Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:22:40.427Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Self-injuring adolescent girls exhibit insular cortex volumetric abnormalities that are similar to those seen in adults with borderline personality disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2018

Theodore P. Beauchaine ,
Colin L. Sauder ,
Christina M. Derbidge  and
Lauren L. Uyeji
Theodore P. Beauchaine*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Colin L. Sauder
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
Christina M. Derbidge
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Lauren L. Uyeji
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
*
Address for correspondence: Theodore P. Beauchaine, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Self-inflicted injury (SII) in adolescence is a serious public health concern that portends prospective vulnerability to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, borderline personality development, suicide attempts, and suicide. To date, however, our understanding of neurobiological vulnerabilities to SII is limited. Behaviorally, affect dysregulation is common among those who self-injure. This suggests ineffective cortical modulation of emotion, as observed among adults with borderline personality disorder. In borderline samples, structural and functional abnormalities are observed in several frontal regions that subserve emotion regulation (e.g., anterior cingulate, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). However, no volumetric analyses of cortical brain regions have been conducted among self-injuring adolescents. We used voxel-based morphometry to compare cortical gray matter volumes between self-injuring adolescent girls, ages 13–19 years (n = 20), and controls (n = 20). Whole-brain analyses revealed reduced gray matter volumes among self-injurers in the insular cortex bilaterally, and in the right inferior frontal gyrus, an adjacent neural structure also implicated in emotion and self-regulation. Insular and inferior frontal gyrus gray matter volumes correlated inversely with self-reported emotion dysregulation, over-and-above effects of psychopathology. Findings are consistent with an emotion dysregulation construal of SII, and indicate structural abnormalities in some but not all cortical brain regions implicated in borderline personality disorder among adults.

Keywords

adolescenceborderline personality disorderinsulamagnetic resonance imagingself-injury
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , October 2019 , pp. 1203 - 1212
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.Google Scholar
Ammerman, B. A., Jacobucci, R., Kleiman, E. M., Uyeji, L., & McCloskey, M. S. (2018). Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48, 31–37. doi:10.1111/sltb.12330Google Scholar
Andover, M. S., & Morris, B. W. (2014). Expanding and clarifying the role of emotion regulation in nonsuicidal self-injury. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59, 569–575. doi:10.1177/070674371405901102Google Scholar
Andover, M. S., Pepper, C. M., Ryabchenko, K. A., Orrico, E. G., & Gibb, B. E. (2005). Self-mutilation and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35, 581–591. doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.5.581Google Scholar
Ansell, E. B., Rando, K., Tuit, K., Guarnaccia, J., & Sinha, R. (2012). Cumulative adversity and smaller gray matter volume in medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and insula regions. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 57–64. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.022Google Scholar
Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W., & Poldrack, R. A. (2004). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 170–177. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.02.010Google Scholar
Ashburner, J. (2007). A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage, 38, 95–113. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007Google Scholar
Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2005). Unified segmentation. Neuroimage, 26, 839–851. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Future directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 875–896. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1038827Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Constantino, J. N. (2017). Redefining the endophenotype concept to accommodate transdiagnostic vulnerabilities and etiological complexity. Biomarkers in Medicine, 11, 769–780. doi:10.2217/bmm-2017-0002Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Crowell, S. E., & Hsiao, R. (2015). Post-dexamethasone cortisol, self-inflicted injury, and suicidal ideation among depressed adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 619–632. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9933-2Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Bridge, J. A. (in press). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors in maltreated girls with ADHD: The case for targeted prevention in preadolescence. Clinical Psychological Science.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Klein, D. N., Crowell, S. E., Derbidge, C., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2009). Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology × Sex × Environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 735–770. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000418Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008). Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 745–774. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000369Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2015). Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98, 338–350. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Zisner, A. (2017). Motivation, emotion regulation, and the latent structure of psychopathology: An integrative and convergent historical perspective. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 119, 108–118. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016Google Scholar
Bentley, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). The four-function model of nonsuicidal self-injury: Key directions for future research. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 638–656. doi:10.1177/2167702613514563Google Scholar
Bodfish, J. W., & Lewis, M. H. (2002). Self-injury and comorbid behaviors in developmental, neurological, psychiatric, and genetic disorders. In Schroeder, S. R., Oster-Granite, M. L., & Thompson, T. (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior: Gene-brain-behavior relationships (pp. 23–39). Washington, DC, American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Brain Development Cooperative Group. (2012). Total and regional brain volumes in a population-based normative sample from 4 to 18 years: The NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 1–12. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr018Google Scholar
Brent, D. (2011). Nonsuicidal self-injury as a predictor of suicidal behavior in depressed adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 452–454. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020215Google Scholar
Brunner, R., Henze, R., Parzer, P., Kramer, J., Feigl, N., Lutz, K., & Stieltjes, B. (2010). Reduced prefrontal and orbitofrontal gray matter in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder: Is it disorder specific? NeuroImage, 49, 114–120. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.070Google Scholar
Casey, B. J., & Caudle, K. (2013). The teenage brain: Self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 82–87. doi:10.1177/0963721413480170Google Scholar
Chamberlain, S. R., & Sahakian, B. J. (2007). The neuropsychiatry of impulsivity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 255–261. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ba4989Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 495–510. doi:10.1037/a0015616Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., McCauley, E., Smith, C., Stevens, A. L., & Sylvers, P. (2005). Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicidal behavior in adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1105–1127. doi:10.10170S0954579405050522Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Butner, J., Wiltshire, T. J., Munion, A. K., Yaptangco, M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2017). Evaluating emotional and biological sensitivity to maternal behavior among depressed and self-injuring adolescent girls using nonlinear dynamics. Clinical Psychological Science, 5, 272–285. doi:10.1177/2167702617692861Google Scholar
de Brito, S. A., Mechelli, A., Wilke, M., Laurens, K. R., Jones, A. P., Barker, G. J., …Viding, E. (2009). Size matters: Increased grey matter in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. Brain, 132, 843–852. doi:10.1093/brain/awp011Google Scholar
Depue, B. E., Burgess, G. C., Bidwell, L. C., Willcutt, E. G., & Banich, M. T. (2010). Behavioral performance predicts grey matter reductions in the right inferior frontal gyrus in young adults with combined type ADHD. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 182, 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.01.012Google Scholar
Derbidge, C., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2014). A developmental model of self-inflicted injury, borderline personality, and suicide risk. In Lewis, M. & Rudolph, K. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 521–542). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Domsalla, M., Koppe, G., Niedtfeld, I., Vollstädt-Klein, S., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2014). Cerebral processing of social rejection in patients with borderline personality disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 1789–1797. doi:10.1093/scan/nst176Google Scholar
Fairchild, G., Hagan, C. C., Walsh, N. D., Passamonti, L., Calder, A. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2013). Brain structure abnormalities in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 86–95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02617.xGoogle Scholar
Fairchild, G., Passamonti, L., Hurford, G., Hagan, C., von dem Hagen, E., van Goozen, S., … Calder, A. (2011). Brain structure abnormalities in early-onset and adolescent-onset conduct disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 624–633. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081184Google Scholar
First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). User's guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J., Carlson, G., Schneider, J., Nolan, E. E., Mattison, R. E., … Rundberg-Rivera, V. (2002). A DSM-IV-referenced adolescent self-report rating scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 671–679. doi:10.1097/00004583-200206000-00006Google Scholar
Giuliani, N. R., Drabant, E. M., Bhatnagar, R., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion regulation and brain plasticity: Expressive suppression use predicts anterior insula volume. Neuroimage, 58, 10–15. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.028Google Scholar
Giuliani, N. R., Drabant, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Anterior cingulate cortex volume and emotion regulation: Is bigger better? Biological Psychology, 86, 379–382. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.11.010Google Scholar
Gogtay, N., & Thompson, P. M. (2010). Mapping gray matter development: Implications for typical development and vulnerability to psychopathology. Brain and Cognition, 72, 6–15. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.009Google Scholar
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 577–586. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031Google Scholar
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94Google Scholar
Grecucci, A., Giorgetta, C., Bonini, N., & Sanfey, A. G. (2013). Reappraising social emotions: The role of inferior frontal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction and insula in interpersonal emotion regulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 523. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00523Google Scholar
Guendelman, M., Owens, E. B., Galan, C., Gard, A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2016). Early adult correlates of maltreatment in girls with ADHD: Increased risk for internalizing problems and suicidality. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 1–14. doi:10.1017/S0954579414001485Google Scholar
Hair, N. L., Hanson, J. L., Wolfe, B. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2015). Association of child poverty, brain development, and academic achievement. JAMA Pediatrics, 169, 822–829. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1475Google Scholar
Haw, C., Hawton, K., Houston, K., & Townsend, E. (2001). Psychiatric and personality disorders in deliberate self-harm patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 48–54. doi:10.1192/bjp.178.1.48Google Scholar
Hayasaka, S., Phan, K. L., Liberzon, I., Worsley, K. J., & Nichols, T. E. (2004). Nonstationary cluster-size inference with random field and permutation methods. Neuroimage, 22, 676–687. doi:0.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.041Google Scholar
Hazlett, E. A., Zhang, J., New, A. S., Zelmanova, Y., Goldstein, K. E., Haznedar, M. M., … Chu, K.-W. (2012). Potentiated amygdala response to repeated emotional pictures in borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 448–456. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.027Google Scholar
Heath, N. L., Baxter, A. L., Toste, J. R., & McLouth, R. (2010). Adolescents’ willingness to access school-based support for nonsuicidal self-injury. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25, 260–276. doi:10.1177/0829573510377979Google Scholar
Herringa, R., Phillips, M., Almeida, J., Insana, S., & Germain, A. (2012). Post-traumatic stress symptoms correlate with smaller subgenual cingulate, caudate, and insula volumes in unmedicated combat veterans. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging, 203, 139–145. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.005Google Scholar
Hilt, L. M., Cha, C. B., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: Moderators of the distress-function relationship. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 63–71. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.63Google Scholar
Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Zalecki, C., Huggins, S. P., Montenegro-Nevado, A. J., Schrodek, E., & Swanson, E. N. (2012). Prospective follow-up of girls with ADHD into early adulthood: Continuing impairment includes elevated risk for suicide attempts and self-injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 1041–1051. doi:10.1037/a0029451Google Scholar
Hutton, C., Draganski, B., Ashburner, J., & Weiskopf, N. (2009). A comparison between voxel-based cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry in normal aging. Neuroimage, 48, 371–380. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.043Google Scholar
Hwang, J. P., Lee, T. W., Tsai, S. J., Chen, T. J., Yang, C. H., Lirng, J. F., & Tsai, C. F. (2010). Cortical and subcortical abnormalities in late-onset depression with history of suicide attempts investigated with MRI and voxel-based morphometry. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 23, 171–184. doi:10.1177/0891988710363713Google Scholar
Jacobson, C. M., & Gould, M. (2007). The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescents: A critical review of the literature. Archives of Suicide Research, 11, 129–147. doi:10.1080/13811110701247602Google Scholar
Joiner, T. E., Brown, J. S., & Wingate, L. R. (2005). The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 287–314. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070320Google Scholar
Joiner, T. E. Jr., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Selby, E. A., Ribeiro, J. D., Lewis, R., & Rudd, M. D. (2009). Main predictions of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior: Empirical tests in two samples of young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 634–646. doi:10.1037/a0016500Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (2nd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: AGS Publishing.Google Scholar
Kaufman, E. A., Crowell, S. E., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2017). The development of borderline personality and self-inflicted injury. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 642–679). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kaufman, E. A., Crowell, S. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2017). Self-injury, borderline personality development, and the externalizing spectrum. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of externalizing spectrum disorders (pp. 61–78). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
King-Casas, B., Sharp, C., Lomax-Bream, L., Lohrenz, T., Fonagy, P., & Montague, R. (2008). The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science, 321, 806–810. doi:10.1126/science.1156902Google Scholar
Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 226–239. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002Google Scholar
Klonsky, E. D. (2009). The functions of self-injury in young adults who cut themselves: Clarifying the evidence for affect-regulation. Psychiatry Research, 166, 260–268. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.008Google Scholar
Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Glenn, C. R. (2013). The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: Converging evidence from four samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 231–237. doi:10.1037/a0030278Google Scholar
Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003). Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: Prevalence and psychological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1501–1508. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1501Google Scholar
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., & Saffer, B. Y. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury: What we know, and what we need to know. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59, 565–568. doi:10.1177/070674371405901101Google Scholar
Kohn, N., Eickhoff, S. B., Scheller, M., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Habel, U. (2014). Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation—An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis. NeuroImage, 87, 345–355. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.001Google Scholar
Korfine, L., & Hooley, J. M. (2000). Directed forgetting of emotional stimuli in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 214–221. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.2.214Google Scholar
Krause-Utz, A., Winter, D., Niedtfeld, I., & Schmahl, C. (2014). The latest neuroimaging findings in borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16, 438. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0438-zGoogle Scholar
Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. M. (2009). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M., & Comtois, K. (1996). Lifetime parasuicide history. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Lis, E., Greenfield, B., Henry, M., Guilé, J. M., & Dougherty, G. (2007). Neuroimaging and genetics of borderline personality disorder: A review. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 32, 162–173.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1183–1192. doi:10.1017/S003329170700027XGoogle Scholar
Malhi, G. S., Tanious, M., Fritz, K., Coulston, C. M., Bargh, D. M., Phan, K. L., … Das, P. (2013). Differential engagement of the fronto-limbic network during emotion processing distinguishes bipolar and borderline personality disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 18, 1247–1248. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.22Google Scholar
Morandotti, N., Dima, D., Jogia, J., Frangou, S., Sala, M., De Vidovich, G. Z., … Brambilla, P. (2013). Childhood abuse is associated with structural impairment in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and aggressiveness in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging, 213, 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.02.002Google Scholar
Neumann, A., van Lier, P. C., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Assessment, 17, 138–149. doi:10.1177/1073191109349579Google Scholar
Niedtfeld, I., Kirsch, P., Schulze, L., Herpertz, S. C., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. (2012). Functional connectivity of pain-mediated affect regulation in borderline personality disorder. PLOS ONE, 7, e33293. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033293Google Scholar
Nock, M. K., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 300–310. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55Google Scholar
Nock, M. K., Joiner, T. E., Gordon, K. H., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 144, 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010Google Scholar
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004). For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion. NeuroImage, 23, 483–499. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030Google Scholar
Reynolds, W. M. (1987). Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire—Junior. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Reynolds, W. M. (1988). Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Rossi, R., Pievani, M., Lorenzi, M., Boccardi, M., Beneduce, M., Bignotti, S., … Frisoni, G. (2013). Structural brain features of borderline personality and bipolar disorders. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging, 213, 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.07.002Google Scholar
Rosso, I. M., Makris, N., Britton, J. C., Price, L. M., Gold, A. L., Zai, D., … Rauch, S. L. (2010). Anxiety sensitivity correlates with two indices of right anterior insula structure in specific animal phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 1104–1110. doi:10.1002/da.20765Google Scholar
Ruocco, A. C., Amirthavasagam, S., Choi-Kain, L. W., & McMain, S. F. (2013). Neural correlates of negative emotionality in borderline personality disorder: An activation-likelihood-estimation meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 73, 153–160. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.014Google Scholar
Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Neural responses to monetary incentives among self-injuring adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 277–291. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000449Google Scholar
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Mina, K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38. doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014Google Scholar
Shaw, P., Kabani, N. J., Lerch, J. P., Eckstrand, K., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., … Giedd, J. N. (2008). Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 3586–3594. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5309-07.2008Google Scholar
Shaw, P., Malek, M., Watson, B., Greenstein, D., de Rossi, P., & Sharp, W. (2013). Biological Psychiatry, 74, 599–606. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.007Google Scholar
Snyder, H. R., Hankin, B. L., Sandman, C. A., Head, K., & Davis, E. P. (2017). Distinct patterns of reduced prefrontal and limbic gray matter volume in childhood general and internalizing psychopathology. Clinical Psychological Science. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/2167702617714563Google Scholar
Soloff, P., Nutche, J., Goradia, D., & Diwadkar, V. (2008). Structural brain abnormalities in borderline personality disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 164, 223–236. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.02.003Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., Pruitt, P., Sharma, M., Radwan, J., White, R., & Diwadkar, V. A. (2012). Structural brain abnormalities and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 46, 516–525. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.003Google Scholar
Somer, O., Bildik, T., Kabukçu-Başay, B., Güngör, D., Başay, Ö., & Farmer, R. F. (2015). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and distinct groups of self-injurers in a community sample of adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 1163–1171. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1060-zGoogle Scholar
Sterzer, P., Stadler, C., Poustka, F., & Kleinschmidt, A. (2007). A structural neural deficit in adolescents with conduct disorder and its association with lack of empathy. Neuroimage, 37, 335–342. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.043Google Scholar
Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St. John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44, 273–303. doi:10.1111/sltb.12070Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Chanen, A. M., Wood, S. J., Yücel, M., Tanino, R., Suzuki, M., … McGorry, P. D. (2009). Insular cortex volume and impulsivity in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33, 1395–1400. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.07.017Google Scholar
Tone, E. B., Garn, C. L., & Pine, D. S. (2016). Anxiety regulation: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Developmental neuroscience (3rd ed., pp. 523–556). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Turner, B. J., Chapman, A. L., & Layden, B. K. (2012). Intrapersonal and interpersonal functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Associations with emotional and social functioning. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 42, 36–55. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2011.00069.xGoogle Scholar
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., … Joliot, M. (2002). Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage, 15, 273–289. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978Google Scholar
Uchida, R. R., Del-Ben, C. M., Busatto, G. F., Duran, F. L., Guimarães, F. S., Crippa, J. A., … Graeff, F. G. (2008). Regional gray matter abnormalities in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 163, 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.04.015Google Scholar
Urgesi, C., Mattiassi, A. D. A., Buiatti, T., & Marini, A. (2016). Tell it to a child! A brain stimulation study of the role of left inferior frontal gyrus in emotion regulation during storytelling. NeuroImage, 136, 26–36. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.039Google Scholar
Wilkinson, P. (2013). Non-suicidal self-injury. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 22, 75–79. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0365-7Google Scholar
Worsley, K. J., Evans, A. C., Marrett, S., & Neelin, P. (1992). A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 12, 900–918. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1992.127Google Scholar
Zilverstand, A., Parvaz, M. A., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2017). Neuroimaging cognitive reappraisal in clinical populations to define neural targets for enhancing emotion regulation. A systematic review. NeuroImage, 151, 105–116. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.009Google Scholar