Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:21:44.386Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Prevention of conduct disorder before and after school entry: Relating interventions to developmental findings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 October 2008

John B. Reid
John B. Reid
Affiliation:
Oregon Social Learning Center
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this paper, both longitudinal and treatment studies relevant to conduct disorder (CD) are reviewed, and a developmental approach to its prevention is presented. Outcome studies for the treatment of CD and antisocial behavior are first reviewed to demonstrate that, although none have been entirely successful, many interventions have powerful effects on various symptoms that comprise the disorder, highly predictive antecedents, and risk factors. Second, the development of CD and the potency and interrelationship among antecedent and mediating variables is traced through the preschool and early elementary school years. Third, an attempt is made to synthesize the developmental and treatment research findings to suggest possible integrations of interventions that are promising for future preventive trials in the preschool and elementary school periods. It is concluded that, whereas before the entry to school preventive interventions targeted entirely in the family setting may prove successful, after the transition to school multisetting interventions will be essential. Finally, three examples of new and multisetting prevention trials are briefly described.

Type
Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 5 , Issue 1-2 , Winter-Spring 1993 , pp. 243 - 262
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkley, R. A. (1989). Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. In Mash, E. J. & Barkley, R. A. (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (pp. 39–72). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Barrish, H. H., Saunders, M., & Wolfe, M. D. (1969). Good Behavior Game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences and disruptive behavior in the classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 119–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, J. E., Bayles, K., Bennett, D. S., Ridge, B., & Brown, M. M. (1991). Origins of externalizing behavior problems at eight years of age. In Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 93–119). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bentovin, A. (1973). Disturbed and under vie. Special Education, 62, 31–35.Google Scholar
Bierman, K. (1990). Improving the peer relations of rejected children. In Lahey, B. B. & Kazdin, A. E. (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (pp. 131–149). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Roth, J. A., & Visher, C. A. (Eds.). (1986). Criminal careers and career criminals (Vols. I and II). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Bornstein, P. H., & Quevillon, R. P. (1976). The effects of a self-instructional package on overactive preschool boys. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9, 179–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breiner, J. L., & Forehand, R. (1981). An assessment of the effects of parent training on clinic-referred children's school behavior. Behavioral Assessment, 3, 31–42.Google Scholar
Bristol, M. M. (1976). Control of physical aggression through school- and home-based reinforcement. In Krumboltz, J. D. & Thoreson, C. E. (Eds.), Counseling methods (pp. 180–186). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Bry, B. H., & Krinsley, K. E. (1990). Adolescent substance abuse. In Feindler, E. L. & Kalfus, G. R. (Eds.), Adolescent behavior therapy handbook (pp. 275–302). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Camp, B. W., Blom, G. E., Hebert, F., & van Doorninck, W. J. (1977). “Think aloud”: A program for developing self-control in young aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 5, 167–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. B., Ewing, L. J., Breaux, A. M., & Szumowski, E. K. (1986). Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: Follow-up at school entry. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27(4), 473–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capaldi, D. M., & Patterson, G. R. (1987). An approach to the problem of recruitment and retention rates for longitudinal research. Behavioral Assessment, 9, 169–177.Google Scholar
Capaldi, D. M., & Patterson, G. R. (1991). Relation of parental transitions to boys' adjustment problems: I. A linear hypothesis. II. Mothers at risk for transitions and unskilled parenting. Developmental Psychology, 27, 489–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., & Bem, D. J. (1987). Moving against the world: Life course patterns of explosive children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 308–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlain, P. (1990). Comparative evaluation of specialized foster care for seriously delinquent youths: A first step. Community Alternatives: International Journal of Family Care, 2(2), 21–36.Google Scholar
Coie, J. D., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1983). A behavioral analysis of emerging social status in boys' groups. Child Development, 54, 1400–1416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dadds, M. R., Sanders, M., Behrens, B. C., & James, J. E. (1987). Marital discord and child behavior problems: A description of interaction during treatment. Journal of Child Clinical Psychology, 16, 192–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dishion, T. J. (1990). The peer context of troublesome child and adolescent behavior. In Leone, P. (Ed.), Understanding the troubled and troublesome youth (pp. 128–153). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., French, D., & Patterson, G. R. (in press). The development and ecology of antisocial behavior. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Manual of developmental psychopathology. New York: Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1983a). Behavioral antecedents: A peer social status. Child Development, 54, 1386–1399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1983b). Promoting social competence in school children. Schools and Teaching, 1(2), 67–76.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Brakke, N. P. (1982). Behavior patterns of socially rejected and neglected preadolescents: The roles of social approach and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 389–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., McClaskey, C. L., & Brown, M. M. (1986). Social competence in children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51(2, Serial No. 213).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earls, F. (1981). Epidemiological child psychiatry: An American perspective. In Purcell, E. F. (Ed.), Psychopathology of children and youth: A cross cultural perspective (pp. 3–28). New York: Josial Macy, Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar
Elliott, D. S., & Ageton, S. S., Huizinga, D., Knowles, B. A., & Canter, R. J. (1983). The prevalence and incidence of delinquent behavior: 1976–1980. National estimates of delinquent behavior by sex, race, social class, and other selected variables (National Youth Survey Report No. 26). Boulder, CO: Behavioral Research Institute.Google Scholar
Eme, R. J. (1979). Sex differences in childhood psychopathology: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 574–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emery, R. E. (1982). Interparental conflict and the children of discord and divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrington, D. P. (1978). The family backgrounds of aggressive youths. In Hersov, L. A., Berger, M., & Shaffer, D. (Eds.), Aggression and antisocial behaviour in childhood and adolescence (pp. 73–93). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1991). Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and later-life out-comes. In Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 5–29). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Fischer, M., Rolf, J. E., Hasazi, J. E., & Cummings, L. (1984). Follow-up of a preschool epidemiological sample: Cross-age continuities and predictions of later adjustment with internalizing and externalizing dimensions of behavior. Child Development, 55, 137–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forehand, R., McComb, A., & Brody, G. H. (1987). The relationship between parental depressive mood states and child functioning. Advances in Behavioral and Research Therapy, 9, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forgatch, M. S., Patterson, G. R., & Skinner, M. L. (1988). A mediational model for the effect of divorce on antisocial behavior in boys. In Hetherington, E. M. & Arasteh, J. D. (Eds.), Impact of divorce, single parenting, and stepparenting in children (pp. 135–144). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gil, D. G. (1969). Physical abuse of children: Findings and implications of a nationwide survey. Pediatrics, 44, 857–864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillmore, M. R., Hawkins, J. D., Day, L. E., & Catalano, R. F. (1992). Friendship and deviance: New evidence on an old controversy. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12(1), 80–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, P., & Rutter, M. (1973). Psychiatric disorder in the young adolescent: A follow-up study. Preceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 66, 1226–1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Morrison, D. M., O'Donnell, J., Abbott, R. D., & Day, L. E. (1992). The Seattle Social Development Project: Effects of the first four years on protective factors and problem behaviors. In McCord, J. & Tremblay, R. (Eds.), The prevention of antisocial behavior in children (pp. 139–161). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hinshaw, S. P. (1992). Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 127–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobbs, T. R., & Holt, M. M. (1976). The effects of token reinforcement on the behavior of delinquents in cottage settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9, 189–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandel, D. B. (1978). Homophily, selection, and socialization in adolescent friendships. American Journal of Sociology, 84(2), 427–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1985). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1987). Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1993). Treatment of conduct disorder: Progress and directions in psychotherapy research. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 277–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazdin, A. E., Esveldt-Dawson, K., French, N. H., & Unis, A. S. (1987). Effects of parent management training and problem-solving skills training combined in the treatment of antisocial child behavior. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 416–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Rubin, B. R., & Ensminger, M. E. (1983). Paths leading to teenage psychiatric symptoms and substance use: Developmental epidemiological studies in Woodlawn. In Guze, S. R., Earns, F. J., & Barretts, J. E. (Eds.), Childhood psychopathology and development (pp. 17–55). New York: Prodist.Google Scholar
Kellam, S. G., & Rebok, G. W. (1992). Building developmental and etiological theory through epidemio-logically based intervention trials. In McCord, J. & Tremblay, R. E. (Eds.), Preventing antisocial behavior: Interventions from birth through adolescence (pp. 162–195). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kellam, S. G., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Dolan, L., Brown, C. H., Mayer, L., Rebok, G., Anthony, J. C., Laudolff, J., Edelsohn, G., & Wheeler, L. (1991). Developmental epidemiologically based preventive trials: Baseline modeling of early target behaviors and depressive symptoms. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 563–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendall, P. C. (1985). Toward a cognitive-behavioral model of child psychopathology and a critique of related interventions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 357–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, P. C., Reber, M., McCleer, S., Epps, J., & Ronan, K. R. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of conduct disordered children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 279–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladd, G. W., & Golter, B. S. (1988). Parents' management of preschoolers' peer relations: Is it related to children's social competence? Developmental Psychology, 24, 109–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larzelere, R. E., & Patterson, G. R. (1990). Parental management: Mediator of the effect of socioeconomic status on early delinquency. Criminology, 28(2), 301–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1988). Unravelling families and delinquency: A reanalysis of the Gluecks' data. Criminology, 26, 355–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior. A review. Child Development, 53, 1431–1446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R., & Dishion, T. J. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 68–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacFarlane, J. W., Allen, K., & Honzik, M. P. (1954). A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between 21 months and 14 years. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
McNeil, C. B., Eyberg, S., Eisenstadt, T. H., Newcomb, K., & Funderburk, B. (1991). Parent-child interaction therapy with behavior problem children: Generalization of treatment effects to the school setting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 140–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. E., & Prinz, R. J. (1990). Enhancement of social learning family interventions for childhood conduct disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 291–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. C., & Racine, Y. A. (1991). The epidemiology of antisocial behavior in child-hood and adolescence. In Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 31–54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., & Szatmari, P. (1987). Ontario child health study: II. Six month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 832–836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86(4), 852–875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program. In Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 411–448). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin, 102(3), 357–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (1984). A comparative evaluation of a parent training program. Behavior Therapy, 13, 638–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Crosby, L., & Vuchinich, S. (in press). Predicting risk for early police arrest. Journal of Quantitative Criminology.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Dishion, T. J., & Chamberlain, P. (in press). Outcomes and methodological issues relating to treatment of antisocial children. In Giles, T. R. (Ed.), Effective psychotherapy: A handbook of comparative research. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Littman, R. A., & Bricker, W. (1967). Assertive behavior in children: A step toward a theory of aggression. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 32(5, Serial No. 113).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1984). The correlation of family management practices and delinquency. Child Development, 55, 1299–1307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, E. L., Phillips, E. A., Fixsen, D. L., & Wolf, M. M. (1971). Achievement place: Modification of the behaviors of predelinquent boys within a token economy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 45–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsey, E., Bank, L., Patterson, G. R., & Walker, H. M. (in press). From home to school to juvenile court: A social interaction model of the path to delinquency. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology.Google Scholar
Reid, J. B. (1978). A social learning approach: 2. Observations in home settings. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Reid, J. B. (1991). Involving parents in the prevention of conduct disorder: Rationale, problems, and tactics. Community Psychologist, 24(2), 28–30.Google Scholar
Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Loeber, R. (1982). The abused child: Victim, instigator, or innocent by stander? In Bernstein, D. J. (Ed.), Response structure and organization (pp. 47–68). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Reid, J. B., Taplin, P. S., & Lorber, R. (1981). A social interactional approach to the treatment of abusive families. In Stuart, R. (Ed.), Violent behavior: Social learning approaches to prediction, management, and treatment (pp. 83–101). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grow up: A sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic personality. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. (1978). Study of childhood predictors of adult antisocial behavior: Replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 8, 611–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, L. N. (1986). The consequences of conduct disorder in girls. In Olweus, D., Block, J., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues (pp. 385–414). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1979). Risk factors in the continuation of childhood antisocial behavior into adulthood. International Journal of Mental Health, 7(3–4), 6–116.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1981). Epidemiological/longitudinal strategies and causal roots in child psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 513–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, R. (1970). Education, health, and behavior. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Schoen, D. (1989). Early child temperament and achievement in kindergarten children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina, Columbia.Google Scholar
Shinn, M. R., Ramsey, E., Walker, H. M., Steiber, H., & O'Neill, R. E. (1987). Antisocial behavior in school settings: Initial differences in an at-risk and normal population. Journal of Special Education, 21(2), 69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slaven, R. E., Karweit, R. E., & Madden, N. L. (1989). Effective programs for children at risk. Boston: Allyn & Racon.Google Scholar
Snyder, J. J. (1991). Discipline as a mediator of the impact of maternal stress and mood on child conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 263–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spivack, G., & Shure, M. B. (1974). Social adjustment of young children: A cognitive approach to solving real life problems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Stevenson, D., & Baker, D. P. (1987). The family-school relation and the child's school performance. Child Development, 58, 1348–1357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taplin, P. S., & Reid, J. B. (1977). Changes in parent consequation as a function of family intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 4, 973–981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Department of Justice. (1986). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics–1985 (NCJ–100899). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Walker, H. M., & Buckley, N. K. (1973). Teacher attention to appropriate and inappropriate class-room behavior: An individual case study. Focus on Exceptional Children, 5 5–11.Google Scholar
Walker, H. M., Hops, H., & Greenwood, C. R. (1981). RECESS: Research and development of a behavior management package for remediating social aggression in the school setting. In Strain, P. S. (Ed.), The utilization of classroom peers as behavior change agents (pp. 261–303). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, H. M., Shinn, M. R., O'Neill, R. E., & Ramsey, E. (1987). A longitudinal assessment of the development of antisocial behavior in boys: Rationale, methodology, and first year results. Remedial and Special Education, 8(4), 7–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C. (1989). Systematic comparison of consumer satisfaction of three cost-effective parent training programs for conduct problem children. Behavior Therapy, 20(1), 103–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C., Kolpacoff, M., & Hollingsworth, T. (1988). Self-administered videotape therapy for families with conduct-problem children. Comparison with two cost-effective treatments and a control group. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 558–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., Earls, E., Robins, L., & Silva, P. A. (1990). How early can we tell? Predictors of childhood conduct disorder and adolescent delinquency. Criminology, 28, 507–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and human nature. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Wolfgang, M. E., Thornberry, T. P., & Figlio, R. M. (1987). From boy to man, from delinquency to crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Zoccolillo, M. (1993). Gender and the development of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar