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What Incredible Yearnings Human Beings Have

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2013

DAGMAR HERZOG
DAGMAR HERZOG*
Affiliation:
History Department, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; [email protected]
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Extract

I was preoccupied by a number of puzzles during the time I was researching and writing Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History. Among other things, I was interested in the puzzle of historical causation. I was curious to use the tools of comparative history as well as the study of transnational flows of people and ideas, and of market forces and wars and diplomatic pressures, to understand what particular conjunctions of multiple factors may have caused sexual cultures (including laws, behaviours, and values) to move either in more liberal-progressive or more neotraditionalist-conservative or overtly repressive directions. At the same time, and throughout, I was all too acutely aware that ‘sexuality’ – that elusive and contested ‘it’ – was and is precisely one of those realms of human existence that continually defy and confuse our assumptions about what exactly constitutes restriction or liberation. I was thus also especially interested to reconstruct as well as possible, using the broadest range of types of sources, how exactly people in the past expressed how they imagined and experienced whatever they thought sexuality was and, in addition, how they battled over the ethics of sexual matters. On the one hand, sexuality – like faith or work – is one of those phenomena in which representations and reality are inevitably inextricable, and I was constantly fascinated with how people grappled with that inextricability, in all its complex manifestations. After all, not only what was considered appropriate or normal or good (in the eyes of God, or the neighbours, or the doctors, or the activists, or the popular advice-writers), but also what was considered (or even physiologically felt) as anxiety-producing or immoral and/or – not least – as sexually thrilling or deeply satisfying has clearly varied considerably across time and place. On the other hand, I was particularly interested in the recurrent and remarkable gaps between lived experiences and personal, private insights, and that which was perceived to be publicly, politically defensible. The gap between the quietly lived and the openly articulable could be stark; it often took tremendous courage to defend sexual freedom, in dictatorships certainly, but also in democracies. I therefore also paid special attention to how those defences were framed, in each place and moment, and with what intended and unintended effects. So while the twentieth century in Europe is often called ‘the century of sex’ and seen as an era of increasing liberalisation, I was convinced of the need to complicate the liberalisation paradigm.

Type
Forum: Dagmar Herzog's Sexuality in Europe
Information
Contemporary European History , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , May 2013 , pp. 303 - 317
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013

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References

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24 Jajeśniak-Quast, Dagmara, ‘Soziale und politische Konflikte der Stahlarbeiter von Nowa Huta während der Sozialistischen Transformation’, Bohemia: Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, 42, 2 (2001), 244–68Google Scholar.

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26 See especially the work of the leading sexuality researcher in Poland, the sociologist Mikołaj Kozakiewicz of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw and also President of the Polish Family Development Association (and, from 1985 to 1989 a deputy to, and from 1989 to 1993 a member of the Polish Sejm and eventually the marshal of the Sejm, 1989–1991). Kozakiewicz was affiliated with the International Planned Parenthood Federation, promoted a liberal attitude towards youth sexuality, and advocated for homosexual rights. Kozakiewicz, Mikołaj, ‘Zu einigen Veränderungen des Sexualverhaltens der Jugend in Polen’, Informationen des wissenschaftlichen Beirats ‘Die Frau in der sozialistischen Gesellschaft’, 6 (1976), 54–8Google Scholar.

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34 Quoted in Martel, Frédéric, The Pink and the Black: Homosexuals in France since 1968 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), 17Google Scholar.

35 Milena in the film by Dušan Makavejev, W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism (1971).

36 Günter Amendt quoted in Dieter E. Zimmer, ‘Schlamperei’, Die Zeit, 15 Sep. 1978, http://www.zeit.de/1978/38/schlamperei (last visited 29 Jan. 2013).

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38 Alex Comfort quoted in Acland, Richard, ‘Chastity or What?’ in Sadler, Richard, ed., Sexual Morality: Three Views (London: Arlington Books Publishers Ltd., 1965), 20Google Scholar; the slogan was later used by West German gay rights activists as well.

39 Quoted in Geschichten, Rosa, Eine Tunte bist du auf jeden Fall: 20 Jahre Schwulenbewegung in Münster (Münster: Schnelldruck Coerdestrasse, 1992), 16Google Scholar.

40 Adorno, Theodor, ‘Sexual Taboos and Law Today’, in Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005) 72–3, 77Google Scholar.

41 Ibid., 75.

42 Adorno, ‘Sexual Taboos’, 81–2.