Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:57:32.999Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Ballerinas on the Dole:” Dance and the U.S. Comprehensive Employment Training Act (CETA), 1974–1982

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2017

Abstract

The Comprehensive Employment Training Act (CETA) was a program of the US federal government that employed dancers, performers, and other artists to provide public service in municipalities across the country from 1974 to 1982. This article focuses on dancers who participated in the CETA program. It describes this important source of government funding for dance and the arts that has been largely overlooked in scholarship. Through an analysis of one New York City CETA dance community performance site, it reveals the tensions present in the construct of “dance as public service.” This case study is offered as an exemplar of how the largest CETA arts program in the United States served a wide range of artists and communities. Through an analysis of two CETA dance performances at the Arthur Kill Correctional Facility in New York City, the article questions who was served by dance as public service.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Dance Studies Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

“Arthur Kills Correctional Facility CETA Arts Application.” 1978. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. New York City Municipal Archives (NYCMA). Box 34.Google Scholar
Baumer, Donald C., and Van Horn, Carl E.. 1985. The Politics of Unemployment. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.Google Scholar
Berger, Ted. 2014. Interview with author, July 24.Google Scholar
Bennett, Ralph Kinney. 1978. “CETA: $11 Billion Boondoggle.” Reader's Digest. August, 72–76.Google Scholar
Benston, Kimberly. 2000. Performing Blackness: Enactments of African-American Modernism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Lee. 2010. America is the Prison: Arts and Politics in Prison in the 1970s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Roslyn. 1978. “Artists on Salary: Funds for the Starving Class.” New York Magazine. August 21, 45–49.Google Scholar
Binkiewicz, Donna M. 2004. Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Blair, Joan D. 1978. Letter to Jose Cardona. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 14.Google Scholar
Bolton, Richard. 1992. Culture Wars: Documents from the Recent Controversies in the Arts. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Borstelmann, Thomas. 2012. The 1970s: A New Global History from Civil Rights to Economic Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bowers, Martha. 2014. Interview with author, August 25.Google Scholar
“CCF AP January 1980 Dancers’ Directory.” 1980. Dancers Directory 79–80, Folder. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 37.Google Scholar
“CETA Artists Project: History.” 1978. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 17.Google Scholar
“Community Sponsor Application.” CCF/AP Community Sponsor Application 1978. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 15.Google Scholar
Conley, Gordon. 1978. “Broadway Comes to Arthur Kill” Holly Harbinger Folder. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 47.Google Scholar
Cowen, Tyler. 2006. Good and Plenty: The Creative Successes of American Arts Funding. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
“Cultural Council Foundation: CETA Artists Project.” 1978. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 17.Google Scholar
“Cultural Council Foundation 1979–80 Artists Project.” 1979. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 17.Google Scholar
Cummings, Judith. 1977. “U.S. Hiring 300 Artists for a Year to Work on Community Projects.” The New York Times. December 30.Google Scholar
“Dances by Kathryn Bernson and Stormy Mullis.” Circa 1977. Bernson, Kathryn, Personnel Folder. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 42.Google Scholar
Dixon Gottschild, Brenda. 1996. Digging the Africanist Presence in American Performance: Dance and Other Contexts. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing.Google Scholar
Dixon Gottschild, Brenda. 2012. Joan Myers Brown and the Audacious Hope of the Black Ballerina: A Biohistory of American Performance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dubin, Steven C. 1987. Bureaucratizing the Muse: Public Funds and the Cultural Worker. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dunning, Jennifer. 1978. “Mitchell Rose Offers His Dances”. The New York Times. April 15, 13.Google Scholar
Dunning, Jennifer. 1991. “Charles (Cookie) Cook, Tap Dancer and Teacher.” The New York Times. August 10, 26.Google Scholar
Form, Final Disposition. 1978. Trisha Brown Folder. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. March 16. NYCMA. Box 27.Google Scholar
Geary, Daniel. 2015. Beyond Civil Rights: The Moynihan Report and its Legacy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Jane. 2014. Interview with author, July 10.Google Scholar
Hargrove, Erwin C., and Dean, Gillian. 1980. “Federal Authority and Grass-roots Accountability: The Case of CETA.” Policy Analysis 6 (2): 127–49.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hinton, Elizabeth. 2016. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Anthony D., and Barnett, Douglas Q.. 2008. Historical Dictionary of African American Theater. New York: Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, George. 1970. Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson. New York: Coward-McCann.Google Scholar
Koch, George. 2014. Interview with author, August 25.Google Scholar
Kreidler, John. 1974. “City and County of San Francisco Art Commission Neighborhood Arts Program: Proposed Artists in Residence Project.” San Francisco: John Kreidler Personal Collection.Google Scholar
Kreidler, John. 1975. “Artistic Applications of CETA.” Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. New York City Municipal Archives. NYCMA. Box 36.Google Scholar
Kreidler, John. 2014. Interview with author, March 31.Google Scholar
Kriegsman, Alan. 1979. “Performing Arts: Rose and Bowers.” The Washington Post. February 17, C11.Google Scholar
Lagos, Marisa. 2009. “Martin Snipper, S.F. Backer of Public Art, Dies.” San Francisco Gate. January 3. http://www.sfgate.com. Accessed October 31, 2014).Google Scholar
La Giglia, Anthony. 1979. “Comment Sheet, Kathryn Bernson.” Bernson, Kathryn, Personnel Folder. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 42.Google Scholar
Laine, Barry. 1979. “CETA Helps them Work at their Art.” The New York Times. June 22, D10.Google Scholar
Marshall, Catherine, and Rossman, Gretchen B.. 2011. Designing Qualitative Research: Fifth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Martinson, Robert. 1974. “What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform.” The Public Interest 35: 2254.Google Scholar
McPherson, Elizabeth. 2012. “Helen Tamiris (1902–1966).” Danceheritage.org. http://www.danceheritage.org/treasures/tamiris_essay_mcpherson.pdf. Accessed April 27, 2014.Google Scholar
Mucciaroni, Gary. 1990. The Political Failure of Employment Policy, 1945–1982. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Mullis, Stormy. 1978. “Performances 1978.” Bernson, Kathryn, Personnel Folder. Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 42.Google Scholar
Nolan, Michael. 2008. “No Artist Left Behind: A New WPA Program for Local Artists?” San Francisco Bay Guardian. December 23. http://www.sfbg.com/2008/12/24/no-artist-left-behind. Accessed April 27, 2014.Google Scholar
Quinn, Susan. 2008. Furious Improvisation: How the WPA and a Cast of Thousands Made High Art Out of Desperate Times. New York: Walker.Google Scholar
Rivera-Servera, Ramón H. 2012. Performing Queer Latinidad: Dance, Sexuality, Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Rose, Mitchell. 2015. Interview with author, August 19.Google Scholar
Rose, Nancy E. 1993. “Gender, Race, and the Welfare State: Government Work Programs from the 1930s to the Present.” Feminist Studies 19 (2): 318–42.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Susan. 2017. Trisha Brown: Choreography as Visual Art. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Janice. 2008. “Doing Time: Dance and Prison.” In Dance, Human Rights, and Social Justice: Dignity in Motion, edited by Jackson, Naomi and Shapiro-Phim, Toni, 270–84. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Bonnie Nelson. 2003. Voices from the Federal Theatre. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Schulman, Bruce J. 2001. The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Slovin, Rochelle. 2014. Interview with author, June 26.Google Scholar
Sonntag, Douglas. 2008. “Dance.” In National Endowment for the Arts: A History, 1965–2008, edited by Bauerlein, Mark, 171–84. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts.Google Scholar
Startzel, Donna C., and Patrice Walker, A.. 1981. The CETA Arts and Humanities Experience. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.Google Scholar
Valis Hill, Constance. 2010. Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Way, Brenda. 2014. Interview with author, April 1.Google Scholar
Weir, Margaret. 1992. Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, Ted. 1979. “Statement by Rep. Weiss on the Federal Artists Program for Delivery on the House Floor, Oct. 9.1979.” Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 40.Google Scholar
Weiss, Ted. circa 1980. “News Release: Arts Endowment Bill to Aid Individual Artists.” Department of Employment: Cultural Council Foundation Artists Project. NYCMA. Box 17.Google Scholar
Wilson, James Q. 1975. Thinking About Crime. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Zarefsky, David. 1986. President Johnson's War on Poverty: Rhetoric and History. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar