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Pathways linking adverse environments to emerging adults’ substance abuse and depressive symptoms: A prospective analysis of rural African American men

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 July 2020

Steven M. Kogan Open the ORCID record for Steven M. Kogan [Opens in a new window] ,
Dayoung Bae ,
Junhan Cho ,
Alicia K. Smith  and
Shota Nishitani
Steven M. Kogan*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Dayoung Bae
Affiliation:
Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Junhan Cho
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Alicia K. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Shota Nishitani
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
*
Author for correspondence: Steven Kogan, Human Development and Family Science, 405 Sanford Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602; E-mail: [email protected].
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Abstract

For African American emerging adult men, developmental challenges are evident in their escalating substance abuse and depressive symptoms; this is particularly true for men from low-resource communities. The present study tests a developmental model linking childhood adversity and contemporaneous contextual stressors to increases in emerging adults’ substance use and depressive symptoms, indirectly, via increases in defensive/hostile relational schemas and social developmental risk factors (e.g., risky peers and romantic partners, lack of involvement in school or work). We also advance exploratory hypotheses regarding DNA methylation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) as a moderator of the effects of stress on relational schemas. Hypotheses were tested with three waves of data from 505 rural African American men aged 19–25 years. Adverse childhood experiences predicted exposure to emerging adult contextual stressors. Contextual stressors forecast increases in defensive/hostile relational schemas, which increased social developmental risk factors. Social developmental risk factors proximally predicted increases in substance abuse and depressive symptoms. OXTR DNA methylation moderated the effects of contextual stressors on defensive/hostile relational schemas. Findings suggest that early exposures to stress carry forward to affect the development of social developmental risk factors in emerging adulthood, which place rural African American men at risk for increased substance abuse and depressive symptoms during the emerging adult years.

Keywords

African American mendepressive symptomsemerging adulthoodsocial developmentsubstance abuse
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , October 2021 , pp. 1496 - 1506
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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