Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T19:21:25.338Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early childhood social communication deficits in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis: Associations with functioning and risk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2019

K. Juston Osborne ,
Teresa Vargas  and
Vijay A. Mittal
K. Juston Osborne*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Teresa Vargas
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Vijay A. Mittal
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: K. Juston Osborne, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL60208; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Effective social functioning requires a broad range of social communication skills that are impaired in psychosis populations. However, little is known about early childhood (4- to 5-year period) social communication during the premorbid (pre-illness) stage of psychosis. The present study utilized retrospective parent reports to examine total early childhood social communication deficits, as well as deficits in two distinct domains, reciprocal social interaction (social smiling/eye gaze) and communication (social chat/gesture), in youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis (ages 13–21; 37.2% female). Furthermore, associations between early childhood social communication and CHR youth's current functioning (social, academic/work), symptoms (positive/negative), and risk for conversion to psychosis were examined. Compared to healthy controls, CHR individuals had greater deficits in total and communication-specific early childhood social communication. Early childhood total, communication, and reciprocal social interaction deficits were associated with worse current functioning and greater current negative symptom severity (amotivation/anhedonia) in CHR youth. Early childhood total and reciprocal social interaction deficits were also associated with increased risk for conversion. These findings inform the field's understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of psychosis by extending the current developmental literature on premorbid deficits in psychosis populations to specific domains of social behavior in a critical developmental period.

Keywords

clinical high-riskearly childhoodpremorbidpsychosissocial communication
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , May 2020 , pp. 559 - 572
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addington, J., & Addington, D. (2005). Patterns of premorbid functioning in first episode psychosis: Relationship to 2-year outcome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 40–46. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00511.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, J., Liu, L., Buchy, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., … Walker, E. F. (2015). North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS 2): The prodromal symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203, 328. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000290CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, J., van Mastrigt, S., & Addington, D. (2003). Patterns of premorbid functioning in first-episode psychosis: Initial presentation. Schizophrenia Research, 62, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agnew-Blais, J., Seidman, L. J., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Smoller, J. W., Goldstein, J. M., & Buka, S. L. (2017). The interplay of childhood behavior problems and IQ in the development of later schizophrenia and affective psychoses. Schizophrenia Research, 184, 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, D. N., Frantom, L. V., Strauss, G. P., & van Kammen, D. P. (2005). Differential patterns of premorbid academic and social deterioration in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 75, 389–397. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.11.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, D. H., Kupersmidt, J. B., Voegler-Lee, M. E., & Marshall, N. A. (2012). The association between preschool children's social functioning and their emergent academic skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27, 376–386. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.12.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auther, A., Smith, C., & Cornblatt, B. (2006). Global Functioning: Social Scale (GF: Social). Glen Oaks, NY: Zucker-Hillside Hospital.Google Scholar
Bearden, C. E., Rosso, I. M., Hollister, J. M., Sanchez, L. E., Hadley, T., & Cannon, T. D. (2000). A prospective cohort study of childhood behavioral deviance and language abnormalities as predictors of adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, B. L., Perry, N. B., O'brien, M., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., & Shanahan, L. (2015). Identifying developmental cascades among differentiated dimensions of social competence and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 51, 1062. doi:10.1037/a0039472CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C.-S., & Haynes, O. M. (2010). Social competence, externalizing, and internalizing behavioral adjustment from early childhood through early adolescence: Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 717–735. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, J., & Benedict, R. H. (2001). Hopkins Cerbal Learning Test—Revised: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Brekke, J., Kay, D. D., Lee, K. S., & Green, M. F. (2005). Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 80, 213–225. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, M., Jones, P., Gilvarry, C., Rifkin, L., McKenzie, K., Foerster, A., & Murray, R. M. (1997). Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Similarities and differences. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1544–1550. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11.1544Google ScholarPubMed
Cannon, T. D., Cadenhead, K., Cornblatt, B., Woods, S. W., Addington, J., Walker, E., … McGlashan, T. (2008). Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: A multisite longitudinal study in North America. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 28–37. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, T. D., Yu, C., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cornblatt, B. A., … McGlashan, T. H. (2016). An individualized risk calculator for research in prodromal psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 980–988. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15070890CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor-Graae, E. (2007). The contribution of social factors to the development of schizophrenia: A review of recent findings. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 277–286. doi:10.1177/070674370705200502CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2000). Prosocial foundations of children's academic achievement. Psychological Science, 11, 302–306. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00260CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrión, R. E., Cornblatt, B. A., Burton, C. Z., Tso, I. F., Auther, A. M., Adelsheim, S., … Sale, T. G. (2016). Personalized prediction of psychosis: External validation of the NAPLS-2 psychosis risk calculator with the EDIPPP project. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 989–996. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15121565CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, W. C., Tang, J. Y. M., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, G. H. Y., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2013). The relationship of early premorbid adjustment with negative symptoms and cognitive functions in first-episode schizophrenia: A prospective three-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Research, 209, 353–360. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chemerinski, E., Triebwasser, J., Roussos, P., & Siever, L. J. (2013). Schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 652–679. doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_053CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Childers, S. E., & Harding, C. M. (1990). Gender, premorbid social functioning, and long-term outcome in DSM-III schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cole, V. T., Apud, J. A., Weinberger, D. R., & Dickinson, D. (2012). Using latent class growth analysis to form trajectories of premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 388. doi:10.1037/a0026922CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, W. A., & Van Dulmen, M. (2006). The significance of middle childhood peer competence for work and relationships in early adulthood. In Huston, A. C. & Ripke, M. N. (Eds.), Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. Developmental contexts in middle childhood: Bridges to adolescence and adulthood (pp. 23–40). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornblatt, B. A., Auther, A. M., Niendam, T., Smith, C. W., Zinberg, J., Bearden, C. E., & Cannon, T. D. (2007). Preliminary findings for two new measures of social and role functioning in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 688–702. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornblatt, B. A., Carrión, R. E., Addington, J., Seidman, L., Walker, E. F., Cannon, T. D., … Tsuang, M. T. (2011). Risk factors for psychosis: Impaired social and role functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 1247–1257. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr136CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T., Done, D., & Sacker, A. (1995). Childhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 61–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darling-Churchill, K. E., & Lippman, L. (2016). Early childhood social and emotional development: Advancing the field of measurement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 45, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickerson, K., Gerhardstein, P., Zack, E., & Barr, R. (2013). Age-related changes in learning across early childhood: A new imitation task. Developmental Psychobiology, 55, 719–732. doi:10.1002/dev.21068Google ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, D., Bellack, A. S., & Gold, J. M. (2006). Social/communication skills, cognition, and vocational functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 1213–1220. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dil, N. (1984). Nonverbal communication in young children. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 4, 82–99. doi:10.1177/027112148400400207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiYanni, C., Nini, D., Rheel, W., & Livelli, A. (2012). “I won't trust you if I think you're trying to deceive me”: Relations between selective trust, theory of mind, and imitation in early childhood. Journal of Cognition and Development, 13, 354–371. doi:10.1080/15248372.2011.590462CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. S., Askenasy, A. R., Krasnoff, L., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1978). Exemplification of a method for scaling life events: The PERI Life Events Scale. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 205–229. doi:10.2307/2136536CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Done, D. J., Crow, T. J., Johnstone, E. C., & Sacker, A. (1994). Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: Social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. BMJ, 309, 699–703. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6956.699CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dragt, S., Nieman, D. H., Veltman, D., Becker, H. E., van de Fliert, R., de Haan, L., & Linszen, D. H. (2011). Environmental factors and social adjustment as predictors of a first psychosis in subjects at ultra high risk. Schizophrenia Research, 125, 69–76. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.09.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esterberg, M. L., Trotman, H. D., Brasfield, J. L., Compton, M. T., & Walker, E. F. (2008). Childhood and current autistic features in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 104, 265–273. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filatova, S., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Hirvonen, N., Freeman, A., Ivandic, I., Hurtig, T., … Miettunen, J. (2017). Early motor developmental milestones and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 188, 13–20. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Findlay, L. C., Girardi, A., & Coplan, R. J. (2006). Links between empathy, social behavior, and social understanding in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 21, 347–359. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.07.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1995). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders. Albany, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Fisher, H. L., Craig, T. K., Fearon, P., Morgan, K., Dazzan, P., Lappin, J., … McGuffin, P. (2009). Reliability and comparability of psychosis patients’ retrospective reports of childhood abuse. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 546–553. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp103CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P., McGorry, P. D., & Kane, J. M. (2017). Improving outcomes of first-episode psychosis: An overview. World Psychiatry, 16, 251–265. doi:10.1002/wps.20446CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, C. M., Penn, D. L., Prinstein, M. J., Perkins, D. O., & Belger, A. (2010). Social skill and social cognition in adolescents at genetic risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 122, 179–184. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granader, Y. E., Bender, H. A., Zemon, V., Rathi, S., Nass, R., & MacAllister, W. S. (2010). The clinical utility of the Social Responsiveness Scale and Social Communication Questionnaire in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsy & Behavior, 18, 262–266. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.04.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassan, E. (2006). Recall bias can be a threat to retrospective and prospective research designs. Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 3, 339–412. doi:10.5580/2732Google Scholar
Heinz, A., Deserno, L., & Reininghaus, U. (2013). Urbanicity, social adversity and psychosis. World Psychiatry, 12, 187–197. doi:10.1002/wps.20056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, B., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Langley, J., & Silva, P. A. (1994). On the “remembrance of things past”: A longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method. Psychol og ical Assessment, 6, 92. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, L. E., Tarbox, S. I., Olino, T. M., & Haas, G. L. (2015). Trajectories of premorbid childhood and adolescent functioning in schizophrenia-spectrum psychoses: A first-episode study. Psychiatry Research, 227, 339–346. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howlin, P., & Karpf, J. (2004). Using the social communication questionnaire to identify “autistic spectrum” disorders associated with other genetic conditions: Findings from a study of individuals with Cohen syndrome. Autism, 8, 175–182. doi:10.1177/1362361304042721CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, J. E., Ershler, J., & Lawton, J. T. (1982). Intellective correlates of preschoolers' spontaneous play. Journal of General Psychology, 106, 115–122. doi:10.1080/00221309.1982.9710980CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, P., Murray, R., & Rodgers, B. (1995). Childhood risk factors for adult schizophrenia in a general population birth cohort at age 43 years. In Mednick, S. A. & Hollister, J. M. (Eds.), Neural development and schizophrenia (pp. 151–176). Boston, MA: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, P., Murray, R., Rodgers, B., & Marmot, M. (1994). Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet, 344, 1398–1402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90569-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keefe, R. S., Goldberg, T. E., Harvey, P. D., Gold, J. M., Poe, M. P., & Coughenour, L. (2004). The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: Reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 283–297. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kindler, J., Schultze-Lutter, F., Michel, C., Martz-Irngartinger, A., Linder, C., Schmidt, S. J., … Walther, S. (2016). Abnormal involuntary movements are linked to psychosis-risk in children and adolescents: Results of a population-based study. Schizophrenia Research, 174, 58–64. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knott, G. P. (1979). Nonverbal communication during early childhood. Theory Into Practice, 18, 226–233. doi:10.1080/00405847909542839CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohler, C. G., Martin, E. A., Stolar, N., Barrett, F. S., Verma, R., Brensinger, C., … Gur, R. C. (2008). Static posed and evoked facial expressions of emotions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 105, 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.05.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolvin, I. (1971). Studies in the childhood psychoses: I. Diagnostic criteria and classification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 381–384. doi:10.1192/bjp.118.545.381Google Scholar
Kupper, Z., Ramseyer, F., Hoffmann, H., & Tschacher, W. (2015). Nonverbal synchrony in social interactions of patients with schizophrenia indicates socio-communicative deficits. PLOS ONE, 10, e0145882. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145882CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, T. K., Friis, S., Haahr, U., Johannessen, J. O., Melle, I., Opjordsmoen, S., … McGlashan, T. H. (2004). Premorbid adjustment in first-episode non-affective psychosis: Distinct patterns of pre-onset course. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 108–115. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.2.108CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, J. A., Perkins, D., Belger, A., Chakos, M., Jarskog, F., Boteva, K., & Gilmore, J. (2001). The early stages of schizophrenia: Speculations on pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 884–897. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01303-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, C. H., Keshavan, M. S., Tronick, E., & Seidman, L. J. (2015). Perinatal risks and childhood premorbid indicators of later psychosis: Next steps for early psychosocial interventions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, 801–816. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv047CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011). Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID I) and Axis II disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, 75–79. doi:10.1002/cpp.693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyngberg, K., Buchy, L., Liu, L., Perkins, D., Woods, S., & Addington, J. (2015). Patterns of premorbid functioning in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 169, 209–213. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magyar, C. I., Pandolfi, V., & Dill, C. A. (2012). An initial evaluation of the Social Communication Questionnaire for the assessment of autism spectrum disorders in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33, 134–145. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e318240d3d9Google ScholarPubMed
Martínez-Pedraza, F. D. L., & Carter, A. S. (2009). Autism spectrum disorders in young children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 18, 645–663. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 491–495. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000222CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., Desjardins, C. D., McCormick, C. M., Sally, I., Kuo, C., & Long, J. D. (2010). The significance of childhood competence and problems for adult success in work: A developmental cascade analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 679–694. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000362CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattes, R., Schneider, F., Heimann, H., & Birbaumer, N. (1995). Reduced emotional response of schizophrenic patients in remission during social interaction. Schizophrenia Research, 17, 249–255. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(95)00014-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, P. C., & Altamura, M. (2011). Empirically valid strategies to improve social and emotional competence of preschool children. Psychology in the Schools, 48, 513–540. doi:10.1002/pits.20570CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, E. C., Carrión, R. E., Cornblatt, B. A., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., … Walker, E. F. (2014). The relationship of neurocognition and negative symptoms to social and role functioning over time in individuals at clinical high risk in the first phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 1452–1461. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikami, A. Y., Szwedo, D. E., Allen, J. P., Evans, M. A., & Hare, A. L. (2010). Adolescent peer relationships and behavior problems predict young adults’ communication on social networking websites. Developmental Psychology, 46, 46. doi:10.1037/a0017420CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Cadenhead, K., Ventura, J., McFarlane, W., … Woods, S. W. (2003). Prodromal assessment with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes and the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms: Predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 703–715. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Somjee, L., Markovich, P. J., Stein, K., & Woods, S. W. (2002). Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes: Preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 863–865. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.863CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Woods, S. W., Stein, K., Driesen, N., Corcoran, C. M., … Davidson, L. (1999). Symptom assessment in schizophrenic prodromal states. Psychiatric Quarterly, 70, 273–287. doi:10.1023/A:1022034115078CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millman, Z. B., Goss, J., Schiffman, J., Mejias, J., Gupta, T., & Mittal, V. A. (2014). Mismatch and lexical retrieval gestures are associated with visual information processing, verbal production, and symptomatology in youth at high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 158, 64–68. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, V. A., Jalbrzikowski, M., Daley, M., Roman, C., Bearden, C. E., & Cannon, T. D. (2011). Abnormal movements are associated with poor psychosocial functioning in adolescents at high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 130, 164–169. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, V. A., & Walker, E. F. (2009). Movement abnormalities: A putative biomarker of risk for psychosis. In Ritsner, M. (Eds.), The handbook of neuropsychiatric biomarkers, endophenotypes and genes (pp. 239–258). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monte, R. C., Goulding, S. M., & Compton, M. T. (2008). Premorbid functioning of patients with first-episode nonaffective psychosis: A comparison of deterioration in academic and social performance, and clinical correlates of Premorbid Adjustment Scale scores. Schizophrenia Research, 104, 206–213. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulligan, A., Richardson, T., Anney, R., & Gill, M. (2009). The Social Communication Questionnaire in a sample of the general population of school-going children. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 178, 193. doi:10.1007/s11845-008-0184-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolson, R., Lenane, M., Singaracharlu, S., Malaspina, D., Giedd, J. N., Hamburger, S. D., … Fernandez, T. (2000). Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: Association with risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 794–800. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.794CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niendam, T., Bearden, C., Johnson, J., & Cannon, T. (2006). Global Functioning: Role Scale (GF: Role). Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Osborne, K. J., Bernard, J. A., Gupta, T., Dean, D. J., Millman, Z., Vargas, T., … Mittal, V. A. (2017). Beat gestures and postural control in youth at ultrahigh risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 185, 197–199. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelayo-Terán, J. M., Galán, V. G. G., Martínez-García, O., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Crespo-Facorro, B., & Ayesa-Arriola, R. (2017). Rates and predictors of relapse in first-episode non-affective psychosis: A 3-year longitudinal study in a specialized intervention program (PAFIP). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267, 315–323. doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0740-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penttilä, M., Jääskeläinen, E., Hirvonen, N., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2014). Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205, 88–94. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.127753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pine, D. S., Guyer, A. E., Goldwin, M., Towbin, K. A., & Leibenluft, E. (2008). Autism Spectrum Disorder Scale scores in pediatric mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 652–661. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816bffa5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., Perkins, D. O., Graham, K. A., & Siegel, M. (2007). Emotion perception and social skill over the course of psychosis: A comparison of individuals “at-risk” for psychosis and individuals with early and chronic schizophrenia spectrum illness. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12, 198–212. doi:10.1080/13546800600985557CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pruessner, M., Cullen, A. E., Aas, M., & Walker, E. F. (2017). The neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia revisited: An update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 73, 191–218. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabiner, D. L., Godwin, J., & Dodge, K. A. (2016). Predicting academic achievement and attainment: The contribution of early academic skills, attention difficulties, and social competence. School Psychology Review, 45, 250–267. doi:10.17105/SPR45-2.250-267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramseyer, F., & Tschacher, W. (2011). Nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: Coordinated body movement reflects relationship quality and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 284. doi:10.1037/a0023419CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, P. A., Beidel, D. C., & Murray, M. J. (2008). Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism: A review and recommendations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 353–361. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0402-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, D. G., Woerner, M. G., McMeniman, M., Mendelowitz, A., & Bilder, R. M. (2004). Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 473–479. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.473CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosso, I. M., Bearden, C. E., Hollister, J. M., Gasperoni, T. L., Sanchez, L. E., Hadley, T., & Cannon, T. D. (2000). Childhood neuromotor dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: A prospective cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 367. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033459CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruhrmann, S., Schultze-Lutter, F., Salokangas, R. K., Heinimaa, M., Linszen, D., Dingemans, P., … Heinz, A. (2010). Prediction of psychosis in adolescents and young adults at high risk: Results from the prospective European prediction of psychosis study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 241–251. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). The Social Communication Questionnaire: Manual: Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services.Google Scholar
Schenkel, L. S., & Silverstein, S. M. (2004). Dimensions of premorbid functioning in schizophrenia: A review of neuromotor, cognitive, social, and behavioral domains. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 241–272. doi:10.3200/MONO.130.3.241-272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, J., Sorensen, H. J., Maeda, J., Mortensen, E. L., Victoroff, J., Hayashi, K., … Mednick, S. (2009). Childhood motor coordination and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1041–1047. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091400CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, J., Walker, E., Ekstrom, M., Schulsinger, F., Sorensen, H., & Mednick, S. (2004). Childhood videotaped social and neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia: A prospective investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2021–2027. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, A., Cappucciati, M., Radua, J., Rutigliano, G., Rocchetti, M., Dell'Osso, L., … Valmaggia, L. (2017). Improving prognostic accuracy in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis: Systematic review of predictive models and meta-analytical sequential testing simulation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43, 375–388. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw098Google ScholarPubMed
Seidman, L. J., Cherkerzian, S., Goldstein, J. M., Agnew-Blais, J., Tsuang, M. T., & Buka, S. L. (2013). Neuropsychological performance and family history in children at age 7 who develop adult schizophrenia or bipolar psychosis in the New England Family Studies. Psychological Medicine, 43, 119–131. doi:10.1017/S0033291712000773CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snow, A. V., & Lecavalier, L. (2008). Sensitivity and specificity of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the Social Communication Questionnaire in preschoolers suspected of having pervasive developmental disorders. Autism, 12, 627–644. doi:10.1177/1362361308097116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, M., Olsen, E., Niendam, T., Ragland, J. D., Yoon, J., Minzenberg, M., & Carter, C. S. (2011). From lumping to splitting and back again: Atypical social and language development in individuals with clinical-high-risk for psychosis, first episode schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 131, 146–151. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sørensen, H. J., Mortensen, E. L., Schiffman, J., Reinisch, J. M., Maeda, J., & Mednick, S. A. (2010). Early developmental milestones and risk of schizophrenia: A 45-year follow-up of the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort. Schizophrenia Research, 118, 41–47. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, G. P., Allen, D. N., Miski, P., Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B., & Carpenter, W. T. (2012). Differential patterns of premorbid social and academic deterioration in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 135, 134–138. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strous, R. D., Alvir, J. M. J., Robinson, D., Gal, G., Sheitman, B., Chakos, M., & Lieberman, J. A. (2004). Premorbid functioning in schizophrenia: Relation to baseline symptoms, treatment response, and medication side effects. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 265–278. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007077CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tandon, R., Keshavan, M. S., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2008). Schizophrenia, “just the facts” what we know in 2008: 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophrenia Research, 102, 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarbox, S. I., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., Perkins, D. O., … Heinssen, R. (2013). Premorbid functional development and conversion to psychosis in clinical high-risk youths. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4, Pt. 1), 1171–1186. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000448CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarbox, S. I., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., Perkins, D. O., … Heinssen, R. (2014). Functional development in clinical high risk youth: Prediction of schizophrenia versus other psychotic disorders. Psychiatry Research, 215, 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarbox, S. I., & Pogue-Geile, M. F. (2008). Development of social functioning in preschizophrenia children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 561. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.34.4.561CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsang, H. W., Leung, A. Y., Chung, R. C., Bell, M., & Cheung, W.-M. (2010). Review on vocational predictors: A systematic review of predictors of vocational outcomes among individuals with schizophrenia: An update since 1998. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 495–504. doi:10.3109/00048671003785716Google ScholarPubMed
Vail, A. K., Baltrušaitis, T., Pennant, L., Liebson, E., Baker, J., & Morency, L. P. (2017). Visual attention in schizophrenia: Eye contact and gaze aversion during clinical interactions. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (pp. 490–497). San Antonio, TX: IEEE.Google Scholar
van der Gaag, M., Smit, F., Bechdolf, A., French, P., Linszen, D. H., Yung, A. R., … Cuijpers, P. (2013). Preventing a first episode of psychosis: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled prevention trials of 12 month and longer-term follow-ups. Schizophrenia Research, 149, 56–62. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velthorst, E., Zinberg, J., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Carrion, R. E., … Mathalon, D. H. (2018). Potentially important periods of change in the development of social and role functioning in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 39–47. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000451CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walder, D. J., Holtzman, C. W., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K., Tsuang, M., Cornblatt, B., … Perkins, D. O. (2013). Sexual dimorphisms and prediction of conversion in the NAPLS psychosis prodrome. Schizophrenia Research, 144, 43–50. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.039CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, E. F., & Diforio, D. (1997). Schizophrenia: A neural diathesis-stress model. Psychological Review, 104, 667. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.104.4.667CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, E., & Lewine, R. J. (1990). Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1052. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.8.1052Google ScholarPubMed
Walker, E., Mittal, V., & Tessner, K. (2008). Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 189–216. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141248CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walther, S., & Mittal, V. A. (2016). Why we should take a closer look at gestures. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42, 259–261. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walther, S., Stegmayer, K., Sulzbacher, J., Vanbellingen, T., Müri, R., Strik, W., & Bohlhalter, S. (2015). Nonverbal social communication and gesture control in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, 338–345. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodberry, K. A., Giuliano, A. J., & Seidman, L. J. (2008). Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 579–587. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed