Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T00:04:45.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Profiles of primary and secondary callous-unemotional features in youth: The role of emotion regulation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2018

Stephanie G. Craig Open the ORCID record for Stephanie G. Craig [Opens in a new window]  and
Marlene M. Moretti
Stephanie G. Craig*
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
Marlene M. Moretti
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
*
Author for correspondence:Simon Fraser University, 888 University Drive RCB 5246, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6; E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

There is increasing evidence for multiple pathways in the development of callous-unemotional (CU) features, including primary and secondary profiles. Understanding affect regulation strategies among variants may provide further insight to the development and treatment of CU features. This study evaluated whether profiles of CU features could be identified within a clinical sample of youth using measures of affect dysregulation, affect suppression, anxiety, and maltreatment. We also examined whether these profiles were consistent across gender. Participants (N = 418; 56.7% female) ranged in age from 12 to 19 years (M = 15.04, SD = 1.85) and were drawn from a clinical sample. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted using five indicators, including affect regulation, suppression, anxiety, CU features, and maltreatment. The best fitting model, a four-profile solution, included a low (low CU/dysregulation), anxious (low CU/high dysregulation), primary CU (high CU/low dysregulation), and secondary CU profile (high CU/dysregulation/maltreatment). LPAs found the same four-profile model when conducted separately for males and females. This is the first study to examine gender and include affect regulation strategies in the examination of primary and secondary profiles of CU.

Keywords

adolescenceaggressioncallous-unemotionalmaltreatment
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , October 2019 , pp. 1489 - 1500
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (2009). The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA): Development, findings, theory, and applications. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.Google Scholar
Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317–332.Google Scholar
Andrade, B. F., Sorge, G. B., Na, J. J., & Wharton-Shukster, E. (2015). Clinical profiles of children with disruptive behaviors based on the severity of their conduct problems, callous–unemotional traits and emotional difficulties. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46, 567–576. doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0497-8Google Scholar
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model. Mplus Web Notes, 21, 1–22.Google Scholar
Banks, A. S., & Gregg, P. M. (1965). Grouping political systems: Q-factor analysis of a cross-polity survey.. American Behavioral Scientist, 9, 3–6. doi: 10.1177/000276426500900302Google Scholar
Bauer, D. J., & Shanahan, M. J. (2007). Modeling complex interactions: Person-centered and variable-centered approaches. In Little, T. D., Bovaird, J. A., & Card, N. A. (Eds.), Modeling contextual effects in longitudinal studies (pp. 255–283). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Association.Google Scholar
Bennett, D. C., & Kerig, P. K. (2014). Investigating the construct of trauma-related acquired callousness among delinquent youth: Differences in emotion processing. Journal of Trauma Stress, 27, 415–422. doi:10.1002/jtsGoogle Scholar
Blair, R. (1999). Responsiveness to distress cues in the child with psychopathic tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 135–145. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00231-1Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. R., Colledge, E., Murray, L., & Mitchell, D. G. V. (2001). A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 491–498. doi:10.1023/A:1012225108281Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. R., Peschardt, K., Budhani, S., Mitchell, D., & Pine, D. (2006). The development of psychopathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 262–276. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01596.xGoogle Scholar
Boyle, M. H., Offord, D. R., Racine, Y., Fleming, J. E., Szatmari, P., & Sanford, M. (1993). Evaluation of the revised Ontario child health study scales. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 189–213. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00979.xGoogle Scholar
Burke, J. D., Hipwell, A. E., & Loeber, R. (2010). Dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder as predictors of depression and conduct disorder in preadolescent girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 484–492. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.016Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2016). Socioemotional, personality, and biological development: Illustrations from a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 187–211. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033259Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Doyle, C. (2016). Child maltreatment, attachment and psychopathology: Mediating relations. World Psychiatry, 15, 89–90. doi:10.1002/wps.20337Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2009). Adaptive coping under conditions of extreme stress: Multilevel influences on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children. New Directions for Child And Adolescent Development, 124, 47–59. doi:10.1002/cd.242Google Scholar
Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cooke, S., Leschied, A. W., St. Pierre, J., Stewart, S. L., den Dunnen, W., & Johnson, A. M. (2013). BCFPI validation for a high-risk high-needs sample of children and youth admitted to tertiary care. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 22, 147–152.Google Scholar
Cunningham, C. E., Boyle, M. H., Hong, S., Pettingill, P., & Bohaychuk, D. (2009). The Brief Child and Family Phone Interview (BCFPI): 1. Rationale, development, and description of a computerized children's mental health intake and outcome assessment tool. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 416–423. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01970.xGoogle Scholar
Euler, F., Jenkel, N., Stadler, C., Schmeck, K., Fegert, J. M., Kölch, M., & Schmid, M. (2015). Variants of girls and boys with conduct disorder: Anxiety symptoms and callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 773–785. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9946-xGoogle Scholar
Evans, S. C., Pederson, C. A., Fite, P. J., Blossom, J. B., & Cooley, J. L. (2016). Teacher-reported irritable and defiant dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder: Social, behavioral, and academic correlates. School Mental Health, 8, 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-015-9163-yGoogle Scholar
Fanti, K. A., Demetriou, C. A., & Kimonis, E. R. (2013). Variants of callous-unemotional conduct problems in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescents, 42, 964–979. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9958-9Google Scholar
Fanti, K. A., & Kimonis, E. (2017). Heterogeneity in externalizing problems at age 3: Association with age 15 biological and environmental outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 53, 1230–1241. doi:0012-1649/17/$12.0Google Scholar
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2014). G*Power, version 3.1. 3. Retrieved from http://www.gpower.hhu.de/Google Scholar
Finch, H. (2015). A comparison of statistics for assessing model invariance in latent class analysis. Open Journal of Statistics, 5, 191–210. doi: 10.4236/ojs.2015.53022Google Scholar
Fontaine, N. M., McCrory, E. J., Boivin, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Viding, E. (2011). Predictors and outcomes of joint trajectories of callous–unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 730–742. doi:10.1037/a0022620Google Scholar
Frick, P. J. (2004). The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. University of New Orleans.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., Cornell, A. H., Barry, C. T., Bodin, S. D., & Dane, H. E. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 457–470. doi:10.1023/A:1023899703866Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., & Morris, A. S. (2004). Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 54–68. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_6Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Annual research review: A developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 55, 532–548. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12152Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49, 359–375. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.xGoogle Scholar
Gill, A. D., & Stickle, T. R. (2016). Affective differences between psychopathy variants and genders in adjudicated youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 295–307. doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9990-1Google Scholar
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1998). Mapping the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 170–191. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.170Google Scholar
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348Google Scholar
Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability – transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 773–796. doi:10.1O37//O033-29O9.127.6.773Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare PCL-R: Rating booklet. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Hawes, S. W., Byrd, A. L., Henderson, C. E., Gazda, R. L., Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. A. (2014). Refining the parent-reported Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in boys with conduct problems. Psychological Assessment, 26, 256–266. doi:10.1037/a0034718Google Scholar
Hawes, D. J., Dadds, M. R., Brennan, J., Rhodes, T., & Cauchi, A. (2013). Revisiting the treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 646–653. doi:10.1177/0004867413484092Google Scholar
Herzhoff, K., & Tackett, J. L. (2016). Subfactors of oppositional defiant disorder: Converging evidence from structural and latent class analyses. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 18–29.Google Scholar
Hicks, B. M., Vaidyanathan, U., & Patrick, C. J. (2010). Validating female psychopathy subtypes: Differences in personality, antisocial and violent behavior, substance abuse, trauma, and mental health. Personal Disorders 1, 38–57. doi:10.1037/a0018135Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., Heering, S., Sawyer, A. T., & Asnaani, A. (2009). How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal. Behavior Research and Therapy, 47, 389–394. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12423Google Scholar
IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.Google Scholar
Kahn, R. E., Frick, P. J., Youngstrom, E. A., Kogos Youngstrom, J., Feeny, N. C., & Findling, R. L. (2013). Distinguishing primary and secondary variants of callous-unemotional traits among adolescents in a clinic-referred sample. Psychological Assessment, 25, 966–978. doi:10.1037/a0032880Google Scholar
Karpman, B. (1941). On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: The symptomatic and the idiopathic. Journal of Criminal Psychopathology, 3, 112–137.Google Scholar
Kerig, P. K., Bennett, D. C., Thompson, M., & Becker, S. P. (2012). “Nothing really matters”: Emotional numbing as a link between trauma exposure and callousness in delinquent youth. Journal of Trauma Stress, 25, 272–279. doi:10.1002/jts.21700Google Scholar
Kimonis, E. R., Fanti, K. A., Goulter, N., & Hall, J. (2017a). Affective startle potentiation differentiates primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1149–1160. doi:10.1017/S0954579416001206Google Scholar
Kimonis, E. R., Fanti, K. A., Isoma, Z., & Donoghue, K. (2013). Maltreatment profiles among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Child Maltreatment, 18, 108–121. doi:10.1177/1077559513483002Google Scholar
Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Cauffman, E., Goldweber, A., & Skeem, J. (2012). Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Developmental Psychopathology, 24, 1091–1103. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000557Google Scholar
Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Munoz, L. C., & Aucoin, K. J. (2008). Callous-unemotional traits and the emotional processing of distress cues in detained boys: Testing the moderating role of aggression, exposure to community violence, and histories of abuse. Developmental Psychopathology, 20, 569–589. doi:10.1017/S095457940800028XGoogle Scholar
Kimonis, E. R., Goulter, N., Hawes, D. J., Wilbur, R. R., & Groer, M. W. (2017b). Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants. Developmental Psychobiology, 59, 161–173. doi:10.1002/dev.21473Google Scholar
Kimonis, E. R., Skeem, J. L., Cauffman, E., & Dmitrieva, J. (2011). Are secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy more reactively violent and less psychosocially mature than primary variants? Law and Human Behavior, 35, 381–391. doi:10.1007/s10979-010-9243-3Google Scholar
Kochanska, G. (1997). Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 33, 228–240. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.228Google Scholar
Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Stevens, K. I., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2006). Developmental trajectories of externalizing and internalizing behaviors: Factors underlying resilience in physically abused children. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 35–56. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060032PublisGoogle Scholar
Leibenluft, E. (2011). Severe mood dysregulation, irritability, and the diagnostic boundaries of bipolar disorder in youths. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 129–142. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.10.3.346Google Scholar
Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88, 767–778. doi:10.1093/biomet/88.3.767Google Scholar
Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods: Statistical analysis, (pp. 551–611). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meghani, S. H., Lee, C. S., Hanlon, A. L., & Bruner, D. W. (2009). Latent class cluster analysis to understand heterogeneity in prostate cancer treatment utilities. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 9, 47. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-9-47Google Scholar
Moretti, M. M. (2003). Affect regulation checklist. Unpublished research measure and data. Burnaby, BC (Canada): Simon Fraser University.Google Scholar
Moretti, M. M., & Braber, K. (2013). Connect: An attachment focused treatment group for parents and caregivers – A principle based manual. Burnaby, BC (Canada): Simon Fraser University.Google Scholar
Moretti, M. M., & Craig, S. G. (2013). Maternal versus paternal physical and emotional abuse, affect regulation and risk for depression from adolescence to early adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 4–13. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.015Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus user's guide, 7.Google Scholar
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535–569. doi:10.1080/10705510701575396Google Scholar
Pasalich, D. S., Dadds, M. R., Hawes, D. J., & Brennan, J. (2012). Attachment and callous-unemotional traits in children with early-onset conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 53, 838–845. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02544.xGoogle Scholar
Penney, S. R., & Moretti, M. M. (2010). The roles of affect dysregulation and deficient affect in youth violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 709–731. doi:10.1177/0093854810365446Google Scholar
Perlman, M. R., Dawson, A. E., Dardis, C. M., Egan, T., & Anderson, T. (2016). The association between childhood maltreatment and coping strategies: The indirect effect through attachment. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 177, 156–171. doi:10.1080/00221325.2016.1220912Google Scholar
Porter, S. (1996). Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 179–189. doi:10.1016/1359-1789(95)00010-0Google Scholar
Poythress, N. G. & Skeem, J. L. (2006). Disaggregating Psychopathy: Where and How to Look for Subtypes. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy, (pp. 172–192). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, N. L. & Kobak, R. (2010). Assessing adolescents' attachment hierarchies: Differences across developmental periods and associations with individual adaptation. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 678–706. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00655.xGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464.Google Scholar
Sclove, G. (1987). Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika, 52, 333–343. doi:10.1007/BF02294360Google Scholar
Sevecke, K., Franke, S., Kosson, D., & Krischer, M. (2016). Emotional dysregulation and trauma predicting psychopathy dimensions in female and male juvenile offenders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10, 1–13. doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0130-7Google Scholar
Sharf, A., Kimonis, E. R., & Howard, A. (2014). Negative life events and posttraumatic stress disorder among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36, 401–414. doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9404-zGoogle Scholar
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906–916. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.906Google Scholar
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88. doi:10.2307/351733Google Scholar
Tatar, J. R., Cauffman, E., Kimonis, E. R., & Skeem, J. L. (2012). Victimization history and posttraumatic stress: An analysis of psychopathy variants in male juvenile offenders. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 5, 102–113. doi:10.1080/19361521.2012.671794Google Scholar
Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2002). Latent class cluster analysis. In Hagenaars, J. & McCutcheon, A. (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 89–106). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar