Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:33:18.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Parental internalizing disorder and the developmental trajectory of infant self-regulation: The moderating role of positive parental behaviors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 September 2020

Xiaoning Sun Open the ORCID record for Xiaoning Sun [Opens in a new window] ,
John R. Seeley  and
Nicholas B. Allen
Xiaoning Sun*
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
John R. Seeley
Affiliation:
Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
Nicholas B. Allen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Xiaoning Sun, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Child self-regulation (SR), a key indicator for later optimal developmental outcomes, may be compromised in the presence of parental mental disorders, especially those characterized by affective dysregulation. However, positive parental behaviors have been shown to buffer against such negative effects, especially during infancy when SR shows great plasticity to environmental inputs. The current study investigated the effect of maternal and paternal lifetime and current internalizing disorders on the developmental trajectory of infant SR from 3 to 24 months, and the potential moderating role of positive parental behaviors. A latent growth model revealed that SR increased overall from 3 to 24 months. Mothers’ positive parental behaviors demonstrated significant moderation effects, such that maternal lifetime internalizing disorder was associated with higher SR intercept only among those with low levels of positive parental behavior. Mothers’ lifetime internalizing disorder was also associated with a lower linear slope in SR development with a moderate effect size. Fathers’ current internalizing disorder was significantly associated with a higher intercept and lower linear slope of the SR trajectory. The current study expands the infant SR literature by describing its early developmental trajectory as well as early risk and protective factors within the parent–infant environment, taking into consideration developmental inputs from both parents.

Keywords

latent growth modelparental internalizing disorderpositive parental behaviorsself-regulation
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , February 2022 , pp. 1 - 17
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV®). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publication.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publication.Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, C., Raver, C. C., & Berry, D. J. (2014). Two approaches to estimating the effect of parenting on the development of executive function in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 50, 554. doi:10.1037/a0033647CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, M. H. (2014). Human infancy and the rest of the lifespan. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 121–158. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100359CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breznitz, Z., & Friedman, S. L. (1988). Toddlers’ concentration: Does maternal depression make a difference? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 267–279. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00715.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: A multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 602. doi:10.1037/a0038662CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridgett, D. J., Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., Lance, K. O., Iddins, E., Waits, R., … Lee, L. (2011). Emerging effortful control in toddlerhood: The role of infant orienting/regulation, maternal effortful control, and maternal time spent in caregiving activities. Infant Behavior and Development, 34, 189–199. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.12.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridgett, D. J., Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., McKay, T., Iddins, E., Robertson, C., … Rittmueller, A. (2009). Maternal and contextual influences and the effect of temperament development during infancy on parenting in toddlerhood. Infant Behavior and Development, 32, 103–116. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.10.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Cabrera, N. J., & Roggman, L. (2017). Father play: Is it special? Infant Mental Health Journal, 38, 706–708. doi:10.1002/imhj.21680CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (2002). Self-regulatory processes in early personality development: A multilevel approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal and aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 477–498. doi:10.1017/S095457940200305XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calkins, S. D., & House, R. (2004). Individual differences in self-regulation: Implications for childhood adjustment. In P, Philipot, & R, Feldman (Eds.), The regulation of emotion (pp. 307–332). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Casalin, S., Luyten, P., Vliegen, N., & Meurs, P. (2012). The structure and stability of temperament from infancy to toddlerhood: A one-year prospective study. Infant Behavior and Development, 35, 94–108. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.08.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., … Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386–389. doi:10.1126/science.1083968CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (1997). Does psychiatric history bias mothers’ reports? An application of a new analytic approach. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 971–979. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohn, J, & Campbell, S. (1992). Influence of maternal depression on infant affect regulation. In D, Cicchetti, & S, Toth (Eds.), Developmental Perspectives on Depression. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester.Google Scholar
Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. (1989). Specificity of infants’ response to mothers’ affective behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 242–248. doi:10.1097/00004583-198903000-00016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conroy, S., Pariante, C. M., Marks, M. N., Davies, H. A., Farrelly, S., Schacht, R., & Moran, P. (2012). Maternal psychopathology and infant development at 18 months: The impact of maternal personality disorder and depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 51–61. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender & Society, 20, 259–281. doi:10.1177/0891243205285212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, G., Grofer Klinger, L., Panagiotides, H., Spieker, S., & Frey, K. (1992). Infants of mother with depressive symptoms: Electroencephalographic and behavioral findings related to attachment status. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 67–80. doi:10.1017/S0954579400005563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 858. doi:10.1037/a0038498CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, J., Bundesen, C., Olson, A., Humphreys, G., Chavda, S., & Shibuya, H. (1999). Systematic analysis of deficits in visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 450. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.4.450CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eyberg, S. M., & Robinson, E. A. (1983). Conduct problem behavior: Standardization of a behavioral rating. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 12, 347–354. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1203_19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, R. (2009). The development of regulatory functions from birth to 5 years: Insights from premature infants. Child Development, 80, 544–561. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01278.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009). Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 919–927. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b21651CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, X., Shaw, D. S., Kovacs, M., Lane, T., O'Rourke, F. E., & Alarcon, J. H. (2008). Emotion regulation in preschoolers: The roles of behavioral inhibition, maternal affective behavior, and maternal depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 132–141.Google ScholarPubMed
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1994). Structured clinical interview for Axis I DSM-IV disorders. New York: Biometrics Research.Google Scholar
Forbes, E. E., Cohn, J. F., Allen, N. B., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2004). Infant affect during parent–infant interaction at 3 and 6 months: Differences between mothers and fathers and influence of parent history of depression. Infancy, 5, 61–84. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0501_3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, E. E., Fox, N. A., Cohn, J. F., Galles, S. F., & Kovacs, M. (2006). Children's affect regulation during a disappointment: Psychophysiological responses and relation to parent history of depression. Biological Psychology, 71, 264–277. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.05.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallegos, M. I., Murphy, S. E., Benner, A. D., Jacobvitz, D. B., & Hazen, N. L. (2017). Marital, parental, and whole-family predictors of toddlers’ emotion regulation: The role of parental emotional withdrawal. Journal of Family Psychology, 31, 294. doi:10.1037/fam0000245CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the revised infant behavior questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 64–86. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00169-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentile, S., & Fusco, M. L. (2017). Untreated perinatal paternal depression: Effects on offspring. Psychiatry Research, 252, 325–332. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.064CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibler, R. C., Kalomiris, A. E., & Kiel, E. J. (2018). Paternal anxiety in relation to toddler anxiety: The mediating role of maternal behavior. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49, 512–522. doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0771-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldsmith, H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the toddler behavior assessment questionnaire. Child Development, 67, 218–235. doi:10.2307/1131697CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, S. H. (2015). Infant vulnerability to psychopathology. In Calkins, S. (Ed.), Handbook of infant biopsychosocial development (pp. 392–424). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2011). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 1–27. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grolnick, W. S., & Farkas, M. (2002). Parenting and the development of children's self-regulation. Handbook of Parenting, 5, 89–110.Google Scholar
Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F. (2018). Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 75, 336–346. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayaki, J. (2009). Negative reinforcement eating expectancies, emotion dysregulation, and symptoms of bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 552–556. doi:10.1002/eat.20646CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendry, A., Jones, E. J., & Charman, T. (2016). Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictors and patterns. Developmental Review, 42, 1–33. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, C., Crnic, K. A., & Baker, J. K. (2006). Maternal depression and parenting: Implications for children's emergent emotion regulation and behavioral functioning. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6, 271–295. doi:10.1207/s15327922par0604_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hook, J. L., & Chalasani, S. (2008). Gendered expectations? Reconsidering single fathers’ child-care time. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 978–990. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00540.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, T., & Johnson, S. L. (1997). Parent–child interaction among depressed fathers and mothers: Impact on child functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 391. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.11.4.391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansson, M., Marciszko, C., Gredebäck, G., Nyström, P., & Bohlin, G. (2015). Sustained attention in infancy as a longitudinal predictor of self-regulatory functions. Infant Behavior and Development, 41, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.07.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, L. A., Evans, L., & Monk, C. (2008). Effects of mothers’ prenatal psychiatric status and postnatal caregiving on infant biobehavioral regulation: Can prenatal programming be modified? Early Human Development, 84, 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.06.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karreman, A., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. A. G., & Dekovic, M. (2008). The relation between parental personality and observed parenting: The moderating role of preschoolers’ effortful control. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 723–734. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiff, C. J., Lengua, L. J., & Zalewski, M. (2011). Nature and nurturing: Parenting in the context of child temperament. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 251. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0093-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, M. R., Lengua, L. J., Thompson, S. F., Moran, L., Ruberry, E. J., Kiff, C., & Zalewski, M. (2018). Bidirectional relations between temperament and parenting predicting preschool-age children's adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, S113–S126. doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1169537CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kline, T. J. B. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: SAGE Publishing.Google Scholar
Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., Tjebkes, T. L., & Husarek, S. J. (1998). Individual differences in emotionality in infancy. Child Development, 69, 375–390. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06196.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochanska, G., Kuczynski, L., Radke-Yarrow, M., & Welsh, J. D. (1987). Resolutions of control episodes between well and affectively ill mothers and their young children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 441–456. doi:10.1007/BF00916460CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36, 220. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopp, C. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective. Developmental psychology, 18(2), 199–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Eaton, N. R. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 454. doi:10.1037/abn0000258CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotov, R., Perlman, G., Gámez, W., & Watson, D. (2015). The structure and short-term stability of the emotional disorders: A dimensional approach. Psychological Medicine, 45, 1687–1698. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002815CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2001). The higher-order structure of common DSM mental disorders: Internalization, externalization, and their connections to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1245–1259. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00106-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lengua, L. J. (2006). Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children's transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42, 819. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.819CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lengua, L. J., Honorado, E., & Bush, N. R. (2007). Contextual risk and parenting as predictors of effortful control and social competence in preschool children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 40–55. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.10.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lengua, L. J., & Kovacs, E. A. (2005). Bidirectional associations between temperament and parenting and the prediction of adjustment problems in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 21–38. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.10.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1993). Psychosocial characteristics of adolescents with a history of suicide attempt. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 60–68. doi:10.1097/00004583-199301000-00009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202. doi:10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford press.Google Scholar
Lunkenheimer, E., Kemp, C. J., Lucas-Thompson, R. G., Cole, P. M., & Albrecht, E. C. (2017). Assessing biobehavioural self-regulation and coregulation in early childhood: The parent–child challenge task. Infant and Child Development, 26, e1965. doi:10.1002/icd.1965CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthar, S. S., Crossman, E. J., & Small, P. J. (2015). Resilience in the face of adversities. In Lamb, M. & Garcia Coll, C. (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (Seventh Edition). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201–226. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., & Barnes, A. (2018). Resilience in children: Developmental perspectives. Children, 5, 98. doi:10.3390/children5070098CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., & Monn, A. R. (2015). Child and family resilience: A call for integrated science, practice, and professional training. Family Relations, 64, 5–21. doi:10.1111/fare.12103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, L. (1992). The impact of postnatal depression on infant development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 543–561. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthen, B. (2007). Correlation between intercept and slope. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from http://www.statmodel.com/discussion/messages/14/2046.html?1203697795Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2015). Mplus user's guide (1998–2015). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., Nikles, J., Spence, S. U. E., Bor, W., O'Callaghan, M., … Andersen, M. J. (2000). Mothers’ mental illness and child behavior problems: Cause–effect association or observation bias? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 592–602. doi:10.1097/00004583-200005000-00013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesselroade, J. R. (1991). Interindividual differences in intraindividual change. In Collins, L. M. & Horn, J. L. (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change: Recent advances, unanswered questions, future directions (pp. 92–105). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nigg, J. T. (2017). Annual research review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 361–383. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12675CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NIMH, N. (2017). Any anxiety disorder. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/any-anxiety-disorder.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Parker, K., & Wang, W. (2013). Modern parenthood: Roles of moms and dads converge as they balance work and family. Retrieved from Pew Research Center website: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/03/14/modern-parenthood-roles-of-moms-anddads-converge-as-they-balance-work-and-family/.Google Scholar
Planalp, E. M., & Braungart-Rieker, J. M. (2015). Trajectories of regulatory behaviors in early infancy: Determinants of infant self-distraction and self-comforting. Infancy, 20, 129–159. doi:10.1111/infa.12068CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (1998). Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Biological Sciences, 353, 1915–1927. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0344Google ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 427–441. doi:10.1017/S0954579400003096CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437–448. doi:10.3102/10769986031004437CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, S. P., Rothbart, M. K., & Gartstein, M. A. (2008). Homotypic and heterotypic continuity of fine-grained temperament during infancy, toddlerhood, and early childhood. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 17, 387–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569–578. doi:10.2307/1129176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. (1986). Longitudinal observation of infant temperament. Developmental Psychology, 22, 356. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.3.356CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. (1989a). Biological processes in temperament. In Kohnstamm, G. A., Bates, J. E. & Rothbart, M. K. (Eds.),Temperament in childhood (pp. 77–110). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. (1989b). Temperament in childhood: A framework. In Kohnstamm, G. A., Bates, J. E. & Rothbart, M. K. (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 59–76). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., Bates, J. E., Damon, W., & Lerner, R. (2006). Handbook of child psychology. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development, 6, 99–166.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In Lamb, M. E. & Brown, A. (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 37–86). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Kieras, J. (2006). Temperament, attention, and the development of self-fegulation. In McCartney, K. & Phillips, D. (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development (pp. 338–357). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., & Rueda, M. R. (2005). The development of effortful control. In Mayr, U., Awh, E. & Keele, S. (Eds.), Developing individually in the human brain: A tribute to Michael I. Posner (pp. 167–188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., & Sheese, B. (2007). Temperament and emotion regulation. In Gross, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 331–350). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., Ziaie, H., & O'boyle, C. G. (1992). Self-regulation and emotion in infancy. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1992, 7–23. doi:10.1002/cd.23219925503CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005). The development of executive attention: Contributions to the emergence of self-regulation. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28, 573–594. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selig, J. P., & Preacher, K. J. (2009). Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research. Research in Human Development, 6, 144–164. doi:10.1080/15427600902911247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiger, J. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173–180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stgeorge, J., & Freeman, E. (2017). Measurement of father–child rough-and-tumble play and its relations to child behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal, 38, 709–725. doi:10.1002/imhj.21676CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. (1999). Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. C., Letourneau, N., Campbell, T. S., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G. F. (2017). Developmental origins of infant emotion regulation: Mediation by temperamental negativity and moderation by maternal sensitivity. Developmental Psychology, 53, 611. doi:10.1037/dev0000279CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Top, E. D., Cetisli, N. E., Guclu, S., & Zengin, E. B. (2016). Paternal depression rates in prenatal and postpartum periods and affecting factors. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30, 747–752. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tronick, E., & Beeghly, M. (2011). Infants’ meaning-making and the development of mental health problems. American Psychologist, 66, 107. doi:10.1037/a0021631CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trunko, M. E., Schwartz, T. A., Berner, L. A., Cusack, A., Nakamura, T., Bailer, U. F., … Kaye, W. H. (2017). A pilot open series of lamotrigine in DBT-treated eating disorders characterized by significant affective dysregulation and poor impulse control. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 4, 21. doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0072-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turney, K. (2012). Pathways of disadvantage: Explaining the relationship between maternal depression and children's problem behaviors. Social Science Research, 41, 1546–1564. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.06.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Bergh, B. R., van den Heuvel, M. I., Lahti, M., Braeken, M., de Rooij, S. R., Entringer, S., … Schwab, M. (2017). Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003Google ScholarPubMed
van Prooijen, D. L., Hutteman, R., Mulder, H., van Aken, M. A., & Laceulle, O. M. (2018). Self-control, parenting, and problem behavior in early childhood: A multi-method, multi-informant study. Infant Behavior and Development, 50, 28–41. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.11.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warnock, F. F., Craig, K. D., Bakeman, R., Castral, T., & Mirlashari, J. (2016). The relationship of prenatal maternal depression or anxiety to maternal caregiving behavior and infant behavior self-regulation during infant heel lance: An ethological time-based study of behavior. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 264–276. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1050-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, M. K., Tronick, E. Z., Cohn, J. F., & Olson, K. L. (1999). Gender differences in emotional expressivity and self-regulation during early infancy. Developmental Psychology, 35, 175. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Davies, M., Borus, J., … Wittchen, H. U. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): II. Multisite test–retest reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 630–636. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080038006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed