Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T02:07:42.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Longitudinal effects of acculturation and enculturation on mental health: Does the measure matter?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 October 2018

Alan Meca ,
Seth J. Schwartz ,
Charles R. Martinez Jr.  and
Heather H. McClure
Alan Meca*
Affiliation:
Old Dominion University
Seth J. Schwartz
Affiliation:
University of Miami
Charles R. Martinez Jr.
Affiliation:
University of Oregon
Heather H. McClure
Affiliation:
University of Oregon
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Alan Meca, Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, 5155 Hampton Boulevard MGB 134A, Norfolk, VA 23529; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A great deal of research has focused on acculturation and enculturation, which represent the processes of adapting to a new culture. Despite this growing literature, results have produced inconsistent findings that may be attributable to differences in terms of the instruments used to assess acculturation and enculturation. Utilizing a 3-year longitudinal data set (with 1-year lags between assessments), the present study explored the psychometric properties of the Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire—Short Version (BIQ-S) and the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans II (ARSMA-II) and examined the overlap between changes in these measures as they relate to internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. The present sample consisted of 216 immigrant Latino youth (43% boys; mean age 13.6 years at baseline; SD = 1.44 years, range 10 to 17). Exploratory structural equation modeling identified factor structures for the BIQ-S and ARSMA-II that diverged from their hypothesized structure. Growth curve models also indicate divergence between the BIQ-S and ARSMA-II in terms of change in acculturation and enculturation processes. Finally, the present findings emphasized that measures of acculturation and enculturation are not equivalent in terms of their effects on internalizing and externalizing problems.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Special Issue 5: Cultural Development and Psychopathology , December 2018 , pp. 1849 - 1866
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Alegría, M., Canino, G., Shrout, P., Woo, M., Duan, N., Vila, D., … Meng, X. L. (2008). Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant U.S. Latino groups. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 359–369. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040704Google Scholar
Allen, M. L., Elliott, M. N., Fuligni, A. J., Morales, L. S., Hambarsoomian, K., & Schuster, M. A. (2008). The relationship between Spanish language use and substance use behaviors among Latino youth: A social network approach. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 372–390. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.02.016Google Scholar
Asfour, L., Huang, S., Ocasio, M. A., Perrino, T., Schwartz, S. J., Feaster, D. J., … Prado, G. (2017). Association between socio-ecological risk factor clustering and mental, emotional, and behavioral problems in Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 1266–1273. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0641-0Google Scholar
Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397–438. doi:10.1080/10705510903008204Google Scholar
Bauman, S. (2005). The reliability and validity of the brief acculturation rating scale for Mexican Americans—II for children and adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27, 426–441. doi:10.1177/0739986305281423Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In Padilla, A. M. (Ed.), Acculturation: Theory, models, and some new findings (pp. 9–25). Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46, 5–34. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.xGoogle Scholar
Berry, J., Phinney, J., Sam, D., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 55, 303–332. doi:10.1111/j.14640597.2006.00256.xGoogle Scholar
Birman, D. (1998). Biculturalism and perceived competence of Latino immigrant adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 335–354. doi:10.1023/A:1022101219563Google Scholar
Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In Lonner, W. J. & Berry, J. W. (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Brittian, A. S., Toomey, R. B., Gonzales, N. A., & Dumka, L. E. (2013). Perceived discrimination, coping strategies, and Mexican origin adolescents' internalizing and externalizing behaviors: Examining the moderating role of gender and cultural orientation. Applied Developmental Science, 17, 4–19. doi:10.1080/10888691.2013.748417Google Scholar
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Burrow-Sánchez, J. J., Ortiz-Jensen, C., Corrales, C., & Meyers, K. (2015). Acculturation in a pretreatment sample of Latino adolescents: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 37, 103–117. doi:10.1177/0739986314560148Google Scholar
Cabassa, L. J. (2003). Measuring acculturation: Where we are and where we need to go. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25, 127–146. doi:10.1177/0739986303025002001Google Scholar
Cauce, A. M., Coronado, N., & Watson, J. (1998). Conceptual, methodological, and statistical issues in culturally competent research. In Hernandez, M. & Isaacs, R. (Eds.), Promoting cultural competence in children's mental health services (pp. 305–329). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.Google Scholar
Causadias, J. M. (2013). A roadmap for the integration of culture into developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1375–1398. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000679Google Scholar
Chen, S. X., Benet-Martínez, V., Wu, W. C., Lam, B. C., & Bond, M. H. (2013). The role of dialectical self and bicultural identity integration in psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality, 81, 61–75. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00791.xGoogle Scholar
Cheung, G. W., & Resnvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5Google Scholar
Cuéllar, I., Arnold, B., & González, G. (1995). Cognitive referents of acculturation: Assessment of cultural constructs in Mexican Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 339–356. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(199510)23:4<339::AID-JCOP2290230406>3.0.CO;2-73.0.CO;2-7>Google Scholar
Davey, A., & Savla, J. (2010). Statistical power analysis with missing data: A structural equation modeling approach. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dennis, J. M., Fonseca, A. L., Gutierrez, G., Shen, J., & Salazar, S. (2016). Bicultural competence and the Latino 2.5 generation: The acculturative advantages and challenges of having one foreign-born and one U. S.-born parent. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 38, 341–359. doi:10.1177/0739986316653594Google Scholar
Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43, 121–149. doi:10.1177/0748175610 373459Google Scholar
Doucerain, M. M., Segalowitz, N., & Ryder, A. G. (2017). Acculturation measurement: From simple proxies to sophisticated toolkit. In Schwartz, S. J. & Unger, J. B. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of acculturation and health (pp. 97–118). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foster, S. L., & Martinez, C. R. Jr. (1995). Ethnicity: Conceptual and methodological issues in child clinical research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 214–226. doi:10.1207/ s15374424jccp2402_9Google Scholar
García Coll, G. C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Vázquez García, H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 76, 1891–1914. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.xGoogle Scholar
Gonzales, N. A., German, M., Kim, S. Y., George, P., Fabrett, F. C., Millsap, R., & Dumka, L. E. (2008). Mexican American adolescents’ cultural orientation, externalizing behavior and academic engagement: The role of traditional cultural values. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 151–164. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9152-xGoogle Scholar
Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grigsby, T. J., Forster, M., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Soto, D. W., & Unger, J. B. (2014). Do adolescent drug use consequences predict externalizing and internalizing problems in emerging adulthood as well as traditional drug use measures in a Hispanic sample? Addictive Behavior, 39, 644–651. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.021Google Scholar
Guo, X., Suárez-Morales, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Szapocznik, J. (2009). Some evidence for multidimensional biculturalism: Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance analysis on the Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire—Short Version. Psychological Assessment, 21, 22–31. doi:10.1037/a0014495Google Scholar
Jensen, L. A. (2012). Bridging universal and cultural perspectives: A vision for developmental psychology in a global world. Child Developmental Perspectives, 6, 98–104. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00213.xGoogle Scholar
Jones, N., & Mortimer, A. (2014). Measuring acculturation with the ARSMA-II: Bidimensional analysis increases accuracy as frequency of use increases over time. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 36, 387–412. doi:10.1177/0739986314548025Google Scholar
Kang, S.-M. (2006). Measurement of acculturation, scale formats, and language competence their implications for adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 669–693. doi:10.1177/0022022106292077Google Scholar
Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Harris, W. A., Lowry, R., … Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63, 1e168.Google Scholar
Kapke, T. L., Grace, M. A., Gerdes, A. C., & Lawton, K. E. (2017). Latino early adolescent mental health: Examining the impact of family functioning, familism, and global self-worth. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 5, 27–44. doi:10.1037/lat0000057Google Scholar
Kim, B. S., & Abreu, J. M. (2001). Acculturation measurement: Theory, current instruments, and future directions. In Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed., pp. 394–424). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Klein, K. M., & Wang, M. (2010). Deep-level diversity and leadership. American Psychologist, 65, 932–934. doi:10.1037/a0021355Google Scholar
Knight, G. P., Gonzales, N. A., Saenz, D. S., Bonds, D. D., Germán, M., Deardorff, J., … Updegraff, K. A. (2010). The Mexican American Cultural Values Scale for adolescents and adults. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 444–481. doi:10.1177/0272431609338178Google Scholar
Knight, G. P., Roosa, M. W., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2009). Studying ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged populations: Methodological challenges and best practices. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Lee, R. M., Yoon, E., & Liu-Tom, H.-T. T. (2006). Structure and measurement of acculturation-enculturation for Asian Americans using the ARSMA-II. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 39, 42–55. doi:10.1080/07481756.2006.11909789Google Scholar
Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
López, F. A. (2009). Developmental considerations and acculturation of children: Measures and issues. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 31, 57–72. doi:10.1177/0739986308327958Google Scholar
Lopez, M. H., Passel, J., & Rohal, M. (2015). Modern immigration wave brings 59 million to U.S., driving population growth and change through 2065: Views of immigration's impact on U.S. society mixed. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/2015/09/2015-09-28_modern-immigration-wave_REPORT.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lopez-Class, M., Castro, F. G., & Ramirez, A. G. (2011). Conceptions of acculturation: A review and statement of critical issues. Social Science & Medicine, 72, 1555–1562. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011 .03.011Google Scholar
Ma, M., Malcolm, L. R., Diaz-Albertini, K., Klinoff, V. A., Leeder, E., Barrientos, S., & Kibler, J. L. (2014). Latino cultural values as protective factors against sexual risks among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 1215–1225. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.08.012Google Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 85–110. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700.Google Scholar
Martinez, C. R., McClure, H. H., & Eddy, J. M. (2009). Language brokering contexts and behavioral and emotional adjustment among Latino parents and adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 71–98. doi:10.1177/0272431608324477Google Scholar
Martinez, C. R. Jr., McClure, H. H., Eddy, J. M., Ruth, B., & Hyers, M. J. (2012). Recruitment and retention of Latino immigrant families in prevention research. Prevention Science, 13, 15–26. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0239-0Google Scholar
Martinez, C. R. Jr., McClure, H. H., Eddy, J. M., & Wilson, D. M. (2011). Time in US residency and the social, behavioral, and emotional adjustment of Latino immigrant families. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 33, 323–349. doi:10.1177/0739986311411281Google Scholar
Martinez, C. R. Jr., Schwartz, S. J., Thier, M., & McClure, H. H. (2018). A tale of two measures: Concordance between the ARSMA-II and the BIQ acculturation scales among Latino immigrant families. Psychological Assessment, 30, 459–473. doi:10.1037/pas0000491Google Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., Hilt, L. M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Racial/ethnic differences in internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 801–816. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9128-1Google Scholar
McQueen, A., Getz, J. G., & Bray, J. H. (2003). Acculturation, substance use, and deviant behavior: Examining separation and family conflict as mediators. Child Development, 74, 1737–1350. doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00635.xGoogle Scholar
Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 568–592. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.568Google Scholar
Mehta, P. D., & West, S. G. (2000). Putting the individual back into individual growth curves. Psychological Methods, 5, 23–43. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.5.1.23Google Scholar
Mills, B. A., & Caetano, R. (2010). The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): Predictors of alcohol attitudes and expectancies in Hispanic national groups. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 790–799. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01151.xGoogle Scholar
Morales, A., & Hanson, W. E. (2005). Language brokering: An integrative review of the literature. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27, 471–503. doi:10.1177/0739986305281333Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user's guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles: Author.Google Scholar
Nguyen, A.-M. D., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 122–159. doi:10.1177/0022022111435097Google Scholar
Oetting, E. R., & Beauvais, F. (1991). Orthogonal cultural identification theory: The cultural identification of minority adolescents. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 655–685. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2002.tb00490.xGoogle Scholar
Padilla, A. M. (2006). Bicultural social development. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28, 467–497. doi:10.1177/0739986306294255Google Scholar
Phinney, J. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156–176. doi:10.1177/074355489272003Google Scholar
Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2014). Immigrant America: A portrait (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ram, N., Chow, S.-M., Bowles, R. P., Wang, L., Grimm, K., Fujita, F., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2005). Examining interindividual differences in cyclicity of pleasant and unpleasant affects using spectral analysis and item response modeling. Psychometrika, 70, 773–790. doi:10.1007/s11336-001-1270-5Google Scholar
Rivas-Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C. A., Quintana, S. M., Syed, M., Lee, R. M., … Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity in childhood and adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Development, 85, 40–57. doi:10.1111/cdev.12200Google Scholar
Romero, A. J., & Roberts, R. E. (2003). The impact of multiple dimensions of ethnic identity on discrimination and adolescents’ self-esteem. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 2288–2305. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01885.xGoogle Scholar
Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes, 79, 49–65. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.1.49Google Scholar
Saint-Jean, G. (2010). Gender differences in the salience of psychosocial mediators of the impact of acculturation on substance abuse among Hispanic youth in Florida. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 12, 166–172. doi:10.1007/s10903-008-9196-5Google Scholar
Sass, D. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2010). A comparative investigation of rotation criteria within exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 73–103. doi:10.1080/00273170903504810Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Benet-Martínez, V., Knight, G. P., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., Des Rosiers, S. E., … Szapocznik, J. (2014). Effects of language of assessment on the measurement of acculturation: Measurement equivalence and cultural frame switching. Psychological Assessment, 26, 100–114. doi:10.1037/a0034717Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., & Unger, J. B. (2010). Biculturalism and context: What is biculturalism, and when is it adaptive? Commentary on Mistry and Wu. Human Development, 53, 26–32. doi:10.1159/000268137Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Benet-Martínez, V., Meca, A., Zamboanga, B. L., … Szapocznik, J. (2015). Longitudinal trajectories of bicultural identity integration in recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents: Links with mental health and family functioning. International Journal of Psychology, 50, 440–450 doi:10.1002/ijop.12196Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Zamboanga, B. L., Córdova, D., Lorenzo-Blanco, E. I., … Szapocznik, J. (2016). Testing the parent-adolescent acculturation discrepancy hypothesis: A five-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26, 567–586. doi:10.1111/jora.12214Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Des Rosiers, S. E., Lorenzo-Blanco, E. I., Zamboanga, B. L., Huang, S., … Szapocznik, J. (2014). Domains of acculturation and their effects on substance use and sexual behavior in Hispanic recent immigrant adolescents. Prevention Science, 15, 385–396. doi:10.1007/s11121-013-0419-1Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., Cordova, D., Mason, C. A., Huang, S., … Szapocznik, J. (2015). Developmental trajectories of acculturation: Links with family functioning and mental health in recent-immigrant Hispanic adolescents. Child Development, 86, 726–748. doi:10.1111/cdev.12341Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research. American Psychologist, 65, 237–251. doi:10.1037/a0019330Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Vignoles, V. L., Brown, W., & Zagefka, H. (2014). The identity dynamics of acculturation and multiculturalism: Situating acculturation in context. In Benet-Martinez, V. & Hong, Y.-Y. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 57–96). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smokowski, P. R., & Bacallao, M. L. (2006). Acculturation and aggression in Latino adolescents: A structural model focusing on cultural risk factors and assets. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 659–673. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9049-4Google Scholar
Smokowski, P. R., & Bacallao, M. L. (2007). Acculturation risk and protective factors and mental health symptoms in immigrant Latino adolescents. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 16, 33–55. doi:10.1300/10911350802107710Google Scholar
Smokowski, P. R., Bacallao, M. L., & Buchanan, M. L. (2009). Acculturation and adjustment in Latino adolescents: How cultural risk factors and assets influence multiple domains of adolescent mental health. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 371–393. doi:10.1007/s10935-009-0179-7Google Scholar
Smokowski, P. R., Rose, R. A., Evans, C. B. R., Cotter, K. L., Bower, M., & Bacallao, M. (2014). Familial influences on internalizing symptomatology in Latino adolescents: An ecological analysis of parent mental health and acculturation dynamics. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 1191–1207. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000960Google Scholar
Stepler, R., & Lopez, M. H. (2016). U.S. Latino population growth and dispersion has slowed since onset of the great recession: South still leads nation in growth overall, but three counties in North Dakota top list of fastest-growing. Washington, DC. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/2016/09/PH_2016.09.08_Geography.pdfGoogle Scholar
Szapocznik, J., Kurtines, W. M., & Fernandez, T. (1980). Bicultural involvement and adjustment in Hispanic-American youths. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 4, 353–365. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(80)90010-3Google Scholar
Tadmor, C. T., & Tetlock, P. E. (2006). Biculturalism: A model of the effects of second-culture exposure on acculturation and integrative complexity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 173–190. doi:10.1177/0022022105284495Google Scholar
Tadmor, C. T., Tetlock, P. E., & Peng, K. (2009). Acculturation strategies and integrative complexity: The cognitive implications of biculturalism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 105–139. doi:10.1177/0022022108326279Google Scholar
Thomson, M. D., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2009). Defining and measuring acculturation: A systematic review of public health studies with Hispanic populations in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 983–991. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.011Google Scholar
Unger, J. B., Gallaher, P., Shakib, S., Ritt-Olson, A., Palmer, P. H., & Johnson, C. A. (2002). The AHIMSA Acculturation Scale: A new measure of acculturation for adolescents in a multicultural society. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 225–251. doi:10.1177/02731602022003001Google Scholar
Unger, J. B., Ritt-Olson, A., Soto, D. W., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2009). Parent–child acculturation discrepancies as a risk factor for substance use among Hispanic adolescents in Southern California. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11, 149–157. doi:10.1007/s10903-007-9083-5Google Scholar
Unger, J. B., Ritt-Olson, A., Wagner, K. D., Soto, D., & Baezconde Garbanati, L. (2007). A comparison of acculturation measures among Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 555–565. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9184-4Google Scholar
Unger, J. B., Schwartz, S. J., Huh, J., Soto, D. W., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2014). Acculturation and perceived discrimination: Predictors of substance use trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood among Hispanics. Addictive behaviors, 39, 1293–1296. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.04.014Google Scholar
Wagner, K. D., Ritt-Olson, A., Chou, C.-P., Pokhrel, P., Duan, L., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., … Unger, J. B. (2010). Associations between family structure, family functioning, and substance use among Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 24, 98–108. doi:10.1037/a0018497Google Scholar
Widaman, K. F., & Thompson, J. S. (2003). On specifying the null model for incremental fit indices in structural equation modeling. Psychological Methods, 8, 16–37. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.8.1.16Google Scholar
Yoon, E., Langrehr, K., & Ong, L. Z. (2011). Content analysis of acculturation research in counseling and counseling psychology: A 22-year review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 83–96. doi:10.1037/a0021128Google Scholar
Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S. J., Jarvis, L. H., & Van Tyne, K. (2009). Acculturation and substance use among Hispanic early adolescents: Investigating the mediating roles of acculturative stress and self-esteem. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 315–333. doi:10.1007/s10935-009-0182-zGoogle Scholar
Zane, N., & Mak, W. (2003). Major approaches to the measurement of acculturation among ethnic minority populations: A content analysis and alternative empirical strategy. In Chun, K. M., Balls Organista, P., & Marin, G. (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 39–60). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Zayas, L. H., Lester, R. J., Cabassa, L. J., & Fortuna, L. R. (2010). Why do so many Latina teens attempt suicide? A conceptual model for research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 275–287. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.275Google Scholar