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Pimps, Prostitutes and Policewomen: The Polish Women Police and the International Campaign against the Traffic in Women and Children between the World Wars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2015

DAVID PETRUCCELLI
DAVID PETRUCCELLI*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Yale University, 320 York Street, P.O. Box 208324, New Haven, CT 06520–8324, USA; [email protected]
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Abstract

Women entered police service between the wars in much of the world as a result of agitation by the international women's movement and the League of Nations. Nearly everywhere a gendered division of police work emerged, with female police primarily responsible for social welfare tasks and their male colleagues handling investigations and arrests. Poland represented a notable exception. Tapping into both international and national concerns, Polish policewomen laid claim to extensive powers by invoking the grave threat of the traffic in women. This focus on trafficking had a paradoxical effect, expanding the possibilities for female policing even as it justified a range of restrictive measures against prostitutes and poor female emigrants.

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Articles
Information
Contemporary European History , Volume 24 , Issue 3 , August 2015 , pp. 333 - 350
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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References

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39 See for instance ‘Komendantka Policji Kobiecej’, Kobieta Współczesna: Ilustrowany Tygodnik Społeczno-Literacki, 2, 3 (15 Jan. 1928), 17; ‘Aspirantka policji państwowej’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 7 Jan. 1928, 6.

40 League of Nations Document C.T.F.E. 509, 18/19.

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49 Paleolog, Women Police, 22–6; League of Nations Document C.T.F.E.509, 18/19; Komenda Główna Policji Pańtwowej to Polski Komitet Walki z Handlem Kobietami i Dziećmi, 11 Dec. 1936, AAN MOS 237, 1.

50 Based on a search of the terms ‘policja kobieca’ (Women Police), ‘policjantka’ (policewoman) and ‘Paleolog,’ with the results then checked for content, in the digitised database of the Library of Małopolska, http://mbc.malopolska.pl/dlibra (last visited 20 July 2014).

51 ‘Polska policja kobieca należy do najlepszych na świecie’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 26 May 1935, 3; Zofja Guzowska, ‘Zadania policji kobiecej’, Kuryer Kobiecy: Dodatek do Ilustrowany Kuryer Codziennego, 20 Feb. 1930; ‘Policja kobieca wyśledziła króla handlarzy żywym towarem’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 8 Jul. 1928, 5; A.O., ‘Policja kobieca w Polsce’, Kuryer Kobiecy: Dodatek do Ilustrowany Kuryer Codziennego, 29 Jan. 1933.

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53 Gołdyn, Piotr, ‘Edmund Czapliński i jego literacki wkład w walkę z handlem kobietami i dziećmi’, Poznańskie Zeszyty Humanistyczne, 3 (2004), 125–30Google Scholar; Lachowski, Janusz, ‘Szlakiem hańby i kobiety nad przepaścią. Problem handlu kobietami w filmach na podstawie szenariuszy Anatola Sterna’, in Stępnik, Krzystof and Gabryś, Monika, eds., Sensacja w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym (prasa, literature, radio, film) (Lublin: Wydawnictwo WSPA, 2011), 291–301.Google Scholar

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56 Siemińska, Stan Walki, 15; Witold Chodko, Handel Kobietami, 2nd edn (Warsaw: Zakłady Graficzne ‘Dżwignia’, (1938), 11–4, 21.

57 ‘Protokuł Konferencji Informancyjnej w Sprawie Handlu Kobietami i Dziećmi w Argentynie’, 24 Nov. 1930, AAN MOS 192, 85–6.

58 League of Nations, ‘Report of the Special Body of Experts on Traffic in Women and Children, Part Two’ (League of Nations Document C.52(2).M.52(1).1927.IV. [C.T.F.E./Experts/55]), 139.

59 On the turn toward ethnic nationalism in Poland, see Porter, Brian, When Nationalism began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; Paul Brykczynski, ‘Political Murder and the Victory of Ethnic Nationalism in Interwar Poland’, Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, 2013, available at http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/97869/paulbryk_1.pdf?sequence=1 (last visited 20 July 2014). On the complicated situation of Jews in interwar Poland, see especially Mendelsohn, Ezra, ‘Interwar Poland: Good for the Jews or Bad for the Jews?’, in Abramsky, Chimen, Jachimczyk, Maciej, and Polonsky, Antony, eds., The Jews in Poland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 130–9.Google Scholar

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61 Ibid. 37.

62 Ibid. 78.

63 ‘Sprawozdanie’, AAN MOS 176, 2–4; Paleolog, Women Police, 84.

64 For a discussion of the difficult question of consent in the pre-war Habsburg lands, including Galician Poland, see Wingfield, ‘Destination’, 299–302.

65 This case has been reconstructed from the extensive documentation in AAN KGPP 97; AAN MOS 1927, 54–90; United States National Archives, College Park, MD, RG 59, Visa Division Correspondence Regarding Immigration, Entry 72, Boxes 44 to 46 (150.069 Baskin, Morris).

66 ‘Ratujcie nasze dusze!’, Tajny Detektyw: Illustrowany Tygodnik Kriminalno Sądowy, 10 Jan. 1932, 4–5; ‘Baskin, Hall I Ska’, Gazeta Lwowska, Mar. 4, 1930, 4. Foreign press clippings are in AAN KGPP 97.

67 ‘Activities of Women Police in Poland’, League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland, R 3041, 11B/26721/2798.

68 League of Nations, Traffic in Women and Children, ‘Summary of Annual Reports for 1929’ (League of Nations Document C.164.M.59.1931.IV [C.T.F.E. 498]), 8–9.

69 State Department to US Consul Riga, 1 Mar. 1930, US NACP, RG 59, Visa Division Correspondence, Box 46 (150.069 Baskin, Morris, Part. 5), 87; Paleolog, Women Police, 82.

70 US Consul General, Warsaw, to State Department, 20 Dec. 1932, US NACP RG 59, Visa Division Correspondence, Entry 702, Box 45 (150.069 Baskin, Morris, Part 6).

71 Ratujcie nasze dusze!’, 4.

72 On the history of emigration panics in East Central Europe, see Zahra, Tara, ‘Travel Agents on Trial: Policing Mobility in East Central Europe, 1889–1989’, Past and Present, 223, 1 (2014), 161–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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74 Paleolog, Women Police, 13–4.

75 ‘Protokuł konferencji informancyjnej w sprawie handle kobietami i dziećmi w Argentynie’, 24 Sept. 1930, AAN MOS 192, 85–6.

76 For a similar critique of the recent collapsing of distinctions between sex trafficking and migration by purportedly selfless rescuers, see Agustin, Laura María, Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry (London: Zed Books, 2007).Google Scholar

77 Międzynarodowy Kongres, 81–5.

78 On neoregulationism's French origins, see Corbin, Women, 310–30.

79 Paleolog, Women Police, 44–51; Paleolog, Stanislawa, ‘O policji kobiecej w zastosowaniu do walki z nierządem’, Na Posterunku: Gazeta Policji Państwowej, 10, 30 (28 July 1928), 1–2.Google Scholar

80 Paleolog, Stanislawa, ‘Trzy systemy zwalczania nierządu’, Na Posterunku: Tygodnik poświecony sprawom policji państwowej, 17, 41 (6 Oct. 1935), 679–80.Google Scholar

81 A similar dynamic seems to have unfolded in France, see Julia Christine Scriven Miller, ‘“The Romance of Regulation”: The Movement Against State-Regulated Prostitution in France, 1871–1946’, Ph.D. thesis, New York University, 2000.

82 Siemińska, Stan Walki, 9.

83 [Paleolog], ‘Służba’, AAN KGPP 1881, 182.

84 Chodźko, Handel, 22; Guy, Sex, 105–35; Paleolog, Women Police, 86.

85 [Paleolog], ‘Służba’, AAN KGPP 1881, 183.

86 ‘Referat o działalności policji kobiecej w Polsce – na X Międzynarodowy Kongres Komitetów Zwalczania Handlu Kobietami i Dziećmi w Paryżu w r. 1937’, AAN MOS 182, 56.

87 Report, Komenda Główna Policji Państwowej, 13 Apr. 1938, AAN KGPP 1882, 27; ‘Nowe policjantki przyjęto do służby’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 20 Aug. 1939, 12.

88 Paleolog, Women Police, 25.

89 ‘Protokuł Odprawy Naczelników Urzędów Śledczej, która odbyła się w Cenrali Służby Śledczej w Warszawie, w dniu 2 i 3 czerwca 1937 roku’, 108, AAN KGPP 2097.

90 Paleolog, Filipina Stanisława, ‘X Międzynarodowy Kongres Komitetów Zwalczania Handlu Kobietami I Dziećmi W Paryżu’, Przegląd Policyjny, 3, 3 (Mar. 1938), 147–8.Google Scholar

91 Hempel, Adam, Pogrobowcy klęski: Rzecz o policji ‘granatowej’ w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, 1939–1945 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1990), 137.Google Scholar

92 Urszula Paleolog, ‘Wspomnienia’, 90–143, Ossolinueum, Rękopis 15548 II.