Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:55:02.224Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Parenting, culture, and the development of externalizing behaviors from age 7 to 14 in nine countries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2018

Jennifer E. Lansford ,
Jennifer Godwin ,
Marc H. Bornstein ,
Lei Chang ,
Kirby Deater-Deckard ,
Laura Di Giunta ,
Kenneth A. Dodge ,
Patrick S. Malone ,
Paul Oburu  and
Concetta Pastorelli
...Show all authors
Jennifer E. Lansford*
Affiliation:
Duke University
Jennifer Godwin
Affiliation:
Duke University
Marc H. Bornstein
Affiliation:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Lei Chang
Affiliation:
University of Macau
Kirby Deater-Deckard
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Laura Di Giunta
Affiliation:
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
Kenneth A. Dodge
Affiliation:
Duke University
Patrick S. Malone
Affiliation:
Duke University
Paul Oburu
Affiliation:
Maseno University
Concetta Pastorelli
Affiliation:
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
Ann T. Skinner
Affiliation:
Duke University
Emma Sorbring
Affiliation:
University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
Laurence Steinberg
Affiliation:
Temple University King Abdulaziz University
Sombat Tapanya
Affiliation:
Chiang Mai University
Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado
Affiliation:
Universidad San Buenaventura
Liane Peña Alampay
Affiliation:
Ateneo de Manila University
Suha M. Al-Hassan
Affiliation:
Hashemite University Emirates College for Advanced Education
Dario Bacchini
Affiliation:
University of Naples “Federico II”
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Jennifer E. Lansford, Duke University, Center for Child and Family Policy, Box 90545, Durham, NC 27708; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Using multilevel models, we examined mother-, father-, and child-reported (N = 1,336 families) externalizing behavior problem trajectories from age 7 to 14 in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). The intercept and slope of children's externalizing behavior trajectories varied both across individuals within culture and across cultures, and the variance was larger at the individual level than at the culture level. Mothers’ and children's endorsement of aggression as well as mothers’ authoritarian attitudes predicted higher age 8 intercepts of child externalizing behaviors. Furthermore, prediction from individual-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes to more child externalizing behaviors was augmented by prediction from cultural-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes, respectively. Cultures in which father-reported endorsement of aggression was higher and both mother- and father-reported authoritarian attitudes were higher also reported more child externalizing behavior problems at age 8. Among fathers, greater attributions regarding uncontrollable success in caregiving situations were associated with steeper declines in externalizing over time. Understanding cultural-level as well as individual-level correlates of children's externalizing behavior offers potential insights into prevention and intervention efforts that can be more effectively targeted at individual children and parents as well as targeted at changing cultural norms that increase the risk of children's and adolescents’ externalizing behavior.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Special Issue 5: Cultural Development and Psychopathology , December 2018 , pp. 1937 - 1958
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This research has been funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Grant RO1-HD054805, Fogarty International Center Grant RO3-TW008141, and the Jacobs Foundation. This research also was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH/NICHD, and an International Research Fellowship in collaboration with the Centre for the Evaluation of Development Policies (EDePO) at the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London, United Kingdom, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 695300-HKADeC-ERC-2015-AdG). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or NICHD.

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL 14-18, YSR, and TRF Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M. (2004). Cross-cultural perspectives on developmental psychopathology. In Gielen, U. P. & Roopnarine, J. (Eds.), Childhood and adolescence: Cross-cultural perspectives and applications (pp. 411–429). Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1275–1301. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.6.1275Google Scholar
Ahmed, R. A. (2010). North Africa and the Middle East. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural developmental science (pp. 359–381). New York: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Al-Hassan, S., & Takash, H. (2011). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in Jordan. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11, 142–151. doi:10.1080/15295192.2011.585559Google Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). Reducing sudden infant death with “Back to Sleep.” Retrieved from https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/7-great-achievements/Pages/Reducing-Sudden-Infant-Death-with-Back-to-.aspxGoogle Scholar
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 57–87. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00424Google Scholar
Bacchini, D., Miranda, M. C., & Affuso, G. (2011). Effects of parental monitoring and exposure to community violence on antisocial behavior and anxiety/depression among adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 269–292. doi:10.1177/0886260510362879Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1972). An exploratory study of socialization effects on Black children: Some Black-White comparisons. Child Development, 43, 261–267. doi:10.2307/1127891Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885–908. doi:10.1037/a0017376Google Scholar
Bongers, I. L., Koot, H. M., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2004). Developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 75, 1523–1537. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00755.xGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Haynes, O. M., Azuma, H., Galperin, C., Maital, S., Ogino, M., … Wright, B. (1998). A cross-national study of self-evaluations and attributions in parenting: Argentina, Belgium, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, and the United States. Developmental Psychology, 34, 662–676. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.4.662Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., & Lansford, J. E. (2010). Parenting. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), The handbook of cross-cultural developmental science (pp. 259–277). New York: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Lansford, J. E. (2011). Parenting attributions and attitudes in cross-cultural perspective. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11, 214–237. doi:10.1080/15295192.2011.585568Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Suwalsky, J. T. D. (2018). Parenting cognitions → parenting practices → child adjustment? The standard model. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 399–416. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000931Google Scholar
Brody, G., & Flor, D. (1998). Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural single-parent African American families. Child Development, 69, 803–816. doi:10.2307/1132205Google Scholar
Broidy, L. M., Tremblay, R. E., Brame, B., Fergusson, D., Horwood, J. L., Laird, R., … Vitaro, F. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 222–245. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.222Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Ellerson, P. C., Lin, E. K., Rainey, B., Kokotovic, A., & O'Hara, N. (2002). A cognitive approach to child abuse prevention. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 243–258. doi:10.1037/2152-0828.1.S.84Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., & Happaney, K. (2000). Parent–child interaction as a power contest. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21, 267–282. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(99)00038-6.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., & Happaney, K. (2002). Parental attributions. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 3. Being and becoming a parent (2nd ed., pp. 509–535). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., & Shennum, W. A. (1984). “Difficult” children as elicitors and targets of adult communication patterns: An attributional-behavioral transactional analysis. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 49(1, Serial No. 205). doi:10.2307/1165910Google Scholar
Causadias, J. M. (2013). A roadmap for the integration of culture into developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1375–1398. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000679Google Scholar
Chang, L., Chen, B.-B., & Ji, L. Q. (2011). Parenting attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in China. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11, 102–115. doi:10.1080/15295192.2011.585553Google Scholar
Chao, R. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111–1119. doi:10.2307/1131308Google Scholar
Chao, R., & Tseng, V. (2002). Parenting of Asians. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4. Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed., pp. 59–93). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. L., Kuntsche, E., Levitt, A., Barber, L. L., & Wolf, S. (2016). Motivational models of substance use: A review of theory and research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. In Sher, K. J. (Ed.), Oxford handbook of substance use and substance use disorders (pp. 375–421). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cote, L. R., & Bornstein, M. H. (2009). Child and mother play in three U.S. cultural groups: Comparisons and associations. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 355–363. doi:10.1037/a0015399Google Scholar
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74Google Scholar
Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Comparisons of problems reported by parents of children in 12 cultures: Total problems, externalizing, and internalizing. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1269–1277. doi:10.1097/00004583-199709000-00020Google Scholar
Crone, E. A., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., & Peper, J. S. (2016). Annual research review: Neural contributions to risk-taking in adolescence—Developmental changes and individual differences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 353–368. doi:10.1111/jcppGoogle Scholar
Davis-Kean, P. E., Huesmann, L. R., Jager, J., Collins, W. A., Bates, J. E., & Lansford, J. E. (2008). Changes in the relation of self-efficacy beliefs and behaviors across development. Child Development, 79, 1257–1269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01187.xGoogle Scholar
Deater-Deckard, K., Godwin, J., Lansford, J. E., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Bornstein, M. H., … Al-Hassan, S. M. (2018). Within- and between-person and group variance in behavior and beliefs in cross-cultural longitudinal data. Journal of Adolescence, 62, 207–217. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.06.002Google Scholar
Dix, T. (1993). Attributing dispositions to children: An interactional analysis of attribution in socialization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 633–643. doi:10.1177/0146167293195014Google Scholar
Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58, 1244–1257. doi:10.2307/1130618Google Scholar
Duell, N., Steinberg, L., Icenogle, G., Chein, J., Al-Hassan, S. M., Takash, H. M. S., … Alampay, L. P. (2018). Age patterns in risk taking across the world. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 1052–1072. doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0752-yGoogle Scholar
Durex Network. (2005). The face of global sex: The challenges of unprotected sex. Cambridge: Author.Google Scholar
Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. (2007). Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue. Psychological Methods, 12, 121–138. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.121Google Scholar
Erkut, S. (2010). Developing multiple language versions of instruments for intercultural research. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 19–24. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00111.xGoogle Scholar
Espelage, D. L., Low, S., Polanin, J. R., & Brown, E. C. (2013). The impact of a middle school program to reduce aggression, victimization, and sexual violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, 180–186. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.021Google Scholar
Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2010). Trajectories of pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems from age 2 to age 12: Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1159–1175. doi:10.1037/a0020659Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1986). Age and crime. In Tonry, M. & Morris, N. (Eds.), Crime and justice (Vol. 7, pp. 189–250). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Flouri, E., & Sarmadi, Z. (2016). Prosocial behavior and childhood trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems: The role of neighborhood and school contexts. Developmental Psychology, 52, 253–258. doi:10.1037/dev0000076Google Scholar
Fontaine, R. G., Yang, C. M., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2009). Development of response evaluation and decision (RED) and antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 45, 447–459. doi:10.1037/a0014142Google Scholar
Garcia-Coll, C., & Magnuson, K. (1999). Cultural influences on child development: Are we ready for a paradigm shift? In Masten, A. S. (Ed.), Cultural influences in child development (pp. 1–24). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Glaser, B., Shelton, K. H., & van den Bree, M. B. M. (2010). The moderating role of close friends in the relationship between conduct problems and adolescent substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.022Google Scholar
Goodnow, J. J. (1992). Parents' ideas, children's ideas: Correspondence and divergence. In Sigel, I. E., McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V., & Goodnow, J. J. (Eds.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (2nd ed., pp. 293–317). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Goodnow, J. J. (2010). Culture. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), The handbook of cross-cultural developmental science (pp. 3–19). New York: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Goodnow, J. J., & Collins, W. A. (1990). Development according to parents: The nature, sources, and consequences of parents' ideas. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., Cook, E. T., & Quamma, J. P. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 117–136. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006374Google Scholar
Haddad, L., Shotar, A., Umlauf, M., & Al-Zyoud, S. (2010). Knowledge of substance abuse among high school students in Jordan. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 21, 2143–2150. doi:10.1177/1043659609357632Google Scholar
Harkness, S., Super, C. M., & Keefer, C. H. (1992). Learning to be an American parent: How cultural models gain directive force. In Paul, R. A. & Shweder, R. A. (Series Eds.) & D'Andrade, R. G. & Strauss, C. (Vol. Eds.), Publications of the Society for Psychological Anthropology: Human motives and cultural models (pp. 163–178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harwood, R., Leyendecker, B., Carlson, V., Asencio, M., & Miller, A. (2002). Parenting among Latino families in the U.S. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4. Applied parenting (2nd ed., pp. 21–46). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 552–584. doi:10.1086/227905Google Scholar
Hoffman, L. (2015). Longitudinal analysis: Modeling within-person fluctuation and change. New York: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Holden, G. W., Brown, A. S., Baldwin, A. S., & Croft Caderao, K. (2014). Research findings can change attitudes about corporal punishment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 902–908. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.013Google Scholar
Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1120–1134. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.6.1120Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., & Guerra, N. G. (1997). Children's normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 408–419. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.408Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., & Kirwil, L. (2007). Why observing violence increases the risk of violent behavior by the observer. In Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Waldman, I. D. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression (pp. 545–570). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jager, J., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2017). More than just convenient: The scientific merits of homogeneous convenience samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82, 13–30. doi:10.1111/mono.12296Google Scholar
Jernigan, D. H. (2001). Global status report: Alcohol and young people. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Knight, G. P., & Hill, N. (1998). Measurement equivalence in research involving minority adolescents. In McLoyd, V. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Research on minority adolescents: Conceptual, methodological and theoretical issues (pp. 183–210). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Knight, G. P., Virdin, L., & Roosa, M. (1994). Socialization and family correlates of mental health outcomes among Hispanic and Anglo-American families. Child Development, 65, 212–224. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00745.xGoogle Scholar
Kochanska, G., Brock, R. L., Chen, K.-H., Aksan, N., & Anderson, S. W. (2015). Paths from mother-child and father-child relationships to externalizing behavior problems in children differing in electrodermal reactivity: A longitudinal study from infancy to age 10. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 721–734. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9938-xGoogle Scholar
Kokko, K., Simonton, S., Dubow, E., Lansford, J. E., Olson, S. L., Huesmann, L. R., … Pettit, G. S. (2014). Country, sex, and parent occupational status: Moderators of the continuity of aggression from childhood to adulthood. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 552–567. doi:10.1002/ab.21546Google Scholar
Lansford, J. E. (Ed.). (2011). Special issue: Parenting attributions and attitudes around the world. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11, 87–238.Google Scholar
Lansford, J. E., Bornstein, M. H., Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., … Zelli, A. (2016). How international research on parenting advances understanding of child development. Child Development Perspectives, 10, 202–207. doi:10.1111/cdep.12186Google Scholar
Lansford, J. E., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2012). Childrearing discipline and violence in developing countries. Child Development, 83, 62–75. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01676.xGoogle Scholar
Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2010). Developmental cascades of peer rejection, social information processing biases, and aggression during middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 593–602. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000301Google Scholar
Lansford, J. E., Woodlief, D., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., … Dodge, K. A. (2014). A longitudinal examination of mothers’ and fathers’ social information processing biases and harsh discipline in nine countries. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 561–573. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000236Google Scholar
Low, S., Cook, C. R., Smolkowski, K., & Buntain-Ricklefs, J. (2015). Promoting social–emotional competence: An evaluation of the elementary version of Second Step. Journal of School Psychology, 53, 463–477. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2015.09.002Google Scholar
Luhya, Tribe. (2018). Kenya's second largest ethnic tribe. Retrieved from http://www.kenya-information-guide.com/luhya-tribe.htmlGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, B. (1996). Translation and cultural adaptation of the survey instruments. In Martin, M. O. & Kelly, D. L. (Eds.), Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) technical report: Vol. I. Design and development. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.Google Scholar
McBride-Chang, C., & Chang, L. (1998) Adolescent-parent relations in Hong Kong: Parenting styles, emotional autonomy, and school achievement. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159, 421–436. doi:10.1080/00221329809596162Google Scholar
McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V. (1980). The role of beliefs in the family as a system of mutual influences. Family Relations, 29, 317–323. doi:10.2307/583851Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. (1988). Parents' beliefs about children's cognitive development. Child Development, 59, 259–285. doi:10.2307/1130311Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. (1995). Parents' attributions for their children's behavior. Child Development, 66, 1557–1584. doi:10.2307/1131897Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674Google Scholar
Murphey, D. A. (1992). Constructing the child: Relations between parents' beliefs and child outcomes. Developmental Review, 12, 199–232. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90009-QGoogle Scholar
Na, J., Grossmann, I., Varnum, M. E. W., Kitayama, S., Gonzalez, R., & Nisbett, R. E. (2010). Cultural differences are not always reducible to individual differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 6192–6197. doi:pnas.1001911107Google Scholar
Narayan, A., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2015). Interrelations of maternal expressed emotion, maltreatment, and separation/divorce and links to family conflict and children's externalizing behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 217–228. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9911-8Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Oburu, P. O. (2011). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in Kenya. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11, 152–162.Google Scholar
Okagaki, L., & Divecha, D. J. (1993). Development of parental beliefs. In Luster, T. & Okagaki, L. (Eds.), Parenting: An ecological perspective (pp. 35–67). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Okagaki, L., & Frensch, P. A. (1998). Parenting and children's school achievement: A multiethnic perspective. American Educational Research Journal, 35, 123–144. doi:10.2307/1163454Google Scholar
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 852–875. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.4.852Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Capaldi, D., & Bank, L. (1991). An early starter model for predicting delinquency. In Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 139–168). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Peña, E. D. (2007). Lost in translation: Methodological considerations in cross-cultural research. Child Development, 78, 1255–1264. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01064.xGoogle Scholar
Petersen, I. T., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2015). Describing and predicting developmental profiles of externalizing problems from childhood to adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 791–818. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000789Google Scholar
Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53, 873–932. doi:10.1037/dev0000295Google Scholar
Pinquart, M., & Kauser, R. (2018). Do the associations of parenting styles with behavior problems and academic achievement vary by culture? Results from a meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24, 75–100. doi:10.1037/cdp0000149Google Scholar
Pong, S. L., Johnston, J., & Chen, V. (2010). Authoritarian parenting and Asian adolescent school performance: Insights from the US and Taiwan. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 62–72. doi:10.1177/0165025409345073Google Scholar
Raghavan, C. S., Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (2010). Parental ethnotheories in the context of immigration: Asian Indian immigrant and Euro-American mothers and daughters in an American town. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 617–632. doi:10.1177/0022022110362629Google Scholar
Ramírez, J. M., Fujihara, T., & van Goozen, S. (2001). Cultural and gender differences in anger and aggression: A comparison between Japanese, Dutch, and Spanish students. Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 119–121. doi:10.1080/00224540109600528Google Scholar
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Richman, A. L., Miller, P. M., & Solomon, M. J. (1988). The socialization of infants in suburban Boston. In Damon, W. (Series Ed.) & LeVine, R. A., Miller, P. M., & West, M. M. (Vol. Eds.), New directions for child development series: No. 40. Parental behavior in diverse societies (pp. 65–74). San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.Google Scholar
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rogoff, B., Moore, L., Najafi, B., Dexter, A., Correa-Chávez, M., & Solís, J. (2007). Children's development of cultural repertoires through participation in everyday routines and practices. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization (pp. 490–515). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–28. doi:10.1037/h0092976Google Scholar
Rubio-Stipec, M., Bird, H., Canino, G., & Gould, M. (1990). The internal consistency and concurrent validity of a Spanish translation of the Child Behavior Checklist. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 393–406. doi:10.1007/BF00917642Google Scholar
Schaefer, E. S., & Edgerton, M. (1985). Parent and child correlates of parental modernity. In Sigel, I. E. (Ed.), Parental belief systems: Psychological consequences for children (pp. 287–318). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sigel, I. E., & McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V. (2002). Parental beliefs and cognitions: The dynamic belief systems model. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 3. Status and social conditions of parenting (2nd ed., pp. 485–508). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Skinner, A. T., Bacchini, D., Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., … Pastorelli, C. (2014). Neighborhood danger, parental monitoring, harsh parenting, and child aggression in nine countries. Societies, 4, 45–67. doi:10.3390/soc4010045Google Scholar
Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Gurdal, S., Lansford, J. E., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., … Bombi, A. S. (2017). Cross-national collaboration in the study of parenting and child adjustment. In Egloff, G. (Ed.), Child-rearing: Practices, attitudes and cultural differences (pp. 1–19). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28, 78–106. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002Google Scholar
Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Briggs, R. D., McClowry, S. G., & Snow, D. L. (2008). Challenges to the study of African American parenting: Conceptualization, sampling, research approaches, measurement, and design. Parenting: Science and Practice, 8, 319–358. doi:10.1080/15295190802612599Google Scholar
Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & McFadden, K. E. (2010). The United States of America. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural developmental science (pp. 299–322). New York: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Trucco, E. M., Villafuerte, S., Heitzeg, M. M., Burmeister, M., & Zucker, R. A. (2016). Susceptibility effects of GABA receptor subunit alpha-2 (GABRA2) variants and parental monitoring on externalizing behavior trajectories: Risk and protection conveyed by the minor allele. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 15–26. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000255Google Scholar
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer–Verlag.Google Scholar
Weisz, J. R., Sigman, M., Weiss, B., & Mosk, J. (1993). Parent reports of behavioral and emotional problems among children in Kenya, Thailand, and the United States. Child Development, 64, 98–109. doi:10.2307/1131439Google Scholar
Weisz, J. R., Suwanlert, S., Chaiyasit, W., & Walter, B. R. (1987). Over- and undercontrolled referral problems among children and adolescents from Thailand and the United States: The wat and wai of cultural differences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 719–726. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.55.5.719Google Scholar
Zolotor, A. J., & Puzia, M. E. (2010). Bans against corporal punishment: A systematic review of the laws, changes in attitudes and behaviors. Child Abuse Review, 19, 229–247. doi:10.1002/car.1131Google Scholar