Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:32:32.327Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 August 2018

Vivette Glover ,
Kieran J O'Donnell ,
Thomas G O'Connor  and
Jane Fisher
Vivette Glover*
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Kieran J O'Donnell
Affiliation:
McGill University Canadian Institute For Advanced Research
Thomas G O'Connor
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Medical Center
Jane Fisher
Affiliation:
Monash University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Vivette Glover, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

There is clear evidence that the mother's stress, anxiety, or depression during pregnancy can alter the development of her fetus and her child, with an increased risk for later psychopathology. We are starting to understand some of the underlying mechanisms including the role of the placenta, gene–environment interactions, epigenetics, and specific systems including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and cytokines. In this review we also consider how these effects may be different, and potentially exacerbated, in different parts of the world. There can be many reasons for elevated prenatal stress, as in communities at war. There may be raised pregnancy-specific anxiety with high levels of maternal and infant death. There can be raised interpersonal violence (in Afghanistan 90.2% of women thought that “wife beating” was justified compared with 2.0% in Argentina). There may be interactions with nutritional deficiencies or with extremes of temperature. Prenatal stress alters the microbiome, and this can differ in different countries. Genetic differences in different ethnic groups may make some more vulnerable or more resilient to the effects of prenatal stress on child neurodevelopment. Most research on these questions has been in predominantly Caucasian samples from high-income countries. It is now time to understand more about prenatal stress and psychopathology, and the role of both social and biological differences, in the rest of the world.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Special Issue 3: Developmental Origins of Psychopathology: Mechanisms, Processes, and Pathways Linking the Prenatal Environment to Postnatal Outcomes , August 2018 , pp. 843 - 854
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ansorge, M. S., Morelli, E., & Gingrich, J. A. (2008). Inhibition of serotonin but not norepinephrine transport during development produces delayed, persistent perturbations of emotional behaviors in mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 199–207. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3973-07.2008Google Scholar
Appleton, A. A., Lester, B. M., Armstrong, D. A., Lesseur, C., & Marsit, C. J. (2015). Examining the joint contribution of placental NR3C1 and HSD11B2 methylation for infant neurobehavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52, 32–42. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.004Google Scholar
Becares, L., & Atatoa-Carr, P. (2016). The association between maternal and partner experienced racial discrimination and prenatal perceived stress, prenatal and postnatal depression: Findings from the growing up in New Zealand cohort study. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15, 155. doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0443-4Google Scholar
Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., Glover, V., & O'Connor, T. G. (2010). Maternal prenatal cortisol and infant cognitive development: Moderation by infant-mother attachment. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 1026–1032. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.002Google Scholar
Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., O'Connor, T. G., Modi, N., & Glover, V. (2007). Maternal stress during pregnancy predicts cognitive ability and fearfulness in infancy. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1454–1463.Google Scholar
Betts, K. S., Williams, G. M., Najman, J. M., & Alati, R. (2014). Maternal depressive, anxious, and stress symptoms during pregnancy predict internalizing problems in adolescence. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 9–18. doi:10.1002/da.22210Google Scholar
Blackmore, E. R., Gustafsson, H., Gilchrist, M., Wyman, C., & O'Connor, G. T. (2016). Pregnancy-related anxiety: Evidence of distinct clinical significance from a prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 197, 251–258. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.008Google Scholar
Blackmore, E. R., Moynihan, J. A., Rubinow, D. R., Pressman, E. K., Gilchrist, M., & O'Connor, T. G. (2011). Psychiatric symptoms and proinflammatory cytokines in pregnancy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 656–663. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31822fc277Google Scholar
Blakeley, P. M., Capron, L. E., Jensen, A. B., O'Donnell, K. J., & Glover, V. (2013). Maternal prenatal symptoms of depression and down regulation of placental monoamine oxidase A expression. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75, 341–345. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.07.002Google Scholar
Bleker, L. S., Roseboom, T. J., Vrijkotte, T. G., Reynolds, R. M., & de Rooij, S. R. (2017). Determinants of cortisol during pregnancy—The ABCD cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 83, 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.026Google Scholar
Bonnin, A., Goeden, N., Chen, K., Wilson, M. L., King, J., Shih, J. C., … Levitt, P. (2011). A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain. Nature, 472, 347–350.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, E. C., Pickles, A., Sharp, H., Glover, V., O'Donnell, K. J., Tibu, F., & Hill, J. (2017). Maternal prenatal cortisol predicts infant negative emotionality in a sex-dependent manner. Physiology and Behavior, 175, 31–36. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.017Google Scholar
Brunst, K. J., Wright, R. O., DiGioia, K., Enlow, M. B., Fernandez, H., Wright, R. J., & Kannan, S. (2014). Racial/ethnic and sociodemographic factors associated with micronutrient intakes and inadequacies among pregnant women in an urban US population. Public Health Nutrition, 17, 1960–1970. doi:10.1017/S1368980013003224Google Scholar
Cao-Lei, L., de Rooij, S. R., King, S., Matthews, S. G., Metz, G. A. S., Roseboom, T. J., & Szyf, M. (2017). Prenatal stress and epigenetics. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.016Google Scholar
Capron, L. E., Glover, V., Pearson, R. M., Evans, J., O'Connor, T. G., Stein, A., … Ramchandani, P. G. (2015). Associations of maternal and paternal antenatal mood with offspring anxiety disorder at age 18 years. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.012Google Scholar
Capron, L. E., Ramchandani, P. G., & Glover, V. (2018). Maternal prenatal stress and placental gene expression of NR3C1 and HSD11B2: The effects of maternal ethnicity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 87, 166–172. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.019Google Scholar
Chang, J. P., Lin, C. Y., Lin, P. Y., Shih, Y. H., Chiu, T. H., Ho, M., … Su, K. P. (2017). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory markers in major depressive episodes during pregnancy. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.008Google Scholar
Chen, L., Pan, H., Tuan, T. A., Teh, A. L., MacIsaac, J. L., Mah, S. M., … Gusto Study Group. (2015). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism influences the association of the methylome with maternal anxiety and neonatal brain volumes. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 137–150. doi:10.1017/S0954579414001357Google Scholar
Conradt, E., Lester, B. M., Appleton, A. A., Armstrong, D. A., & Marsit, C. J. (2013). The role of DNA methylation of NR3C1 and 11beta-HSD2 and exposure to maternal mood disorder in utero on newborn neurobehavior. Epigenetics, 8.Google Scholar
Cookson, H., Granell, R., Joinson, C., Ben-Shlomo, Y., & Henderson, A. J. (2009). Mothers' anxiety during pregnancy is associated with asthma in their children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 123, 847–853. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.042Google Scholar
Corbijn van Willenswaard, K., Lynn, F., McNeill, J., McQueen, K., Dennis, C. L., Lobel, M., & Alderdice, F. (2017). Music interventions to reduce stress and anxiety in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 271. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1432-xGoogle Scholar
Davis, E. P., Sandman, C. A., Buss, C., Wing, D. A., & Head, K. (2013). Fetal glucocorticoid exposure is associated with preadolescent brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 647–655. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.009Google Scholar
Dutt, R., Raker, C., & Anderson, B. L. (2015). Ethnic variations in cervical cytokine concentrations and vaginal flora during pregnancy. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 73, 141–150. doi:10.1111/aji.12291Google Scholar
Entringer, S., Epel, E. S., Kumsta, R., Lin, J., Hellhammer, D. H., Blackburn, E. H., … Wadhwa, P. D. (2011). Stress exposure in intrauterine life is associated with shorter telomere length in young adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 108, E513–E518. doi:10.1073/pnas.1107759108Google Scholar
Entringer, S., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Buss, C., Shahbaba, B., Blackburn, E. H., … Wadhwa, P. D. (2013). Maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy is associated with newborn leukocyte telomere length. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 208, 134 e131–e137. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.033Google Scholar
Fernandes, M., Stein, A., Srinivasan, K., Menezes, G., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2015). Foetal exposure to maternal depression predicts cortisol responses in infants: Findings from rural South India. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41, 677–686. doi:10.1111/cch.12186Google Scholar
Fisher, J., Cabral de Mello, M., Patel, V., Rahman, A., Tran, T., Holton, S., & Holmes, W. (2012). Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90, 139G–149G. doi:10.2471/BLT.11.091850Google Scholar
Fisher, J., Tran, T. D., Biggs, B., Dang, T. H., Nguyen, T. T., & Tran, T. (2013). Intimate partner violence and perinatal common mental disorders among women in rural Vietnam. International Health, 5, 29–37. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihs012Google Scholar
Gelaye, B., Rondon, M. B., Araya, R., & Williams, M. A. (2016). Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 973–982. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30284-XGoogle Scholar
Geller, P. A., & Stasko, E. C. (2017). Effect of previous posttraumatic stress in the perinatal period. Journal of Obstetic Gynecology and Neonatal Nursing, 46, 912–922. doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.04.136Google Scholar
Glover, V. (2011). Annual Research Review: Prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 52, 356–367. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.xGoogle Scholar
Glover, V. (2014). Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 28, 25–35. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.017Google Scholar
Glover, V. (2015). Prenatal stress and its effects on the fetus and the child: Possible underlying biological mechanisms. Advances in Neurobiology, 10, 269–283. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5_13Google Scholar
Glover, V., Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., & O'Connor, T. G. (2009). Association between maternal and amniotic fluid cortisol is moderated by maternal anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 430–435. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.005Google Scholar
Glover, V., & Hill, J. (2012). Sex differences in the programming effects of prenatal stress on psychopathology and stress responses: An evolutionary perspective. Physiology and Behavior, 106, 736–740. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.011Google Scholar
Glover, V., O'Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., & ALSPAC Study Team. (2004). Antenatal maternal anxiety is linked with atypical handedness in the child. Early Human Development, 79, 107–118. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.04.012Google Scholar
Glover, V., O'Connor, T. G., & O'Donnell, K. (2010). Prenatal stress and the programming of the HPA axis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.008Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. A., Norris, S. A., & Aronoff, D. M. (2017). DOHaD at the intersection of maternal immune activation and maternal metabolic stress: A scoping review. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 8, 273–283. doi:10.1017/S2040174417000010Google Scholar
Golubeva, A. V., Crampton, S., Desbonnet, L., Edge, D., O'Sullivan, O., Lomasney, K. W., … Cryan, J. F. (2015). Prenatal stress-induced alterations in major physiological systems correlate with gut microbiota composition in adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 60, 58–74. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.002Google Scholar
Hanieh, S., Ha, T. T., Simpson, J. A., Casey, G. J., Khuong, N. C., Thoang, D. D., … Biggs, B. A. (2013). The effect of intermittent antenatal iron supplementation on maternal and infant outcomes in rural Viet Nam: A cluster randomised trial. PLOS Medicine, 10, e1001470. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001470Google Scholar
Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., Alem, A., Araya, M., Abdulahi, A., Hughes, M., … Prince, M. (2008). Detecting perinatal common mental disorders in Ethiopia: Validation of the self-reporting questionnaire and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 251–262. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.023Google Scholar
Herba, C. M., Glover, V., Ramchandani, P. G., & Rondon, M. B. (2016). Maternal depression and mental health in early childhood: An examination of underlying mechanisms in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 983–992. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30148-1Google Scholar
Heron, J., O'Connor, T. G., Evans, J., Golding, J., & Glover, V. (2004). The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.004Google Scholar
Hompes, T., Izzi, B., Gellens, E., Morreels, M., Fieuws, S., Pexsters, A., … Claes, S. (2013). Investigating the influence of maternal cortisol and emotional state during pregnancy on the DNA methylation status of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) promoter region in cord blood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 880–891. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.009Google Scholar
Horikoshi, M., Beaumont, R. N., Day, F. R., Warrington, N. M., Kooijman, M. N., Fernandez-Tajes, J., … Freathy, R. M. (2016). Genome-wide associations for birth weight and correlations with adult disease. Nature, 538, 248–252. doi:10.1038/nature19806Google Scholar
Howard, L. M., Oram, S., Galley, H., Trevillion, K., & Feder, G. (2013). Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 10, e1001452. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001452Google Scholar
Huizink, A. C., Dick, D. M., Sihvola, E., Pulkkinen, L., Rose, R. J., & Kaprio, J. (2007). Chernobyl exposure as stressor during pregnancy and behaviour in adolescent offspring. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 438–446.Google Scholar
Huizink, A. C., Robles de Medina, P. G., Mulder, E. J., Visser, G. H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2003). Stress during pregnancy is associated with developmental outcome in infancy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 810–818.Google Scholar
Hussein, J. (2017). Non-communicable diseases during pregnancy in low and middle income countries. Obstetric Medicine, 10, 26–29. doi:10.1177/1753495X16684709Google Scholar
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Downes, A. J., Jumbe, S., … Roberts, N. P. (2017). Validation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/acps.12771Google Scholar
Jasarevic, E., Howard, C. D., Misic, A. M., Beiting, D. P., & Bale, T. L. (2017). Stress during pregnancy alters temporal and spatial dynamics of the maternal and offspring microbiome in a sex-specific manner. Scientific Reports, 7, 44182. doi:10.1038/srep44182Google Scholar
Jensen Pena, C., Monk, C., & Champagne, F. A. (2012). Epigenetic effects of prenatal stress on 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 in the placenta and fetal brain. PLOS ONE, 7, e39791. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039791Google Scholar
Karlsson, L., Nousiainen, N., Scheinin, N. M., Maksimow, M., Salmi, M., Lehto, S. M., … Karlsson, H. (2017). Cytokine profile and maternal depression and anxiety symptoms in mid-pregnancy—The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 20, 39–48. doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0672-yGoogle Scholar
Kertes, D. A., Bhatt, S. S., Kamin, H. S., Hughes, D. A., Rodney, N. C., & Mulligan, C. J. (2017). BNDF methylation in mothers and newborns is associated with maternal exposure to war trauma. Clinical Epigenetics, 9, 68. doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0367-xGoogle Scholar
Khalife, N., Glover, V., Taanila, A., Ebeling, H., Jarvelin, M. R., & Rodriguez, A. (2013). Prenatal glucocorticoid treatment and later mental health in children and adolescents. PLOS ONE, 8, e81394. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081394Google Scholar
Khan, M. N., Chiumento, A., Dherani, M., Bristow, K., Sikander, S., & Rahman, A. (2015). Psychological distress and its associations with past events in pregnant women affected by armed conflict in Swat, Pakistan: A cross sectional study. Conflict and Health, 9, 37. doi:10.1186/s13031-015-0063-4Google Scholar
Khashan, A. S., Abel, K. M., McNamee, R., Pedersen, M. G., Webb, R. T., Baker, P. N., … Mortensen, P. B. (2008). Higher risk of offspring schizophrenia following antenatal maternal exposure to severe adverse life events. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 146–152.Google Scholar
Khashan, A. S., Wicks, S., Dalman, C., Henriksen, T. B., Li, J., Mortensen, P. B., & Kenny, L. C. (2012). Prenatal stress and risk of asthma hospitalization in the offspring: A Swedish population-based study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 635–641. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31825ac5e7Google Scholar
Kieling, C., Baker-Henningham, H., Belfer, M., Conti, G., Ertem, I., Omigbodun, O., … Rahman, A. (2011). Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: Evidence for action. Lancet, 378, 1515–1525. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60827-1Google Scholar
King, S., Laplante, D., & Joober, R. (2005). Understanding putative risk factors for schizophrenia: Retrospective and prospective studies. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 30, 342–348.Google Scholar
King, S., Mancini-Marie, A., Brunet, A., Walker, E., Meaney, M. J., & Laplante, D. P. (2009). Prenatal maternal stress from a natural disaster predicts dermatoglyphic asymmetry in humans. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 343–353.Google Scholar
Kinney, D. K., Munir, K. M., Crowley, D. J., & Miller, A. M. (2008). Prenatal stress and risk for autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 1519–1532. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.06.004Google Scholar
Koen, N., Brittain, K., Donald, K. A., Barnett, W., Koopowitz, S., Mare, K., … Stein, D. J. (2016). Psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: Risk factors and associations with birth outcomes in the Drakenstein Child Health Study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 28720. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.28720Google Scholar
Kooijman, M. N., Kruithof, C. J., van Duijn, C. M., Duijts, L., Franco, O. H., van, I. M. H., … Jaddoe, V. W. (2016). The Generation R Study: Design and cohort update 2017. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 1243–1264. doi:10.1007/s10654-016-0224-9Google Scholar
Lahti, M., Savolainen, K., Tuovinen, S., Pesonen, A. K., Lahti, J., Heinonen, K., … Raikkonen, K. (2017). Maternal depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy and psychiatric problems in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 30–39. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.007Google Scholar
Laplante, D. P., Barr, R. G., Brunet, A., Galbaud du Fort, G., Meaney, M. L., Saucier, J. F., … King, S. (2004). Stress during pregnancy affects general intellectual and language functioning in human toddlers. Pediatric Research, 56, 400–410.Google Scholar
Laplante, D. P., Brunet, A., & King, S. (2016). The effects of maternal stress and illness during pregnancy on infant temperament: Project Ice Storm. Pediatric Research, 79, 107–113. doi:10.1038/pr.2015.177Google Scholar
Leclercq, S., Forsythe, P., & Bienenstock, J. (2016). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Does the gut microbiome hold the key? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 204–213. doi:10.1177/0706743716635535Google Scholar
Lee, R. D., & Chen, J. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, mental health, and excessive alcohol use: Examination of race/ethnicity and sex differences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 40–48. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.004Google Scholar
Lin, Y., Hu, W., Xu, J., Luo, Z., Ye, X., Yan, C., … Tong, S. (2017). Association between temperature and maternal stress during pregnancy. Environmental Research, 158, 421–430. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.034Google Scholar
Lindsay, K. L., Buss, C., Wadhwa, P. D., & Entringer, S. (2017). The interplay between maternal nutrition and stress during pregnancy: Issues and considerations. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 70, 191–200. doi:10.1159/000457136Google Scholar
Lipton, L. R., Brunst, K. J., Kannan, S., Ni, Y. M., Ganguri, H. B., Wright, R. J., & Bosquet Enlow, M. (2017). Associations among prenatal stress, maternal antioxidant intakes in pregnancy, and child temperament at age 30 months. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Advance online publication. doi:10.1017/S2040174417000411Google Scholar
Liu, C. H., Giallo, R., Doan, S. N., Seidman, L. J., & Tronick, E. (2016). Racial and ethnic differences in prenatal life stress and postpartum depression symptoms. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30, 7–12. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.11.002Google Scholar
Maselko, J., Sikander, S., Bangash, O., Bhalotra, S., Franz, L., Ganga, N., … Rahman, A. (2016). Child mental health and maternal depression history in Pakistan. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 49–62. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1143-xGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, S. D., Fineberg, A. M., Drabick, D. A., Murphy, S. K., & Ellman, L. M. (2017). Maternal prenatal stress and other developmental risk factors for adolescent depression: Spotlight on sex differences. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0299-0Google Scholar
Mbachu, I. I., Ezeama, C., Osuagwu, K., Umeononihu, O. S., Obiannika, C., & Ezeama, N. (2017). A cross sectional study of maternal near miss and mortality at a rural tertiary centre in southern Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17, 251. doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1436-zGoogle Scholar
McAllister-Williams, R. H., Baldwin, D. S., Cantwell, R., Easter, A., Gilvarry, E., Glover, V., … endorsed by the British Association for Psychopharmacology. (2017). British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31, 519–552. doi:10.1177/0269881117699361Google Scholar
Messer, L. C., Boone-Heinonen, J., Mponwane, L., Wallack, L., & Thornburg, K. L. (2015). Developmental programming: Priming disease susceptibility for subsequent generations. Current Epidemiology Reports, 2, 37–51.Google Scholar
Milgrom, J., Holt, C., Holt, C. J., Ross, J., Ericksen, J., & Gemmill, A. W. (2015). Feasibility study and pilot randomised trial of an antenatal depression treatment with infant follow-up. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 18, 717–730. doi:10.1007/s00737-015-0512-5Google Scholar
Monk, C., Feng, T., Lee, S., Krupska, I., Champgne, F. A., & Tycko, B. (2016). Distress during pregnancy: Epigenetic regulation of placenta glucocorticoid-related genes and fetal neurobehavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 705–713. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15091171Google Scholar
Moog, N. K., Buss, C., Entringer, S., Shahbaba, B., Gillen, D. L., Hobel, C. J., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2016). Maternal exposure to childhood trauma Is associated during pregnancy with placental-fetal stress physiology. Biological Psychiatry, 79, 83–1839. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.032Google Scholar
Moog, N. K., Entringer, S., Rasmussen, J. M., Styner, M., Gilmore, J. H., Kathmann, N., … Buss, C. (2017). Intergenerational effect of maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment on newborn brain anatomy. Biological Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.07.009Google Scholar
Mulligan, C. J., D'Errico, N. C., Stees, J., & Hughes, D. A. (2012). Methylation changes at NR3C1 in newborns associate with maternal prenatal stress exposure and newborn birth weight. Epigenetics, 7, 853–857. doi:10.4161/epi.21180Google Scholar
Nemoda, Z., & Szyf, M. (2017). Epigenetic alterations and prenatal maternal depression. Birth Defects Research, 109, 888–897. doi:10.1002/bdr2.1081Google Scholar
Netsi, E., Evans, J., Wulff, K., O'Mahen, H., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2015). Infant outcomes following treatment of antenatal depression: Findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 188, 252–256. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.055Google Scholar
Nolvi, S., Karlsson, L., Bridgett, D. J., Korja, R., Huizink, A. C., Kataja, E. L., & Karlsson, H. (2016a). Maternal prenatal stress and infant emotional reactivity six months postpartum. Journal of Affective Disorders, 199, 163–170. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.020Google Scholar
Nolvi, S., Karlsson, L., Bridgett, D. J., Pajulo, M., Tolvanen, M., & Karlsson, H. (2016b). Maternal postnatal psychiatric symptoms and infant temperament affect early mother-infant bonding. Infant Behavior & Development, 43, 13–23. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.03.003Google Scholar
Nwebube, C., Glover, V., & Stewart, L. (2017). Prenatal listening to songs composed for pregnancy and symptoms of anxiety and depression: A pilot study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 256. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1759-3Google Scholar
Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics, 3, 97–106.Google Scholar
O'Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Glover, V., & ALSPAC Study Team. (2002a). Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1470–1477. doi:10.1097/00004583-200212000-00019Google Scholar
O'Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Beveridge, M., & Glover, V. (2002b). Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years. Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 502–508.Google Scholar
O'Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Glover, V., & ALSPAC Study Team. (2003). Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: A test of a programming hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 1025–1036.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, K., O'Connor, T. G., & Glover, V. (2009). Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: Focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta. Developmental Neuroscience, 31, 285–292. doi:10.1159/000216539Google Scholar
O'Donnell, K. J., Bugge Jensen, A., Freeman, L., Khalife, N., O'Connor, T. G., & Glover, V. (2012). Maternal prenatal anxiety and downregulation of placental 11beta-HSD2. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 818–826. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.014Google Scholar
O'Donnell, K. J., Glover, V., Barker, E. D., & O'Connor, T. G. (2014a). The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 393–403. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000029Google Scholar
O'Donnell, K. J., Glover, V., Holbrook, J. D., & O'Connor, T. G. (2014b). Maternal prenatal anxiety and child brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotype: Effects on internalizing symptoms from 4 to 15 years of age. Development and Psychopathology, 26(4, Pt. 2), 1255–1266. doi:10.1017/S095457941400100XGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, K. J., Glover, V., Lahti, J., Lahti, M., Edgar, R. D., Raikkonen, K., & O'Connor, T. G. (2017). Maternal prenatal anxiety and child COMT genotype predict working memory and symptoms of ADHD. PLOS ONE, 12, e0177506. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177506Google Scholar
O'Donnell, K. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2017). Fetal origins of mental health: The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 319–328. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020138Google Scholar
Olds, D., Henderson, C. R. Jr., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., … Powers, J. (1998). Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1238–1244.Google Scholar
O'Mahony, S. M., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017). Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle? Neuroscience, 342, 37–54. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068Google Scholar
Paquette, A. G., Lester, B. M., Lesseur, C., Armstrong, D. A., Guerin, D. J., Appleton, A. A., & Marsit, C. J. (2015). Placental epigenetic patterning of glucocorticoid response genes is associated with infant neurodevelopment. Epigenomics, 7, 767–779. doi:10.2217/epi.15.28Google Scholar
Pearson, R. M., Bornstein, M. H., Cordero, M., Scerif, G., Mahedy, L., Evans, J., … Stein, A. (2016). Maternal perinatal mental health and offspring academic achievement at age 16: The mediating role of childhood executive function. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 57, 491–501. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12483Google Scholar
Pearson, R. M., Evans, J., Kounali, D., Lewis, G., Heron, J., Ramchandani, P. G., … Stein, A. (2013). Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: Risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 1312–1319. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2163Google Scholar
Perroud, N., Rutembesa, E., Paoloni-Giacobino, A., Mutabaruka, J., Mutesa, L., Stenz, L., … Karege, F. (2014). The Tutsi genocide and transgenerational transmission of maternal stress: Epigenetics and biology of the HPA axis. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15, 334–345. doi:10.3109/15622975.2013.866693Google Scholar
Pickles, A., Sharp, H., Hellier, J., & Hill, J. (2017). Prenatal anxiety, maternal stroking in infancy, and symptoms of emotional and behavioral disorders at 3.5 years. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 325–334. doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0886-6Google Scholar
Plant, D. T., Jones, F. W., Pariante, C. M., & Pawlby, S. (2017). Association between maternal childhood trauma and offspring childhood psychopathology: Mediation analysis from the ALSPAC cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.117.198721Google Scholar
Qiu, A., Shen, M., Buss, C., Chong, Y. S., Kwek, K., Saw, S. M., … GUSTO Study Group. (2017). Effects of antenatal maternal depressive symptoms and socio-economic status on neonatal brain development are modulated by genetic risk. Cerebral Cortex, 27, 3080–3092. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx065Google Scholar
Radtke, K. M., Ruf, M., Gunter, H. M., Dohrmann, K., Schauer, M., Meyer, A., & Elbert, T. (2011). Transgenerational impact of intimate partner violence on methylation in the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor. Translational Psychiatry, 1, 1–6.Google Scholar
Rahman, A., Bunn, J., Lovel, H., & Creed, F. (2007). Association between antenatal depression and low birthweight in a developing country. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 481–486. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00950.xGoogle Scholar
Raikkonen, K., Martikainen, S., Pesonen, A. K., Lahti, J., Heinonen, K., Pyhala, R., … Kajantie, E. (2017). Maternal licorice consumption during pregnancy and pubertal, cognitive, and psychiatric outcomes in children. American Journal of Epidemiology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/aje/kww172Google Scholar
Raikkonen, K., Pesonen, A. K., O'Reilly, J. R., Tuovinen, S., Lahti, M., Kajantie, E., … Reynolds, R. M. (2015). Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, placental expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid and serotonin function and infant regulatory behaviors. Psychological Medicine, 45, 3217–3226. doi:10.1017/S003329171500121XGoogle Scholar
Rakers, F., Rupprecht, S., Dreiling, M., Bergmeier, C., Witte, O. W., & Schwab, M. (2017). Transfer of maternal psychosocial stress to the fetus. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.019Google Scholar
Reynolds, R. M., Pesonen, A. K., O'Reilly, J. R., Tuovinen, S., Lahti, M., Kajantie, E., … Raikkonen, K. (2015). Maternal depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy are associated with increased placental glucocorticoid sensitivity. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2023–2030. doi:10.1017/S003329171400316XGoogle Scholar
Rieder, R., Wisniewski, P. J., Alderman, B. L., & Campbell, S. C. (2017). Microbes and mental health: A review. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 66, 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.016Google Scholar
Robinson, M., Oddy, W. H., Li, J., Kendall, G. E., de Klerk, N. H., Silburn, S. R., … Mattes, E. (2008). Pre- and postnatal influences on preschool mental health: A large-scale cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 49, 1118–1128. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01955.xGoogle Scholar
Rochat, T. J., Tomlinson, M., Barnighausen, T., Newell, M. L., & Stein, A. (2011). The prevalence and clinical presentation of antenatal depression in rural South Africa. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135, 362–373. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.011Google Scholar
Rodriguez, A., & Waldenstrom, U. (2008). Fetal origins of child non-right-handedness and mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 49, 967–976.Google Scholar
Sarkar, P., Bergman, K., Fisk, N. M., & Glover, V. (2006). Maternal anxiety at amniocentesis and plasma cortisol. Prenatal Diagnosis, 26, 505–509. doi:10.1002/pd.1444Google Scholar
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. (2014). Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature, 511, 421–427. doi:10.1038/nature13595Google Scholar
Seckl, J. R., & Holmes, M. C. (2007). Mechanisms of disease: Glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal “programming” of adult pathophysiology. Nature Clinical Practice, 3, 479–488.Google Scholar
Seth, S., Lewis, A. J., Saffery, R., Lappas, M., & Galbally, M. (2015). Maternal prenatal mental health and placental 11beta-HSD2 gene expression: Initial findings from the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 27482–27496. doi:10.3390/ijms161126034Google Scholar
Simcock, G., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D. P., Kildea, S., Cobham, V., Stapleton, H., … King, S. (2017). The effects of prenatal maternal stress on early temperament: The 2011 Queensland Flood Study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 38, 310–321. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000444Google Scholar
Spinelli, M. G., & Endicott, J. (2003). Controlled clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy versus parenting education program for depressed pregnant women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 555–562.Google Scholar
Suh, D. I., Chang, H. Y., Lee, E., Yang, S. I., & Hong, S. J. (2017). Prenatal maternal distress and allergic diseases in offspring: Review of evidence and possible pathways. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research, 9, 200–211. doi:10.4168/aair.2017.9.3.200Google Scholar
Teh, A. L., Pan, H., Chen, L., Ong, M. L., Dogra, S., Wong, J., … Holbrook, J. D. (2014). The effect of genotype and in utero environment on interindividual variation in neonate DNA methylomes. Genome Research, 24, 1064–1074. doi:10.1101/gr.171439.113Google Scholar
Tibu, F., Hill, J., Sharp, H., Marshall, K., Glover, V., & Pickles, A. (2014). Evidence for sex differences in fetal programming of physiological stress reactivity in infancy. Development and Psychopathology, 26(4, Pt. 1), 879–888. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000194Google Scholar
Togher, K. L., Treacy, E., O'Keeffe, G. W., & Kenny, L. C. (2017). Maternal distress in late pregnancy alters obstetric outcomes and the expression of genes important for placental glucocorticoid signalling. Psychiatry Research, 255, 17–26. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.013Google Scholar
Tran, T. D., Hetzel, B., & Fisher, J. (2016a). Access to iodized salt in 11 low- and lower-middle-income countries: 2000 and 2010. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94, 122–129. doi:10.2471/BLT.15.160036Google Scholar
Tran, T. D., Nguyen, H., & Fisher, J. (2016b). Attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women among women and men in 39 low- and middle-income countries. PLOS ONE, 11, e0167438. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167438Google Scholar
Turner, E. L., Sikander, S., Bangash, O., Zaidi, A., Bates, L., Gallis, J., … Maselko, J. (2016). The effectiveness of the peer-delivered Thinking Healthy PLUS (THPP+) Program for maternal depression and child socioemotional development in Pakistan: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 442. doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1530-yGoogle Scholar
van Den Bergh, B. R., & Marcoen, A. (2004). High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to ADHD symptoms, externalizing problems, and anxiety in 8- and 9-year-olds. Child Development, 75, 1085–1097.Google Scholar
van den Bergh, B. R., van Calster, B., Smits, T., van Huffel, S., & Lagae, L. (2008). Antenatal maternal anxiety is related to HPA-axis dysregulation and self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence: A prospective study on the fetal origins of depressed mood. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 536–535.Google Scholar
van den Bergh, B. R. H., van den Heuvel, M. I., Lahti, M., Braeken, M., de Rooij, S. R., Entringer, S., … Schwab, M. (2017). Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003Google Scholar
van Os, J., & Selten, J. P. (1998). Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia: The May 1940 invasion of The Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 324–326.Google Scholar
Varcin, K. J., Alvares, G. A., Uljarevic, M., & Whitehouse, A. J. O. (2017). Prenatal maternal stress events and phenotypic outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1002/aur.1830Google Scholar
Vohr, B. R., Poggi Davis, E., Wanke, C. A., & Krebs, N. F. (2017). Neurodevelopment: The impact of nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy in low-resource settings. Pediatrics, 139(Suppl. 1), S38–S49. Advance online publication. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2828FGoogle Scholar
Wadhwa, P. D., Simhan, H. N., Entringer, S., Buss, C., Smith, R., Hobel, C. J., … Sing, C. F. (2012). Variation in the maternal corticotrophin releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP) gene and birth weight in Blacks, Hispanics and Whites. PLOS ONE, 7, e43931. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043931Google Scholar
Walsh, K., Basu, A., Werner, E., Lee, S., Feng, T., Osborne, L. M., … Monk, C. (2016). Associations among child abuse, depression, and interleukin-6 in pregnant adolescents: Paradoxical findings. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78, 920–930. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000344Google Scholar
Weinstock, M. (2005). The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 19, 296–308.Google Scholar
Zijlmans, K. K., Riksen-Walraven, J. M., de Vos, W. M., & de Weerth, C. (2015). Maternal prenatal stress is associated with the infant intestinal microbiota. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 53, 233–245.Google Scholar