Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:07:31.921Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The course of maternal repetitive negative thinking at the transition to motherhood and early mother–infant interactions: Is there a link?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 December 2018

Dana Müller*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
Tobias Teismann
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
Gerrit Hirschfeld
Affiliation:
Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Hochschule Osnabrück, Germany
Norbert Zmyj
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychology, Technical University, Dortmund, Germany
Sabrina Fuths
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
Silja Vocks
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Universität Osnabrück, Germany
Silvia Schneider
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
Sabine Seehagen
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
*
Author for correspondence: Dana Müller, Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Potential long-term associations between repetitive negative thinking and mother-infant interactions have received little attention. The current longitudinal study including N = 62 mother-infant dyads investigated both maternal and infant behavior in face-to-face interactions as a function of pre- and postnatal maternal repetitive negative thinking when infants were aged around 4 months. We hypothesised that mothers with a strong tendency to engage in repetitive negative thinking would react less contingently to their infants’ behavior compared to mothers with a weak tendency to engage in repetitive negative thinking. Furthermore, we hypothesised that infants of mothers high in repetitive negative thinking would differ from infants of mothers low in repetitive negative thinking in their reactions in the still-face task. Contrary to expectations, there was no difference in maternal contingency between mothers high versus low in repetitive negative thinking. However, infant behavior in the still-face task differed as a function of maternal repetitive negative thinking status. Specifically, infants of mothers high in repetitive negative thinking spent more time with object/environment engagement than infants of mothers who were low in repetitive negative thinking, and they also protested less frequently. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the intergenerational transmission of mental disorders.

Type
Regular Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, L. B., & Frick, J. E. (2003). The still face: A history of a shared experimental paradigm. Infancy, 4, 451473. doi:10.1207/S15327078IN0404_01Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Oxford, England: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176Google Scholar
Bahrick, L. E., & Watson, J. S. (1985). Detection of intermodal proprioceptive-visual contingency as a potential basis of self-perception in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 21, 963-973. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.6.963Google Scholar
Bakeman, R., Quera, V., & Gnisci, A. (2009). Observer agreement for timed-event sequential data: A comparison of time-based and event-based algorithms. Behavior Research: Methods, 41, 137147. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.1.137Google Scholar
Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17, 327335.Google Scholar
Bergant, A. M., Nguyen, T., Heim, K., Ulmer, H., & Dapunt, O. (1998). German language version and validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 123, 3540.Google Scholar
Bigelow, A. E. (1998). Infants’ sensitivity to familiar contingencies in social interaction. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 149162. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90060-1Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Puzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 916. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3Google Scholar
Bricker, D., & Squires, J. (1999). Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ): A parent 510 completed child-monitoring system (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing 511 Company.Google Scholar
Cohn, J. F., Campbell, S. B., & Ross, S. (1991). Infant response in the still-face paradigm at 6 months predicts avoidant and secure attachment at 12 months. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 367376. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007574Google Scholar
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782786. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782Google Scholar
Duncan, L. G., & Bardacke, N. (2010). Mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting education: Promoting family mindfulness during the perinatal period. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 190202. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9313-7Google Scholar
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 192205. doi:10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.192Google Scholar
Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Schönfeld, S., & Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 225232. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.003Google Scholar
Fairbrother, N., Young, A. H., Janssen, P., Antony, M. M., & Tucker, E. (2016). Depression and anxiety during the perinatal period. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 206. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0526-6Google Scholar
Gavin, N. I., Gaynes, B. N., Lohr, K. N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Gartlehner, G., & Swinson, T. (2005). Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106, 10711083. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.dbGoogle Scholar
Glasheen, C., Richardson, G. A., & Fabio, A. (2010). A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 13, 6174. doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0109-yGoogle Scholar
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed parents: A developmental approach to the understanding of mechanisms. Psychological Review, 106, 458490.Google Scholar
Keller, H., Kartner, J., Borke, J., Yovsi, R., & Kleis, A. (2005). Parenting styles and the development of the categorical self: A longitudinal study on mirror self-recognition in Cameroonian Nso and German families. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 496504. doi:10.1080/01650250500147485Google Scholar
Keller, H., Lohaus, A., Völker, S., Cappenberg, M., & Casiotis, A. (1999). Temporal contingency as an independent component of parenting behaviour. Child Development, 70, 474485. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00034Google Scholar
Korja, R., Savonlahti, E., Ahlqvist-Björkroth, S., Stolt, S., Haataja, L., Lapinleimu, H., … Lehtonen, L. (2008). Maternal depression is associated with mother–infant interaction in preterm infants. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 724730. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00733.xGoogle Scholar
Lamb, M. E., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (1981). Individual differences in parental sensitivity: Origins, components, and consequences. In Lamb, M. E. & Sherrod, L. R. (Eds.), Infant Social Cognition: Empirical and Theoretical Considerations (pp.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E., Thompson, R. A., Gardner, W., & Charnov, E. L. (1985). Infant–mother attachment: The origins and developmental significance of individual differences in strange situation behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Loh, C. C., & Vostanis, P. (2004). Perceived mother–infant relationship difficulties in postnatal depression. Infant and Child Development, 13, 159171. doi:10.1002/icd.347Google Scholar
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561592.Google Scholar
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-UGoogle Scholar
Mesman, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2009). The many faces of the still-face paradigm: A review and meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 29, 120162. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.02.001Google Scholar
Moehler, E., Brunner, R., Wiebel, A., Reck, C., & Resch, E. (2006). Maternal depressive symptoms in the postnatal period are associated with long-term impairment of mother–child bonding. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 9, 273278. doi:10.1007/s00737-006-0149-5Google Scholar
Moore, G. A., Cohn, J. F., & Campbell, S. B. (2001). Infant affective responses to mother's still face at 6 months differentially predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months. Developmental Psychology, 37, 706714. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.706Google Scholar
Müller, D., Teismann, T., Havemann, B., Michalak, J., & Seehagen, S. (2013). Ruminative thinking as a predictor of perceived postpartum mother–infant bonding. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 8996. doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9454-7Google Scholar
Murray, L., & Cooper, P. J. (1997). Postpartum depression and child development. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Murray, L., Cooper, P., Creswell, C., Schofield, E., & Sack, C. (2007). The effects of maternal social phobia on mother–infant interactions and infant social responsiveness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48, 4552. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610 .2006.01657.xGoogle Scholar
Murray, D., & Cox, J. L. (1990). Screening for depression during pregnancy with the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EPDS). Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 8, 99107. doi:10.1080/02646839008403615Google Scholar
Nicol-Harper, R., Harvey, A. G., & Stein, A. (2007). Interactions between mothers and infants: Impact of maternal anxiety. Infant Behavior & Development, 30, 161167. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.08.005Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.xGoogle Scholar
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A monte carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14, 535569. doi:10.1080/10705510701575396Google Scholar
O'Mahen, H. A., Boyd, A., & Gashe, C. (2015). Rumination decreases parental problem-solving effectiveness in dysphoric postnatal mothers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 47, 1824. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.09.007Google Scholar
Prenoveau, J. M., Craske, M. G., West, V., Giannakakis, A., Zioga, M., Lehtonen, A., … Stein, A. (2017). Maternal postnatal depression and anxiety and their association with child emotional negativity and behavior problems at two years. Developmental Psychology, 53, 5062. doi:10.1037/dev0000221Google Scholar
Proust-Lima, C., Philipps, V., & Liquet, B. (2017). Estimation of extended mixed models using latent classes and latent processes: The R package lcmm. Journal of Statistical Software, 78, 156. doi:10.18637/jss.v078.i02Google Scholar
Reck, C., Zimmer, K., Dubber, S., Zipser, B., Schlehe, B., & Gawlik, S. (2013). The influence of general anxiety and childbirth-specific anxiety on birth outcome. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 16, 363369. doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0344-0Google Scholar
Rennels, J. L., & Davis, R. E. (2008). Facial experience during the first year. Infant Behavior and Development, 31, 665–678. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.04.009Google Scholar
Samtani, S., & Moulds, M. L. (2017). Assessing maladaptive repetitive thought in clinical disorders: A critical review of existing measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 53, 1428. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.007Google Scholar
Schmidt, D., Seehagen, S., Hirschfeld, G., Vocks, S., Schneider, S., & Teismann, T. (2017). Repetitive negative thinking and impaired mother–infant bonding: A longitudinal study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 498507. doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9823-8Google Scholar
Schmidt, D., Seehagen, S., Vocks, S., Schneider, S., & Teismann, T. (2016). Predictive importance of antenatal depressive rumination and worrying for maternal–foetal attachment and maternal well-being. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40, 565576. doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9759Google Scholar
Shin, H., Park, Y.-J., & Kim, M. J. (2006). Predictors of maternal sensitivity during the early postpartum period. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 425434. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03943.xGoogle Scholar
Spence, S. H., Najman, J. M., Bor, W., O'Callaghan, M. J., & Williams, G. M. (2002). Maternal anxiety and depression, poverty and marital relationship factors during early childhood as predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 43, 457469. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00037Google Scholar
Squires, J., Twombly, E., Bricker, D., & Potter, L. (2009). Ages & stages user's guide (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.Google Scholar
Stein, A., Craske, M. G., Lehtonen, A., Harvey, A., Savage-McGlynn, E., Davies, B., … Counsell, N. (2012). Maternal cognitions and mother–infant interaction in postnatal depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 795809. doi:10.1037/a0026847Google Scholar
Stein, A., Lehtonen, A., Harvey, A. G., Nicol-Harper, R., & Craske, M. (2009). The influence of postnatal psychiatric disorder on child development. Psychopathology, 42, 1121. doi:10.1159/000173699Google Scholar
Stein, A., Pearson, R. M., Goodman, S. H., Rapa, E., Rahman, A., McCallum, M., … Pariante, C. M. (2014). Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. Lancet, 384, 18001819. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61277-0Google Scholar
Suveg, C., Shaffer, A., Morelen, D., & Thomassin, K. (2011). Links between maternal and child psychopathology symptoms: Mediation through child emotion regulation and moderation through maternal behavior. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42, 507520. doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0223-8Google Scholar
Tester-Jones, M., Karl, A., Watkins, E., & O'Mahen, H. (2017). Rumination in dysphoric mothers negatively affects mother–infant interactions. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 3845. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12633Google Scholar
Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 113. doi:0002-7138/78/1701Google Scholar
Tronick, E. Z., & Cohn, J. F. (1989). Infant–mother face-to-face interaction: Age and gender differences in coordination and the occurrence of miscoordination. Child Development, 60, 8592. doi:10.2307/1131074Google Scholar
Tronick, E. Z., Messinger, D. S., Weinberg, M. K., Lester, B. M., Lagasse, L., Seifer, R., … Liu, J. (2005). Cocaine exposure is associated with subtle compromises of infants’ and mothers’ social-emotional behavior and dyadic features of their interaction in the face-to-face still-face paradigm. Developmental Psychology, 41, 711722. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.5.711Google Scholar
Tronick, E., & Reck, C. (2009). Infants of depressed mothers. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 17, 147156. doi:10.1080/10673220902899714Google Scholar
Völker, S., Keller, H., Lohaus, A., Cappenberg, M., & Chasiotis, A. (2010). Maternal sensitivity in early face-to-face interactions and later attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 921936. doi:10.1080/016502599383603Google Scholar
Watkins, E., Moulds, M., & Mackintosh, B. (2005). Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 15771585. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.008Google Scholar
Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. Z. (1999). Infant and caregiver engagement phases, revised 7/99 (ICEP). Unpublished scoring manual. Boston, MA: Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Warner, V., Pilowsky, D., & Verdeli, H. (2006). Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 10011008. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1001Google Scholar
Zmyj, N., & Marcinkowski, N. (2017). The relationship between infants’ interest in feedback of self-performed actions with different latency and their parents’ temporally contingent behavior. Cognitive Development, 41, 8593. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.01.002Google Scholar