Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T22:32:00.980Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessing a change mechanism in a randomized home-visiting trial: Reducing disrupted maternal communication decreases infant disorganization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2017

Susana Tereno ,
Sheri Madigan ,
Karlen Lyons-Ruth ,
Andre Plamondon ,
Leslie Atkinson ,
Nicole Guedeney ,
Tim Greacen ,
Romain Dugravier ,
Thomas Saias  and
Antoine Guedeney
Susana Tereno*
Affiliation:
Université Paris Descartes Laboratoire de Psychologie et Processus de Santé
Sheri Madigan
Affiliation:
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary
Karlen Lyons-Ruth
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School
Andre Plamondon
Affiliation:
Université Laval, Québec City
Leslie Atkinson
Affiliation:
Ryerson University
Nicole Guedeney
Affiliation:
Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris Université Paris Diderot
Tim Greacen
Affiliation:
Etablissement Public de Santé Maison Blanche
Romain Dugravier
Affiliation:
Université Paris Diderot Institut de Puériculture de Paris
Thomas Saias
Affiliation:
Université du Québec, Montréal
Antoine Guedeney
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Psychologie et Processus de Santé Université Paris Diderot Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris INSERM CIE 801
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Susana Tereno, Institut de Psychologie (Bureau 4094), Laboratoire de Psychologie et Processus de Santé (LPPS-EA4057), Université Paris Descartes, 71 Avenue Édouard Vaillant, 92 100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Although randomized interventions trials have been shown to reduce the incidence of disorganized attachment, no studies to date have identified the mechanisms of change responsible for such reductions. Maternal sensitivity has been assessed in various studies and shown to change with intervention, but in the only study to formally assess mediation, changes in maternal sensitivity did not mediate changes in infant security of attachment (Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Toth, 2006). Primary aims of the current randomized controlled intervention trial in a high-risk population were to fill gaps in the literature by assessing whether the intervention (a) reduced disorganization, (b) reduced disrupted maternal communication, and (c) whether reductions in disrupted maternal communication mediated changes in infant disorganization. The results indicated that, compared to controls (n = 52), both infant disorganization and disrupted maternal communication were significantly reduced in the intervention group (n = 65) that received regular home-visiting during pregnancy and the first year of life. Furthermore, reductions in disrupted maternal communication partially accounted for the observed reductions in infant disorganization compared to randomized controls. The results are discussed in relation to the societal cost effectiveness of early attachment-informed interventions for mothers and infants, as well as the importance of formally assessing underlying mechanisms of change in order to improve and appropriately target preventive interventions.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 29 , Special Issue 2: Attachment in the Context of Atypical Caregiving: Harnessing Insights From a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective , May 2017 , pp. 637 - 649
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The contributions of the first and second authors to this article were equal. The Compétences parentales et Attachement dans la Petite Enfance: Diminution des risques liés aux troubles de santé mentale et Promotion de la resilience—Attachment project (CAPEDP-A) was supported by research grants from the French Ministry of Health (Hospital Clinical Research Program PHRC AOM05036), the French National Institute for Health Promotion and Health Education (INPES), the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), and the French Public Health Research Institute (IReSP, PREV0702). The Pfizer Foundation funded CAPEDP-A Phase II. The CAPEDP general project was financed with a grant from the National Ministry of Health Hospital Clinical Research Program (PHRC AOM 05056) and INPES. The sponsor was the Clinical Research and Development Department of the Assistance publique–Hôpitaux de Paris. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the current manuscript. Research support was provided to Sheri Madigan by the Alberta Children’s Hospital Foundation and the Canada Research Chairs program. We thank the CAPEDP study group, the 440 families who participated in the study, the assessment and coding teams, the members of the home-visiting team, and the research assistants, without whom this project would not have been possible. Special thanks to Jaqueline Wendland, Claire Lamas, Lauriane Vulliez-Coady, and Violaine Bekhechi for coding the AMBIANCE. We also thank Marinus H. van IJzendoorn for coding infant disorganization and for giving feedback on a draft of the manuscript.

References

Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Atkinson, L., Niccols, A., Paglia, A., Coolbear, J. H., Parker, K. C., Poulton, L., … Sitarenios, G. (2000). A meta-analysis of time between maternal sensitivity and attachment assessments: Implications for internal working models in infancy/toddlerhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 791–810. doi:10.1177/0265407500176005 Google Scholar
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 195–215. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195 Google Scholar
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.Google Scholar
Benoit, D., Madigan, S., Lecce, S., Shea, B., & Goldberg, S. (2001). Atypical maternal behavior toward feeding-disordered infants before and after intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 611–626. doi:10.1002/imhj.1022 Google Scholar
Bernard, K., & Dozier, M. (2010). Examining infants’ cortisol responses to laboratory tasks among children varying in attachment disorganization: Stress reactivity or return to baseline? Developmental Psychology, 46, 1771–1778. doi:10.1037/a0020660 Google Scholar
Bernard, K., Dozier, M., Bick, J., Lewis-Morrarty, E., Lindhiem, O., & Carlson, E. (2012). Enhancing attachment organization among maltreated children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Child Development, 83, 623–636. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01712.x Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 664–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfman, E., Madigan, S., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (1992–2009). The Atypical Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Medical School.Google Scholar
Carlson, E. A. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Development, 69, 1107–1128. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2006). Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 623–649. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060329 Google Scholar
Clarke, K., King, M., & Prost, A. (2013). Psychosocial interventions for perinatal common mental disorders delivered by providers who are not mental health specialists in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 10, e1001541. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cyr, C., Euser, E. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 87–108. doi:10.1017/s0954579409990289 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daro, D., McCurdy, K., Falconnier, L., & Stojanovic, D. (2003). Sustaining new parents in home visitation services: Key participant and program factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1101–1125. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.007 Google Scholar
DASES. (2003). La santé de la mère et de l'enfant à Paris. Evolution 1980–2002. Paris: Département de Paris DASES–PMI.Google Scholar
De Wolff, M., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571–591.Google Scholar
Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lindhiem, O., Gordon, M. K., Manni, M., Sepulveda, S., … Levine, S. (2006). Developing evidence-based interventions for foster children: An example of a randomized clinical trial with infants and toddlers. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 767–785. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00486.x Google Scholar
Dugravier, R., Tubach, F., Saias, T., Guedeney, N., Pasquet, B., Purper-Ouakil, D., … CAPEDP Study Group. (2013). Impact of a manualized multifocal perinatal home-visiting program using psychologists on postnatal depression: The CAPEDP randomized controlled trial. PLOS ONE, 8, e72216. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072216 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durlak, J. A., & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 327–350. doi:10.1007/s10464-008-9165-0 Google Scholar
Dutra, L., Bureau, J.-F., Holmes, B., Lyubchik, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2009). Quality of early care and childhood trauma: A prospective study of developmental pathways to dissociation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 383–390. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a653b7 Google Scholar
Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81, 435–456. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x Google Scholar
Fraley, R. C. (2002). Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis and dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 123–151. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_03 Google Scholar
Gomby, D. S. (2005). Home visitation in 2005: Outcomes for children and parents. Washington, DC: US Committee on Economic Development.Google Scholar
Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., Booth-LaForce, C., Fraley, R. C., Owen, M. T., Cox, M. J., & Burchinal, M. R. (2014). Stability of attachment security from infancy to late adolescence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 79(3, Serial No. 314), 51–66. doi:10.1111/mono.12113 Google Scholar
Guedeney, A., & Tereno, S. (2012). La vidéo dans l'observation d’évaluation et d'intervention en santé mentale du jeune enfant: Un outil pour la transmission. Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, 60, 261–266. doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2011.12.001 Google Scholar
Haltigan, J. D., & Roisman, G. I. (2015). Infant attachment insecurity and dissociative symptomatology: Findings from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 30–41. doi:10.1002/imhj.21479 Google Scholar
Heckman, J. J. (2010). Invest in early childhood development: Reduce deficits, strengthen the economy. Retrieved from http://heckmanequation.org/content/resource/invest-early-childhood-development-reduce-deficits-strengthen-economy Google Scholar
Heinicke, C. M., Goorsky, M., Moscov, S., Dudley, K., Gordon, J., Schneider, C., & Guthrie, D. (2000). Relationship-based intervention with at-risk mothers: Factors affecting variations in outcome. Infant Mental Health Journal, 21, 133–155. doi:10.1002/1097-0355(200007)21:3<133::aid-imhj1>3.0.co;2-p Google Scholar
Hertsgaard, L., Gunnar, M., Erickson, M. F., & Nachmias, M. (1995). Adrenocortical responses to the Strange Situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships. Child Development, 66, 1100–1106. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00925.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, R. P., Patrick, M. P. H., Hobson, J. A., Crandell, L., Bronfman, E., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2009). How mothers with borderline personality disorder relate to their year-old infants. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 325–330.Google Scholar
Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2005). The importance of parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: Evidence from a preventive intervention study in adoptive families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 263–274. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00353.x Google Scholar
Kahn, J., & Moore, K. A. (2010). What works for home visiting programs: Lessons from experimental evaluations of programs and interventions. Washington, DC: Child Trends.Google Scholar
Lieberman, A., Weston, D., & Pawl, J. H. (1991). Preventative intervention and outcome with anxiously attached dyads. Child Development, 62, 199–209.Google Scholar
Luijk, M. P. C. M., Saridjan, N., Tharner, A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., … Tiemeier, H. (2010). Attachment, depression, and cortisol: Deviant patterns in insecure-resistant and disorganized infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, 441–452. doi:10.1002/dev.20446 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, E., & Parsons, E. (1999). Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(2, Serial No. 258), 67–96.Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Bureau, J.-F., Easterbrooks, M. A., Obsuth, I., Hennighausen, K., & Vulliez-Coady, L. (2013). Parsing the construct of maternal insensitivity: Distinct longitudinal pathways associated with early maternal withdrawal. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 562–582. doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.841051 Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Bureau, J.-F., Holmes, B., Easterbrooks, A., & Brooks, N. H. (2013). Borderline symptoms and suicidality/self-injury in late adolescence: Prospectively observed relationship correlates in infancy and childhood. Psychiatry Research, 206, 273–281. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.030 Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Connell, D. B., Grunebaum, H. U., & Botein, S. (1990). Infants at social risk: Maternal depression and family support services as mediators of infant development and security of attachment. Child Development, 61, 85–98.Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., & Jacobvitz, D. (2016). Attachment disorganization from infancy to adulthood: Neurobiological correlates, parenting contexts, and pathways to disorder. In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 667–695). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., & Jacobvitz, D. (2016). Attachment disorganization: Neurobiological correlates, parenting contexts, and pathways to disorder. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Pechtel, P., Yoon, S. A., Anderson, C. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2016). Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood. Behavioural Brain Research, 308, 83–93. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.050 Google Scholar
Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Moran, G., Pederson, D. R., & Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment & Human Development, 8, 89–111. doi:10.1080/14616730600774458 Google Scholar
Madigan, S., Brumariu, L. E., Villani, V., Atkinson, L., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2016). Representational and questionnaire measures of attachment: A meta-analysis of relations to child internalizing and externalizing problems. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 367–399. doi:10.1037/bul0000029 Google Scholar
Madigan, S., Hawkins, E., Goldberg, S., & Benoit, D. (2006). Reduction of disrupted caregiver behavior using modified interaction guidance. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27, 509–527. doi:10.1002/imhj.20102 Google Scholar
Madigan, S., Moran, G., & Pederson, D. R. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, disorganized attachment relationships, and disrupted interactions of adolescent mothers and their infants. Developmental Psychology, 42, 293–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madigan, S., Moran, G., Schuengel, C., Pederson, D. R., & Otten, R. (2007). Unresolved maternal attachment representations, disrupted maternal behavior and disorganized attachment in infancy: Links to toddler behavior problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1042–1050. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01805.x Google Scholar
Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161–182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation. In Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 121–160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12, 23. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.23 Google Scholar
McDonough, K. S. (2000). Maternal emotional support, ethnic identity, and years of completed school in urban Native-American female adolescents. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61B, 2210.Google Scholar
Moran, G., Pederson, D. R., & Krupka, A. (2005). Maternal unresolved attachment status impedes the effectiveness of interventions with adolescent mothers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 231–249. doi:10.1002/imhj.20045 Google Scholar
Moss, E., Dubois-Comtois, K., Cyr, C., Tarabulsy, G. M., St.-Laurent, D., & Bernier, A. (2011). Efficacy of a home-visiting intervention aimed at improving maternal sensitivity, child attachment, and behavioral outcomes for maltreated children: A randomized control trial. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2015). Causal effects in mediation modeling: An introduction with applications to latent variables. Structural Equation Modeling, 22, 12–23. doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.935843 Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles: Author.Google Scholar
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1997). The effects of infant child care on infant-mother attachment security: Results of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Child Development, 68, 860–879. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01967.x Google Scholar
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Child-care and family predictors of preschool attachment and stability from infancy. Developmental Psychology, 37, 847–862.Google Scholar
Obsuth, I., Hennighausen, K., Brumariu, L. E., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2014). Disorganized behavior in adolescent–parent interaction: Relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology. Child Development, 85, 370–387. doi:10.1111/cdev.12113 Google Scholar
Olds, D. L. (2006). The nurse–family partnership: An evidence-based preventive intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27, 5–25. doi:10.1002/imhj.20077 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Tatelbaum, R., & Chamberlin, R. (1986). Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 77, 16–28.Google Scholar
Osofsky, J. D., Kronenberg, M., Hammer, J. H., Lederman, J. C., Katz, L., Adams, S., … Hogan, A. (2007). The development and evaluation of the intervention model for the Florida Infant Mental Health Pilot Program. Infant Mental Health Journal, 28, 259–280. doi:10.1002/imhj.20135 Google Scholar
Pearl, J. (2014). Interpretation and identification of causal mediation. Psychological Methods, 19, 459–481. doi:10.1037/a0036434 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pechtel, P., Woodman, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2012). Early maternal withdrawal and nonverbal childhood IQ as precursors for substance use disorder in young adulthood: Results of a 20-year prospective study. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 316–329. doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.3.316 Google Scholar
Pinquart, M., Feußner, C., & Ahnert, L. (2012). Meta-analytic evidence for stability in attachments from infancy to early adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 189–218. doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.746257 Google Scholar
Reynolds, A. J., Rolnick, A. J., Englund, M. M., & Temple, J. A. (2010). Childhood programs and practices in the first decade of life: A human capital integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saïas, T., Greacen, T., Tubach, F., Dugravier, R., Marcault, E., Tereno, S., … CAPEDP Study Group. (2013). Supporting families in challenging contexts: The CAPEDP project. Global Health Promotion, 20(Suppl. 2), 66–70.Google Scholar
Saias, T., Lerner, E., Greacen, T., Simon-Vernier, E., Emer, A., Pintaux, E., … CAPEDP Study Group. (2012). Evaluating fidelity in home-visiting programs: A qualitative analysis of 1058 home visit case notes from 105 families. PLOS ONE, 7, e36915. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036915 Google Scholar
Shi, Z., Bureau, J.-F., Easterbrooks, M. A., Zhao, X., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and prospectively observed quality of early care as predictors of antisocial personality disorder features. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 55–69. doi:10.1002/imhj.20295 Google Scholar
Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Guthrie, D. (2010). Placement in foster care enhances quality of attachment among young institutionalized children. Child Development, 81, 212–223. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01390.x Google Scholar
Spangler, G., & Grossmann, K. E. (1993). Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Development, 64, 1439–1450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., & Egeland, B. (1999). Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 1–13.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Collins, W. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation From Birth to Adulthood. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Tereno, S., Guedeney, N., Dugravier, R., Greacen, T., Saïas, T., Tubach, F., & Guédeney, A. (2013). Implementation and assessment of an early home-based intervention on infant attachment organisation: The CAPEDP attachment study in France. Global Health Promotion, 20(Suppl. 2), 71–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. A., & Raikes, H. A. (2003). Toward the next quarter-century: Conceptual and methodological challenges for attachment theory. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 691–718.Google Scholar
Tubach, F., Greacen, T., Saïas, T., Dugravier, R., Guedeney, N., Ravaud, P., … Guedeney, A. (2012). A home-visiting intervention targeting determinants of infant mental health: The study protocol for the CAPEDP randomized controlled trial in France. BMC Public Health, 12, 1–14. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-648 Google Scholar
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Juffer, F. (2005). Why less is more: From the dodo bird verdict to evidence-based interventions on sensitivity and early attachments. In Berlin, L. J., Ziv, Y., Amaya-Jackson, L., & Greenberg, M. T. (Eds.), Enhancing early attachments: Theory, research, intervention, and policy (pp. 297–312). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225–249.Google Scholar
Verhage, M. L., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S., Fearon, R. M. P., Oosterman, M., Cassibba, R., … van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Narrowing the transmission gap: A synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 337–366. doi:10.1037/bul0000038 Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014). Mental health: Strengthening our response. 2010. Geneva: Author.Google Scholar