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An interaction between early threat exposure and the oxytocin receptor in females: Disorder-specific versus general risk for psychopathology and social–emotional mediators

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 July 2020

Amy L. Byrd Open the ORCID record for Amy L. Byrd [Opens in a new window] ,
Irene Tung Open the ORCID record for Irene Tung [Opens in a new window] ,
Stephen D. Manuck ,
Vera Vine ,
Michelle Horner ,
Alison E. Hipwell  and
Stephanie D. Stepp
Amy L. Byrd*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Irene Tung
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Stephen D. Manuck
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Vera Vine
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Michelle Horner
Affiliation:
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Alison E. Hipwell
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Stephanie D. Stepp
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Amy L. Byrd, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; E-mail: [email protected].
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Abstract

Early threat exposure is a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, and evidence suggests that genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) moderates this association. However, it is unclear if this gene-by-environment (G×E) interaction is tied to unique risk for disorder-specific outcomes or instead increases shared risk for general psychopathology. Moreover, little is known about how this G×E interaction increases risk. The current study utilized a prospective, longitudinal sample of females (n = 2,020) to examine: (a) whether the interaction between early threat exposure and OXTR variation (rs53576, rs2254298) confers risk for disorder-specific outcomes (depression, anxiety, borderline and antisocial personality disorders) and/or general psychopathology in early adulthood; and (b) whether social–emotional deficits (emotion dysregulation, callousness, attachment quality) during adolescence constitute mediating mechanisms. Consistent with hypotheses, the interactive effects of early threat exposure and OXTR variation (rs53576) predicted general psychopathology, with threat-exposed women carrying at least one copy of the rs53576 A-allele at greatest risk. This interaction was mediated via emotional dysregulation in adolescence, with threat-exposed A-allele carriers demonstrating greater emotion dysregulation, and greater emotion dysregulation predicting general psychopathology in early adulthood. Findings suggest that this G×E places women at risk for a broad range of psychopathology via effects on emotion dysregulation.

Keywords

callousnessemotion dysregulationmaltreatmentoxytocinpsychopathology
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , October 2021 , pp. 1248 - 1263
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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