy on PET cerebral blood flow and cognition. Neurobiology of Aging, 21, 373–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malik, R. A., Williamson, S., Abbott, C., Carrington, A. L., Iqbal, J., Schady, W., et al. (1998). Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril on human diabetic neuropathy: Randomised double-blind controlled trial. Lancet, 352, 1978–1981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maloney, E. M., Boneva, R., Nater, U. M., & Reeves, W. C. (2009). Chronic fatigue syndrome and high allostatic load: Results from a population-based case–control study in Georgia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 549–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maloney, E. M., Gurbaxani, B. M., Jones, J. F., de Souza Coelho, L., Pennachin, C., & Goertzel, B. N. (2006). Chronic fatigue syndrome and high allostatic load. Pharmacogenomics, 7, 467–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maninger, N., Wolkowitz, O. M., Reus, V. I., Epel, E. S., & Mellon, S. H. (2009). Neurobiological and neuropsychiatric effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS). Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30, 65–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, K., Rossbach, W., Muller, M. J., Muller-Siecheneder, F., Pott, T., Linde, I., et al. (2006). Nocturnal hormone profiles in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 256–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mariani, E., Polidori, M. C., Cherubini, A., & Mecocci, P. (2005). Oxidative stress in brain aging, neurodegenerative and vascular diseases: An overview. Journal of Chromatography. Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 827, 65–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marin, P., Holmang, S., Jonsson, L., Sjostrom, L., Kvist, H., Holm, G., et al. (1992). The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle-aged obese men. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 16, 991–997.Google ScholarPubMed
Marin, P., Krotkiewski, M., & Bjorntorp, P. (1992). Androgen treatment of middle-aged, obese men: Effects on metabolism, muscle and adipose tissues. European Journal of Medicine, 1, 329–336.Google ScholarPubMed
Marinari, K. T., Leshner, A. I., & Doyle, M. P. (1976). Menstrual cycle status and adrenocortical reactivity to psychological stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1, 213–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marinelli, M., Rudick, C. N., Hu, X. T., & White, F. J. (2006). Excitability of dopamine neurons: Modulation and physiological consequences. CNS and Neurological Disorders Drug Targets, 5, 79–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Marioni, R. E., Stewart, M. C., Murray, G. D., Deary, I. J., Fowkes, F. G., Lowe, G. D., et al. (2009). Peripheral levels of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and plasma viscosity predict future cognitive decline in individuals without dementia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 901–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markianos, M., Hatzimanolis, J., & Lykouras, L. (1999). Switch from neuroleptics to clozapine does not influence pituitary–gonadal axis hormone levels in male schizophrenic patients. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 533–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maschio, G., Alberti, D., Janin, G., Locatelli, F., Mann, J. F., Motolese, M., et al. (1996). Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 939–945.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maselko, J., Kubzansky, L., Kawachi, I., Seeman, T., & Berkman, L. (2007). Religious service attendance and allostatic load among high-functioning elderly. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 464–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mason, J. W. (1968). A review of psychoendocrine research on the sympathetic–adrenal medullary system. Psychosomatic Medicine, 30(Suppl.), 631–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuda, O., Hasebe, N., Ikehara, K., Futatsuya, M., & Akahane, N. (1997). Longitudinal study of the mental health of caregivers caring for elderly patients with dementia: Effect of institutional placement on mental health. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 51, 289–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maxwell, S. R. (1998). Women and heart disease. Basic Research in Cardiology, 93(Suppl. 2), 79–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAllister-Williams, R. H., Ferrier, I. N., & Young, A. H. (1998). Mood and neuropsychological function in depression: The role of corticosteroids and serotonin. Psychological Medicine, 28, 573–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClain, C. S., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2003). Effect of spiritual well-being on end-of-life despair in terminally-ill cancer patients. Lancet, 361, 1603–1607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEvoy, J., Freudenreich, O., McGee, M., VanderZwaag, C., Levin, E., & Rose, J. (1995). Clozapine decreases smoking in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 550–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (1998a). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (1998b). Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 840, 33–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2000a). Allostasis and allostatic load: Implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 108–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2000b). The neurobiology of stress: From serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Reearch, 886, 172–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2001). Plasticity of the hippocampus: Adaptation to chronic stress and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 933, 265–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2002a). Estrogen actions throughout the brain. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 57, 357–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2002b). The neurobiology and neuroendocrinology of stress. Implications for post-traumatic stress disorder from a basic science perspective. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25, 469–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2002c). Sex, stress and the hippocampus: Allostasis, allostatic load and the aging process. Neurobiology of Aging, 23, 921–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2003a). Early life influences on life-long patterns of behavior and health. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 9, 149–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2003b). Interacting mediators of allostasis and allostatic load: Towards an understanding of resilience in aging. Metabolism, 52(Suppl. 2), 10–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2003c). Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 200–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2004). Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: Allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1032, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEwen, B. S. (2005). Glucocorticoids, depression, and mood disorders: Structural remodeling in the brain. Metabolism, 54(Suppl. 1), 20–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2006a). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: Central role of the brain. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8, 367–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2006b). Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: Allostasis and allostatic load. Metabolism, 55(Suppl. 2), S20–S23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87, 873–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (2008). Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583, 174–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S., de Leon, M. J., Lupien, S. J., & Meaney, M. J. (1999). Corticosteroids, the aging brain and cognition. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10, 92–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J. (2010). Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1186, 190–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S., & Seeman, T. (1999). Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress. Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 896, 30–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2093–2101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S., Weiss, J. M., & Schwartz, L. S. (1968). Selective retention of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain. Nature, 220, 911–912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S., & Wingfield, J. C. (2003). The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 2–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonte, B., Szyf, M., et al. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 342–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 34, 939–944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKibbin, C. L., Ancoli-Israel, S., Dimsdale, J., Archuleta, C., von Kanel, R., Mills, P., et al. (2005). Sleep in spousal caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease. Sleep, 28, 1245–1250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mealy, K., Robinson, B., Millette, C. F., Majzoub, J., & Wilmore, D. W. (1990). The testicular effects of tumor necrosis factor. Annals of Surgery, 211, 470–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meaney, M. J., Aitken, D. H., van Berkel, C., Bhatnagar, S., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1988). Effect of neonatal handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus. Science, 239(Pt 1), 766–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2005). Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: Life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 7, 103–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzer, L. J., & Mindell, J. A. (2006). Impact of a child's chronic illness on maternal sleep and daytime functioning. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1749–1755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menke, A., Muntner, P., Batuman, V., Silbergeld, E. K., & Guallar, E. (2006). Blood lead below 0.48 mu mol/L (10 mu g/dL) and mortality among US adults. Circulation, 114, 1388–1394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meserve, L. A., Murray, B. A., & Landis, J. A. (1992). Influence of maternal ingestion of Aroclor 1254 (PCB) or FireMaster BP-6 (PBB) on unstimulated and stimulated corticosterone levels in young rats. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48, 715–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezzich, J. E. (2010). World Psychiatric Association perspectives on person-centered psychiatry and medicine. Internation Journal of Integrated Care, 10(Suppl.), e003.Google ScholarPubMed
Mielke, M. M., Rosenberg, P. B., Tschanz, J., Cook, L., Corcoran, C., Hayden, K. M., et al. (2007). Vascular factors predict rate of progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 69, 1850–1858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, T. P., Taylor, J., Rogerson, S., Mauricio, M., Kennedy, Q., Schatzberg, A., et al. (1998). Cognitive and noncognitive symptoms in dementia patients: Relationship to cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone. International Psychogeriatrics, 10, 85–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, V. M., Black, D. M., Brinton, E. A., Budoff, M. J., Cedars, M. I., Hodis, H. N., et al. (2009). Using basic science to design a clinical trial: Baseline characteristics of women enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS). Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 2, 228–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minzenberg, M. J., Poole, J. H., Benton, C., & Vinogradov, S. (2004). Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 116–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moghaddam, B. (2002). Stress activation of glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex: Implications for dopamine-associated psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 775–787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, G. J., Bebchuk, J. M., Wilds, I. B., Chen, G., & Manji, H. K. (2000). Lithium-induced increase in human brain grey matter. Lancet, 356, 1241–1242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moritz, D. J., Kasl, S. V., & Ostfeld, A. M. (1992). The health impact of living with a cognitively impaired elderly spouse. Journal of Aging Health, 4, 244–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muck-Seler, D., Pivac, N., Jakovljevic, M., & Brzovic, Z. (1999). Platelet serotonin, plasma cortisol, and dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1433–1439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muck-Seler, D., Pivac, N., Mustapic, M., Crncevic, Z., Jakovljevic, M., & Sagud, M. (2004). Platelet serotonin and plasma prolactin and cortisol in healthy, depressed and schizophrenic women. Psychiatry Research, 127, 217–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, D. J., Muglia, P., Fortune, T., & Kennedy, J. L. (2004). Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Pharmacological Research, 49, 309–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, M., Aleman, A., Grobbee, D. E., de Haan, E. H., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2005). Endogenous sex hormone levels and cognitive function in aging men: Is there an optimal level? Neurology, 64, 866–871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, M., Tang, M. X., Schupf, N., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., & Luchsinger, J. A. (2007). Metabolic syndrome and dementia risk in a multiethnic elderly cohort. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 24, 185–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muntner, P., Menke, A., DeSalvo, K. B., Rabito, F. A., & Batuman, V. (2005). Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States—The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 2155–2161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mushak, P. (2003). Lead remediation and changes in human lead exposure: Some physiological and biokinetic dimensions. The Science of the Total Environment, 303, 35–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, G. J., Davidson, P. W., Shamlaye, C. F., Axtell, C. D., Cernichiari, E., Choisy, O., et al. (1997). Effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure from a high fish diet on developmental milestones in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Neurotoxicology, 18, 819–829.Google ScholarPubMed
Nash, D., Magder, L., Lustberg, M., Sherwin, R. W., Rubin, R. J., Kaufmann, R. B., et al. (2003). Blood lead, blood pressure, and hypertension in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 1523–1532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navalta, C. P., Polcari, A., Webster, D. M., Boghossian, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2006). Effects of childhood sexual abuse on neuropsychological and cognitive function in college women. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 18, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navas-Acien, A., Guallar, E., Silbergeld, E. K., & Rothenberg, S. J. (2007). Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease—A systematic review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 472–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Needleman, H. L., Riess, J. A., Tobin, M. J., Biesecker, G. E., & Greenhouse, J. B. (1996). Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275, 363–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newcomer, J. W. (2005). Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: A comprehensive literature review. Central Nervous System Drugs, 19(Suppl. 1), 1–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Noordsy, D. L., & Green, A. I. (2003). Pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 5, 340–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Notkola, I. L., Sulkava, R., Pekkanen, J., Erkinjuntti, T., Ehnholm, C., Kivinen, P., et al. (1998). Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology, 17, 14–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Brien, J. T., Lloyd, A., McKeith, I., Gholkar, A., & Ferrier, N. (2004). A longitudinal study of hippocampal volume, cortisol levels, and cognition in older depressed subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2081–2090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Brien, S. M., Scully, P., Scott, L. V., & Dinan, T. G. (2006). Cytokine profiles in bipolar affective disorder: Focus on acutely ill patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 90, 263–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Brien, T., & Nguyen, T. T. (1997). Lipids and lipoproteins in women. Mayo Clinical Proceedings, 72, 235–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, A. K., Eadie, B. D., Ernst, C., & Christie, B. R. (2006). Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways. Hippocampus, 16, 250–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortiz-Dominguez, A., Hernandez, M. E., Berlanga, C., Gutierrez-Mora, D., Moreno, J., Heinze, G., et al. (2007). Immune variations in bipolar disorder: Phasic differences. Bipolar Disorder, 9, 596–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ory, M. G., Hoffman, R. R., Yee, J. L. 3rd, Tennstedt, S., & Schulz, R. (1999). Prevalence and impact of caregiving: A detailed comparison between dementia and nondementia caregivers. Gerontologist, 39, 177–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oskam, I. C., Ropstad, E., Lie, E., Derocher, A. E., Wiig, O., Dahl, E., et al. (2004). Organochlorines affect the steroid hormone cortisol in free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard, Norway. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A—Current Issues, 67, 959–977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Sullivan, M., Ngo, E., Viswanathan, A., Jouvent, E., Gschwendtner, A., Saemann, P. G., et al. (2009). Hippocampal volume is an independent predictor of cognitive performance in CADASIL. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 890–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oswald, L. M., Wong, D. F., McCaul, M., Zhou, Y., Kuwabara, H., Choi, L., et al. (2005). Relationships among ventral striatal dopamine release, cortisol secretion, and subjective responses to amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 821–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otte, C., Hart, S., Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R., Yaffe, K., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). A meta-analysis of cortisol response to challenge in human aging: Importance of gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 80–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ouellet-Morin, I., Boivin, M., Dionne, G., Lupien, S. J., Arseneault, L., Barr, R. G., et al. (2008). Variations in heritability of cortisol reactivity to stress as a function of early familial adversity among 19-month-old twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 211–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ownby, R. L., Crocco, E., Acevedo, A., John, V., & Loewenstein, D. (2006). Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 530–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paganini-Hill, A., & Henderson, V. W. (1994). Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer's disease in women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140, 256–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patacchioli, F. R., Simeoni, S., Monnazzi, P., Pace, M., Capri, O., & Perrone, G. (2006). Menopause, mild psychological stress and salivary cortisol: Influence of long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Maturitas, 55, 150–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peavy, G. M., Salmon, D. P., Jacobson, M. W., Hervey, A., Gamst, A. C., Wolfson, T., et al. (2009). Effects of chronic stress on memory decline in cognitively normal and mildly impaired older adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1384–1391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peretti, C. S., Danion, J. M., Kauffmann-Muller, F., Grange, D., Patat, A., & Rosenzweig, P. (1997). Effects of haloperidol and amisulpride on motor and cognitive skill learning in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 131, 329–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, J. L., Kubzansky, L., McNeely, E., Schwartz, J., Spiro, A. 3rd, Sparrow, D., Wright, R. O., et al. (2007). Stress as a potential modifier of the impact of lead levels on blood pressure: The normative aging study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 1154–1159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfeilschifter, J., Koditz, R., Pfohl, M., & Schatz, H. (2002). Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause. Endocrine Reviews, 23, 90–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picard, M., Sabiston, C. M., & McNamara, J. K. (2011). The need for a transdisciplinary, global health framework. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 179–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pigott, T. A. (2003). Anxiety disorders in women. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26, 621–672, vi–vii.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirkle, J. L., Brody, D. J., Gunter, E. W., Kramer, R. A., Paschal, D. C., Flegal, K. M., et al. (1994). The decline in blood lead levels in the United States—The National-Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 284–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirkle, J. L., Kaufmann, R. B., Brody, D. J., Hickman, T., Gunter, E. W., & Paschal, D. C. (1998). Exposure of the U.S. population to lead, 1991–1994. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, 745–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plotnikoff, R. (1997). Women, heart disease and stroke in Canada: Issues and options. Ottawa: Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.Google Scholar
Plusquellec, P., Muckle, G., Dewailly, E., Ayotte, P., Begin, G., Desrosiers, C., et al. (2010). The relation of environmental contaminants exposure to behavioral indicators in Inuit preschoolers in Arctic Quebec. Neurotoxicology, 31, 17–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plusquellec, P., Muckle, G., Dewailly, E., Ayotte, P., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. (2007). The relation of low-level prenatal lead exposure to behavioral indicators of attention in Inuit infants in Arctic Quebec. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 29, 527–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ponholzer, A., Madersbacher, S., Rauchenwald, M., Jungwirth, S., Fischer, P., & Tragl, K. H. (2009). Serum androgen levels and their association to depression and Alzheimer dementia in a cohort of 75-year-old men over 5 years: Results of the VITA study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 21, 187–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, R. J., & Gallagher, P. (2006). Abnormalities of the HPA axis in affective disorders: Clinical subtypes and potential treatments. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 18, 193–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, H. B., Tang, M. X., Luchsinger, J., Lantigua, R., Stern, Y., & Mayeux, R. (2002). The relationship of hypertension in the elderly to AD, vascular dementia, and cognitive function. Neurology, 58, 1175–1181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potkin, S. G., Fleming, K., Jin, Y., & Gulasekaram, B. (2001). Clozapine enhances neurocognition and clinical symptomatology more than standard neuroleptics. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 479–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potvin, S., Stip, E., Sepehry, A. A., Gendron, A., Bah, R., & Kouassi, E. (2008). Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: A systematic quantitative review. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 801–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, P., Bailey, S., Moe, K., Wilkinson, C., & Scanlan, J. (2001). Urinary free cortisol and sleep under baseline and stressed conditions in healthy senior women: Effects of estrogen replacement therapy. Journal of Sleep Research, 10, 19–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pruessner, J. C., Champagne, F., Meaney, M. J., & Dagher, A. (2004). Dopamine release in response to a psychological stress in humans and its relationship to early life maternal care: A positron emission tomography study using [11C]raclopride. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 2825–2831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, P. J., English, K. M., Jones, T. H., & Channer, K. S. (2000). Testosterone: A natural tonic for the failing heart? Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 93, 689–694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabinowitz, M. B. (1991). Toxicokinetics of bone lead. Environmental Health Perspectives, 91, 33–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raffaitin, C., Gin, H., Empana, J. P., Helmer, C., Berr, C., Tzourio, C., Portet, F., et al. (2009). Metabolic syndrome and risk for incident Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia: The Three-City Study. Diabetes Care, 32, 169–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahman, I., Bennet, A. M., Pedersen, N. L., de Faire, U., Svensson, P., & Magnusson, P. K. (2009). Genetic dominance influences blood biomarker levels in a sample of 12,000 Swedish elderly twins. Twin Research and Humun Genetics, 12, 286–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raikkonen, K., Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L., Adlercreutz, H., & Hautanen, A. (1996). Psychosocial stress and the insulin resistance syndrome. Metabolism, 45, 1533–1538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebuffe-Scrive, M., Marin, P., & Bjorntorp, P. (1991). Effect of testosterone on abdominal adipose tissue in men. International Journal of Obesity, 15, 791–795.Google ScholarPubMed
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Resnick, S. M., Goldszal, A. F., Davatzikos, C., Golski, S., Kraut, M. A., Metter, E. J., et al. (2000). One-year age changes in MRI brain volumes in older adults. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 464–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reul, J. M., & de Kloet, E. R. (1985). Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: Microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology, 117, 2505–2511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K. Y., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., et al. (2009). Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 2462–2471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritsner, M., Gibel, A., Maayan, R., Ratner, Y., Ram, E., Biadsy, H., et al. (2005). Cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone ratio and responses to antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1913–1922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritsner, M., Gibel, A., Maayan, R., Ratner, Y., Ram, E., Modai, I., et al. (2007). State and trait related predictors of serum cortisol to DHEA(S) molar ratios and hormone concentrations in schizophrenia patients. European Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 257–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivier, C., & Rivest, S. (1991). Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis: Peripheral and central mechanisms. Biology of Reproduction, 45, 523–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roca, C. A., Schmidt, P. J., Deuster, P. A., Danaceau, M. A., Altemus, M., Putnam, K., et al. (2005). Sex-related differences in stimulated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis during induced gonadal suppression. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 4224–4231.Google ScholarPubMed
Rocca, W. A., Bower, J. H., Maraganore, D. M., Ahlskog, J. E., Grossardt, B. R., de Andrade, M., et al. (2007). Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause. Neurology, 69, 1074–1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenfield, P. L. (1992). The potential of transdisciplinary research for sustaining and extending linkages between the health and social sciences. Social Science and Medicine, 35, 1343–1357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, L. E., & McLean, L. M. (2006). Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1285–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossouw, J. E., Cushman, M., Greenland, P., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bray, P., Kooperberg, C., et al. (2008). Inflammatory, lipid, thrombotic, and genetic markers of coronary heart disease risk in the women's health initiative trials of hormone therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168, 2245–2253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossouw, J. E., Prentice, R. L., Manson, J. E., Wu, L., Barad, D., Barnabei, V. M., et al. (2007). Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297, 1465–1477.Google ScholarPubMed
Roth, T. L., Lubin, F. D., Sodhi, M., & Kleinman, J. E. (2009). Epigenetic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1790, 869–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 265–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, M. C., Sharifi, N., Condren, R., & Thakore, J. H. (2004). Evidence of basal pituitary–adrenal overactivity in first episode, drug naive patients with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1065–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saari, K., Koponen, H., Laitinen, J., Jokelainen, J., Lauren, L., Isohanni, M., et al. (2004). Hyperlipidemia in persons using antipsychotic medication: A general population-based birth cohort study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 547–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saeedi, H., Remington, G., & Christensen, B. K. (2006). Impact of haloperidol, a dopamine D2 antagonist, on cognition and mood. Schizophrenia Research, 85, 222–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salonen, J. T., Seppanen, K., Nyyssonen, K., Korpela, H., Kauhanen, J., Kantola, M., et al. (1995). Intake of mercury from fish, lipid-peroxidation, and the risk of myocardial-infarction and coronary, cardiovascular, and any death in Eastern Finnish men. Circulation, 91, 645–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sameroff, A. (2009). The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Developmental systems and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 297–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sameroff, A. J., & Mackenzie, M. J. (2003). Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: The limits of the possible. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 613–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, M. M., Young, L. J., Plotsky, P. M., & Insel, T. R. (2000). Distribution of corticosteroid receptors in the rhesus brain: Relative absence of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampal formation. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 4657–4668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R. M. (2004). Organismal stress and telomeric aging: An unexpected connection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 17323–17324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R. M. (2005). The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. Science, 308, 648–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R. M., Krey, L. C., & McEwen, B. S. (1986). The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocrine Reviews, 7, 284–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000). How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21, 55–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Schleuning, M. J., Duggan, A., & Reem, G. H. (1989). Inhibition by chlorpromazine of lymphokine-specific mRNA expression in human thymocytes. European Journal of Immunology, 19, 1491–1495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, R., Schmidt, H., Curb, J. D., Masaki, K., White, L. R., & Launer, L. J. (2002). Early inflammation and dementia: A 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu–Asia Aging Study. Annals of Neurology, 52, 168–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnaider Beeri, M., Goldbourt, U., Silverman, J. M., Noy, S., Schmeidler, J., Ravona-Springer, R., et al. (2004). Diabetes mellitus in midlife and the risk of dementia three decades later. Neurology, 63, 1902–1907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnorpfeil, P., Noll, A., Schulze, R., Ehlert, U., Frey, K., & Fischer, J. E. (2003). Allostatic load and work conditions. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 647–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schram, M. T., Euser, S. M., de Craen, A. J., Witteman, J. C., Frolich, M., Hofman, A., et al. (2007). Systemic markers of inflammation and cognitive decline in old age. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 55, 708–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuepbach, D., Keshavan, M. S., Kmiec, J. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2002). Negative symptom resolution and improvements in specific cognitive deficits after acute treatment in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 249–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schule, C. (2007). Neuroendocrinological mechanisms of actions of antidepressant drugs. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 19, 213–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulkin, J. (2003a). Addiction to drugs: Allostatic regulation under duress. In Rethinking homestasis: Allostatic regulation in physiology and pathophysiology (pp. 131–160). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Schulkin, J. (2003b). Allostasis: A neural behavioral perspective. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 21–27; discussion 28–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulkin, J., Gold, P. W., & McEwen, B. S. (1998). Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids: Implication for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 219–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulkin, J., McEwen, B. S., & Gold, P. W. (1994). Allostasis, amygdala, and anticipatory angst. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 18, 385–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., & Beach, S. R. (1999). Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: The Caregiver Health Effects Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 2215–2219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., Hebert, R. S., Dew, M. A., Brown, S. L., Scheier, M. F., Beach, S. R., et al. (2007). Patient suffering and caregiver compassion: New opportunities for research, practice, and policy. Gerontologist, 47, 4–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., McGinnis, K. A., Zhang, S., Martire, L. M., Hebert, R. S., Beach, S. R., et al. (2008). Dementia patient suffering and caregiver depression. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 22, 170–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., Newsom, J., Mittelmark, M., Burton, L., Hirsch, C., & Jackson, S. (1997). Health effects of caregiving: The caregiver health effects study: An ancillary study of the Cardiovascular Health Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 110–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., O'Brien, A. T., Bookwala, J., & Fleissner, K. (1995). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates, and causes. Gerontologist, 35, 771–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., Visintainer, P., & Williamson, G. M. (1990). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of caregiving. Journal of Gerontology, 45, P181–P191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeman, E., Singer, B. H., Rowe, J., Horwitz, R. I., & McEwen, B. (1997). Price of adaptation—Allostatic load and its health consequences. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157, 2259–2268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeman, T., Glei, D., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., Singer, B., & Lin, Y. H. (2004). Social relationships and allostatic load in Taiwanese elderly and near elderly. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 2245–2257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeman, T., Gruenewald, T., Karlamangla, A., Sidney, S., Liu, K., McEwen, B., et al. (2009). Modeling multisystem biological risk in young adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. American Journal of Human Biology, 22, 463–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeman, T. E., Dubin, L. F., & Seeman, M. (2003). Religiosity/spirituality and health. A critical review of the evidence for biological pathways. American Psychologist, 58, 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeman, T. E., McEwen, B. S., Rowe, J. W., & Singer, B. H. (2001). Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of the United States of America, 98, 4770–4775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeman, T. E., McEwen, B. S., Singer, B. H., Albert, M. S., & Rowe, J. W. (1997). Increase in urinary cortisol excretion and memory declines: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 2458–2465.Google ScholarPubMed
Seeman, T. E., Singer, B. H., Ryff, C. D., Dienberg Love, G., & Levy-Storms, L. (2002). Social relationships, gender, and allostatic load across two age cohorts. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 395–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seplaki, C. L., Goldman, N., Glei, D., & Weinstein, M. (2005). A comparative analysis of measurement approaches for physiological dysregulation in an older population. Experimental Gerontology, 40, 438–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seplaki, C. L., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., & Lin, Y. H. (2004). How are biomarkers related to physical and mental well-being? Journal of Gerentology, 59A, 201–217.Google Scholar
Seplaki, C. L., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., & Lin, Y. H. (2006). Measurement of cumulative physiological dysregulation in an older population. Demography, 43, 165–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sexton, K. (1997). Sociodemographic aspects of human susceptibility to toxic chemicals: Do class and race matter for realistic risk assessment? [Proceedings Paper]. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 4, 261–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sexton, K., Adgate, J. L., Fredrickson, A. L., Ryan, A. D., Needham, L. L., & Ashley, D. L. (2006). Using biologic markers in blood to assess exposure to multiple environmental chemicals for inner-city children 3-6 years of age. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 453–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sexton, K., Greaves, I. A., Church, T. R., Adgate, J. L., Ramachandran, G., Tweedie, R. L., et al. (2000). A school-based strategy to assess children's environmental exposures and related health effects in economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 10, 682–694.Google ScholarPubMed
Shanks-McElroy, H. A., & Strobino, J. (2001). Male caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer's disease: Risk factors and health status. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementias, 16, 167–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheline, Y. I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M. A., & Gado, M. H. (1999). Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 5034–5043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sher, L. (2006). Combined dexamethasone suppression–corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in studies of depression, alcoholism, and suicidal behavior. Scientific World Journal, 6, 1398–1404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherwin, B. B. (2007). The critical period hypothesis: Can it explain discrepancies in the oestrogen-cognition literature? Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 19, 77–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, E., Hashimoto, K., Okamura, N., Koike, K., Komatsu, N., Kumakiri, C., et al. (2003). Alterations of serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients with or without antidepressants. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 70–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: Building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 2252–2259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simerly, R. B., Chang, C., Muramatsu, M., & Swanson, L. W. (1990). Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 294, 76–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, B., Friedman, E., Seeman, T., Fava, G. A., & Ryff, C. D. (2005). Protective environments and health status: Cross-talk between human and animal studies. Neurobiology of Aging, 26(Suppl. 1), 113–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, B., & Ryff, C. D. (1999). Hierarchies of life histories and associated health risks. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 896, 96–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skoog, I., Lernfelt, B., Landahl, S., Palmertz, B., Andreasson, L. A., Nilsson, L., et al. (1996). 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet, 347, 1141–1145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A. K., Maloney, E. M., Falkenberg, V. R., Dimulescu, I., & Rajeevan, M. S. (2009). An angiotensin-1 converting enzyme polymorphism is associated with allostatic load mediated by C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 597–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M. E. (2005). Bilateral hippocampal volume reduction in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of structural MRI studies. Hippocampus, 15, 798–807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smolka, M. N., Schumann, G., Wrase, J., Grusser, S. M., Flor, H., Mann, K., et al. (2005). Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 836–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solfrizzi, V., Scafato, E., Capurso, C., D'Introno, A., Colacicco, A. M., Frisardi, V., et al. (2009). Metabolic syndrome and the risk of vascular dementia: The Italian Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 81, 433–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solfrizzi, V., Scafato, E., Capurso, C., D'Introno, A., Colacicco, A. M., Frisardi, V., et al. (in press). Metabolic syndrome mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurobiology of Aging.Google Scholar
Songdej, N., Winters, P. C., McCabe, M. J. Jr., & van Wijngaarden, E. (2010). A population-based assessment of blood lead levels in relation to inflammation. Environmental Research, 110, 272–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Penev, P., & Van Cauter, E. (2004). Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141, 846–850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steffens, D. C., Byrum, C. E., McQuoid, D. R., Greenberg, D. L., Payne, M. E., Blitchington, T. F., et al. (2000). Hippocampal volume in geriatric depression. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 301–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, J., Schettler, T., Wallinga, D., & Valenti, M. (2002). In harm's way: Toxic threats to child development. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23(Suppl.), S13–S22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiner, M., Dunn, E., & Born, L. (2003). Hormones and mood: From menarche to menopause and beyond. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 67–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, J. W., Dhamrait, S. S., Cooper, J. A., Acharya, J., Miller, G. J., Hurel, S. J., et al. (2005). The D allele of the ACE I/D common gene variant is associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Caucasian subjects. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 84, 83–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steptoe, A., van Jaarsveld, C. H., Semmler, C., Plomin, R., & Wardle, J. (2009). Heritability of daytime cortisol levels and cortisol reactivity in children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 273–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sterling, P. (2004). Principles of allostasis: Optimal design, predictive regulation, pathophysiology and rational therapeutics. In Schulkin, J. (Ed.), Allostasis, homeostasis, and the costs of adaptation (pp. 17). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In Fisher, S. & Reason, J. (Eds.) Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 629–649). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Stern, A. H. (2005). A review of the studies of the cardiovascular health effects of methylmercury with consideration of their suitability for risk assessment. Environmental Research, 98, 133–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, R., Masaki, K., Xue, Q. L., Peila, R., Petrovitch, H., White, L. R., et al. (2005). A 32-year prospective study of change in body weight and incident dementia: The Honolulu–Asia Aging Study. Archives of Neurology, 62, 55–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, R., White, L. R., Xue, Q. L., & Launer, L. J. (2007). Twenty-six-year change in total cholesterol levels and incident dementia: The Honolulu–Asia Aging Study. Archives of Neurology, 64, 103–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stip, E., Remington, G. J., Dursun, S. M., Reiss, J. P., Rotstein, E., MacEwan, G. W., et al. (2003). A Canadian multicenter trial assessing memory and executive functions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with olanzapine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 400–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroud, L. R., Salovey, P., & Epel, E. S. (2002). Sex differences in stress responses: Social rejection versus achievement stress. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 318–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, E. V., Pfefferbaum, A., Swan, G. E., & Carmelli, D. (2001). Heritability of hippocampal size in elderly twin men: Equivalent influence from genes and environment. Hippocampus, 11, 754–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, J., Wang, S., Zhang, J. Q., & Li, W. (2007). Assessing the cumulative effects of stress: The association between job stress and allostatic load in a large sample of Chinese employees. Work and Stress, 21, 333–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suomi, S. J., Delizio, R., & Harlow, H. F. (1976). Social rehabilitation of separation-induced depressive disorders in monkeys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1279–1285.Google ScholarPubMed
Swann, A. C. (2001). Major system toxicities and side effects of anticonvulsants. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl. 14), 16–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Swanwick, G. R., Kirby, M., Bruce, I., Buggy, F., Coen, R. F., Coakley, D., et al. (1998). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: Lack of association between longitudinal and cross-sectional findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 286–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szanton, S. L., Allen, J. K., Seplaki, C. L., Bandeen-Roche, K., & Fried, L. P. (2009). Allostatic load and frailty in the women's health and aging studies. Biological Research for Nursing, 10, 248–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szmuilowicz, E. D., Stuenkel, C. A., & Seely, E. W. (2009). Influence of menopause on diabetes and diabetes risk. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 5, 553–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szyf, M., Weaver, I. C., Champagne, F. A., Diorio, J., & Meaney, M. J. (2005). Maternal programming of steroid receptor expression and phenotype through DNA methylation in the rat. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 26, 139–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, Z. S., Seshadri, S., Beiser, A., Wilson, P. W., Kiel, D. P., Tocco, M., et al. (2003). Plasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: The Framingham Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 1053–1057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarkowski, E., Andreasen, N., Tarkowski, A., & Blennow, K. (2003). Intrathecal inflammation precedes development of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 74, 1200–1205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tasali, E., Leproult, R., Ehrmann, D. A., & Van Cauter, E. (2008). Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 105, 1044–1049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Reviews, 107, 411–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, S. E., Repetti, R. L., & Seeman, T. (1997). Health psychology: What is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin? Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 411–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003). The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 33–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terburg, D., Morgan, B., & van Honk, J. (2009). The testosterone–cortisol ratio: A hormonal marker for proneness to social aggression. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 216–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2009). Claude Bernard and the heart–brain connection: Frther elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilbrook, A. J., Turner, A. I., & Clarke, I. J. (2000). Effects of stress on reproduction in non-rodent mammals: The role of glucocorticoids and sex differences. Reviews of Reproduction, 5, 105–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tkacova, R., Joppa, P., Stancak, B., Salagovic, J., Misikova, S., & Kalina, I. (2005). The link between angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with COPD. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 117, 210–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Traish, A. M., Guay, A., Feeley, R., & Saad, F. (2009). The dark side of testosterone deficiency: I. Metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction. Journal of Andrology, 30, 10–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Traish, A. M., Saad, F., Feeley, R. J., & Guay, A. (2009). The dark side of testosterone deficiency: III. Cardiovascular disease. Journal of Andrology, 30, 477–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Traish, A. M., Saad, F., & Guay, A. (2009). The dark side of testosterone deficiency: II. Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Journal of Andrology, 30, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trayhurn, P., & Wood, I. S. (2004). Adipokines: Inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. British Journal of Nutrition, 92, 347–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsai, S. Y., Chen, K. P., Yang, Y. Y., Chen, C. C., Lee, J. C., Singh, V. K., et al. (1999). Activation of indices of cell-mediated immunity in bipolar mania. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 989–994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsukasaki, K., Kido, T., Makimoto, K., Naganuma, R., Ohno, M., & Sunaga, K. (2006). The impact of sleep interruptions on vital measurements and chronic fatigue of female caregivers providing home care in Japan. Nursing and Health Sciences, 8, 2–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uemura, H., Arisawa, K., Hiyoshi, M., Kitayama, A., Takami, H., Sawachika, F., et al. (2009). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome associated with body burden levels of dioxin and related compounds among Japan's general population. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 568–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uhart, M., Chong, R. Y., Oswald, L., Lin, P. I., & Wand, G. S. (2006). Gender differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 642–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Umegaki, H., Ikari, H., Nakahata, H., Endo, H., Suzuki, Y., Ogawa, O., et al. (2000). Plasma cortisol levels in elderly female subjects with Alzheimer's disease: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Brain Research, 881, 241–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valdez, G. R., & Koob, G. F. (2004). Allostasis and dysregulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y systems: Implications for the development of alcoholism. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 79, 671–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Cauter, E., Holmback, U., Knutson, K., Leproult, R., Miller, A., Nedeltcheva, A., et al. (2007). Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Hormone Research, 67(Suppl. 1), 2–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Berg, E., Biessels, G. J., de Craen, A. J., Gussekloo, J., & Westendorp, R. G. (2007). The metabolic syndrome is associated with decelerated cognitive decline in the oldest old. Neurology, 69, 979–985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Haren, N. E., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Schnack, H. G., Cahn, W., Mandl, R. C., Collins, D. L., et al. (2007). Focal gray matter changes in schizophrenia across the course of the illness: A 5-year follow-up study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 2057–2066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Oijen, M., Witteman, J. C., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. (2005). Fibrinogen is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Stroke, 36, 2637–2641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vendsborg, P. B., Bech, P., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1976). Lithium treatment and weight gain. Acta Psychiatrica Scandaviva, 53, 139–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vermetten, E., Vythilingam, M., Southwick, S. M., Charney, D. S., & Bremner, J. D. (2003). Long-term treatment with paroxetine increases verbal declarative memory and hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 693–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viau, V. (2002). Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal and –adrenal axes. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 14, 506–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Videbech, P., & Ravnkilde, B. (2004). Hippocampal volume and depression: A meta-analysis of MRI studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1957–1966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, E., Gasto, C., Martinez de Osaba, M. J., Nieto, E., Canto, T. J., Otero, A., et al. (1997). Prediction of depressive relapse in remitted bipolar patients using corticotrophin-releasing hormone challenge test. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 95, 205–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vinberg, M., Bennike, B., Kyvik, K. O., Andersen, P. K., & Kessing, L. V. (2008). Salivary cortisol in unaffected twins discordant for affective disorder. Psychiatry Research, 161, 292–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vinberg, M., Mortensen, E. L., Kyvik, K. O., & Kessing, L. V. (2007). Personality traits in unaffected twins discordant for affective disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 442–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vinberg, M., Trajkovska, V., Bennike, B., Knorr, U., Knudsen, G. M., & Kessing, L. V. (2009). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism: Relation to familiar risk of affective disorder, BDNF levels and salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1380–1389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virgolini, M. B., Chen, K., Weston, D. D., Bauter, M. R., & Cory-Slechta, D. A. (2005). Interactions of chronic lead exposure and intermittent stress: Consequences for brain catecholamine systems and associated behaviors and HPA axis function. Toxicological Sciences, 87, 469–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virgolini, M. B., Rossi-George, A., Weston, D., & Cory-Slechta, D. A. (2008). Influence of low level maternal Pb exposure and prenatal stress on offspring stress challenge responsivity. Neurotoxicology, 29, 928–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitaliano, P. P., Russo, J., Bailey, S. L., Young, H. M., & McCann, B. S. (1993). Psychosocial factors associated with cardiovascular reactivity in older adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 164–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitaliano, P. P., Zhang, J., & Scanlan, J. M. (2003). Is caregiving hazardous to one's physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 946–972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Kanel, R., Dimsdale, J. E., Patterson, T. L., & Grant, I. (2003). Acute procoagulant stress response as a dynamic measure of allostatic load in Alzheimer caregivers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 26, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Thiele, U., Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2006). Self-rated recovery from work stress and allostatic load in women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 237–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voruganti, L., & Awad, A. G. (2004). Neuroleptic dysphoria: Towards a new synthesis. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 171, 121–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vyskocil, A., Fiala, Z., Ettlerova, E., & Tenjnorova, I. (1990). Influence of chronic lead exposure on hormone levels in developing rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 10, 301–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vythilingam, M., Heim, C., Newport, J., Miller, A. H., Anderson, E., Bronen, R., et al. (2002). Childhood trauma associated with smaller hippocampal volume in women with major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 2072–2080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Anderson, G. M., Luckenbaugh, D., Anderson, E. R., Snow, J., et al. (2004). Hippocampal volume, memory, and cortisol status in major depressive disorder: Effects of treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 101–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, E., Mittal, V., & Tessner, K. (2008). Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia. Annual Review in Clinical Psychology, 4, 189–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, D. C. (2005). A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: A dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annual Review in Genetics, 39, 359–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, P., Spelman, L., Sharifi, N., & Thakore, J. H. (2005). Male patients with paranoid schizophrenia have greater ACTH and cortisol secretion in response to metoclopramide-induced AVP release. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 431–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, M. F., Serby, M. J., & Roane, D. M. (2008). The effects of testosterone on cognition in elderly men: A review. CNS Spectrums, 13, 887–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, S., Gallagher, P., Ritchie, J. C., Ferrier, I. N., & Young, A. H. (2004). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in patients with bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 496–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Way, B. M., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). The serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism is associated with cortisol response to psychosocial stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 487–492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, I. C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., et al. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, J. D., Huang, M. H., Albert, M., Harris, T., Rowe, J. W., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Interleukin-6 and risk of cognitive decline: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Neurology, 59, 371–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, M. F., Vobach, S., Olsson, K., Svetlik, D., & Risser, R. C. (1997). Cortisol secretion and Alzheimer's disease progression. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 1030–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Vreugdenhil, H. J., & Mulder, P. G. (2004). Immunological effects of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Dutch school children. Toxicology Letters, 149, 281–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, B. (2007). Can endocrine disruptors influence neuroplasticity in the aging brain? Neurotoxicology, 28, 938–950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitmer, R. A., Sidney, S., Selby, J., Johnston, S. C., & Yaffe, K. (2005). Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology, 64, 277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO. (1999). Occupational health, ethically correct, economically sound (Fact Sheet No. 84). Geneva: Author.Google Scholar
WHO. (2001). The World Health Report 2001—Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva: Author.Google Scholar
WHO. (2002a). Active aging: A policy framework. Geneva: Author.Google Scholar
WHO. (2002b). Global assessment of the state-of-the-science of endocrine disruptors. Geneva: Author.Google Scholar
Wilcox, S., & King, A. C. (1999). Sleep complaints in older women who are family caregivers. Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Science and Social Science, 54, P189–P198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willette-Murphy, K., Todero, C., & Yeaworth, R. (2006). Mental health and sleep of older wife caregivers for spouses with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Issues in Mental Health and Nursing, 27, 837–852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, P. T., Blanche, P. J., & Krauss, R. M. (2005). Behavioral versus genetic correlates of lipoproteins and adiposity in identical twins discordant for exercise. Circulation, 112, 350–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf, O. T., & Kudielka, B. M. (2008). Stress, health and ageing: A focus on postmenopausal women. Menopause International, 14, 129–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woon, F. L., & Hedges, D. W. (2008). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Hippocampus, 18, 729–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World-Bank. (2001). Engendered development. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, R. O., Silverman, E. K., Schwartz, J., Tsaih, S. W., Senter, J., Sparrow, D., et al. (2004). Association between hemochromatosis genotype and lead exposure among elderly men: The normative aging study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 746–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, T., Snieder, H., & de Geus, E. (2010). Genetic influences on cardiovascular stress reactivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 58–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiong, G. L., Plassman, B. L., Helms, M. J., & Steffens, D. C. (2006). Vascular risk factors and cognitive decline among elderly male twins. Neurology, 67, 1586–1591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, G., Zhou, Z., Zhu, W., Fan, X., & Liu, X. (2009). Plasma C-reactive protein is related to cognitive deterioration and dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 284, 77–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaffe, K., Haan, M., Blackwell, T., Cherkasova, E., Whitmer, R. A., & West, N. (2007). Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in elderly Latinos: Findings from the Sacramento Area Latino Study of Aging study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 55, 758–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaffe, K., Kanaya, A., Lindquist, K., Simonsick, E. M., Harris, T., Shorr, R. I., et al. (2004). The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 2237–2242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaffe, K., Lindquist, K., Penninx, B. W., Simonsick, E. M., Pahor, M., Kritchevsky, S., et al. (2003). Inflammatory markers and cognition in well-functioning African-American and white elders. Neurology, 61, 76–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaffe, K., Weston, A. L., Blackwell, T., & Krueger, K. A. (2009). The metabolic syndrome and development of cognitive impairment among older women. Archives of Neurology, 66, 324–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yakovlev, P. L. (1967). Regional development of the brain in early life. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Yang, Y. K., Nelson, L., Kamaraju, L., Wilson, W., & McEvoy, J. P. (2002). Nicotine decreases bradykinesia-rigidity in haloperidol-treated patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, 684–686.Google ScholarPubMed
Yavich, L., Forsberg, M. M., Karayiorgou, M., Gogos, J. A., & Mannisto, P. T. (2007). Site-specific role of catechol-O-methyltransferase in dopamine overflow within prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 10196–10209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yehuda, R., Golier, J. A., & Kaufman, S. (2005). Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 998–1000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yilmaz, N., Herken, H., Cicek, H. K., Celik, A., Yurekli, M., & Akyol, O. (2007). Increased levels of nitric oxide, cortisol and adrenomedullin in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Medical Principles and Practice, 16, 137–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, E. A. (1998). Sex differences and the HPA axis: Implications for psychiatric disease. Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine, 1, 21–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Yucel, K., McKinnon, M. C., Taylor, V. H., Macdonald, K., Alda, M., Young, L. T., et al. (2007). Bilateral hippocampal volume increases after long-term lithium treatment in patients with bipolar disorder: A longitudinal MRI study. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 195, 357–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zala, S. M., & Penn, D. J. (2004). Abnormal behaviours induced by chemical pollution: A review of the evidence and new challenges. Animal Behaviour, 68, 649–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J., Vitaliano, P. P., & Lin, H. H. (2006). Relations of caregiving stress and health depend on the health indicators used and gender. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 173–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X. Y., Zhou, D. F., Cao, L. Y., Wu, G. Y., & Shen, Y. C. (2005). Cortisol and cytokines in chronic and treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia: Association with psychopathology and response to antipsychotics. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1532–1538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X. Y., Zhou, D. F., Qi, L. Y., Chen, S., Cao, L. Y., Chen da, C., et al. (2009). Superoxide dismutase and cytokines in chronic patients with schizophrenia: Association with psychopathology and response to antipsychotics. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 204, 177–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmer, K. E., Gutleb, A. C., Lyche, J. L., Dahl, E., Oskam, I. C., Krogenaes, A., et al. (2009). Altered stress-induced cortisol levels in goats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 126 and PCB 153) during fetal and postnatal development. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 72, 164–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, U. S., Blomeyer, D., Laucht, M., & Mann, K. F. (2007). How gene-stress-behavior interactions can promote adolescent alcohol use: The roles of predrinking allostatic load and childhood behavior disorders. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 86, 246–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zitzmann, M., & Nieschlag, E. (2007). Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length and body mass index modulate the safety of long-term intramuscular testosterone undecanoate therapy in hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92, 3844–3853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zou, K., Maeda, T., Watanabe, A., Liu, J., Liu, S., Oba, R., et al. (2009). Abeta42-to-Abeta40- and angiotensin-converting activities in different domains of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284, 31914–31920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zubieta, J. K., Heitzeg, M. M., Smith, Y. R., Bueller, J. A., Xu, K., Xu, Y., et al. (2003). COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science, 299, 1240–1243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuch, C. L., O'Mara, D. J., & Cory-Slechta, D. A. (1998). Low-level lead exposure selectively enhances dopamine overflow in nucleus accumbens: An in vivo electrochemistry time course assessment. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 150, 174–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar