Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:03:22.708Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Spread of Literacy in a Latin American Peasant Society: Oaxaca, Mexico, 1890 to 1980

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Stephen A. Kowalewski
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Jacqueline J. Saindon
Affiliation:
Georgia State University

Extract

The object of this essay has been to help examine spatiotemporal variation in literacy. The research reported here centered on the Valley of Oaxaca, an agricultural region in southern Mexico, during the period from 1890 to 1980. The data consist of a systematic compilation of tax and voting lists from the nineteenth century, census responses from 1890 to 1980, community ethnographies, published histories and biographies, and government reports. Attending to both the spatial and the temporal scales of events and causes was methodologically important for this research.

Type
The Limits of Literacy
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arellanes Meixueiro, Anselmo. 1988. “Del Camarazo al Cardenismo (1925–33),” in vol. 2, 1925–1986, of Historia de la Cuestión Agraria Mexicana: Estado de Oaxaca, Leticia, Reina, ed., 23125. Mexico: Juan Pablos.Google Scholar
Arellanes Meixueiro, Anselmo; Víctor Raúl Martinez Vásquez, ; and Francisco, José Ruiz Cervantes. 1988. Oaxaca en el Siglo XX: Testimonios de Historia Oral. Oaxaca: Ediciones Meridiano 100.Google Scholar
Beals, Ralph. 1975. The Peasant Marketing System of Oaxaca, Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, Thomas. 1989. A Rich Land, A Poor People: Politics and Society in Modern Chiapas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Berry, Charles R. 1981. The Reform in Oaxaca, 1856–1876: A Microhistory of the Liberal Revolution. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Bradomín, José María. 1980. Monografía del Estado de Oaxaca, 2nd ed.Mexico: Imprenta Arana.Google Scholar
Butterworth, Douglas. 1975. Tilantongo: Communidad Mixteca en Transición. Mexico: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.Google Scholar
Campos de García, Margarita. 1973. “Escuela y Cambio en una Communidad del Acolhuacan Septentrional.” Historia Mexicana, 22:4, 582609.Google Scholar
Carriedo, Juan B. 1949. Estudios Históricos y Estadísticos del Estado Oaxaqueño, 2 vols. Mexico: Adrián Morales S.Google Scholar
Castellanos, Abraham. 1908. “La Educación de la Raza Indígena.” Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía e Estadística de la República Mexicana, 5a época, 111:78–85.Google Scholar
Chance, John K. 1979. “City and Country in Colonial Oaxaca: An Economic View.” Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society, 10:2, 105–14.Google Scholar
Chance, John K.. 1986. “La Dinámica Etnica en Oaxaca Colonial,” in Etnicidady Pluralismo Cultural: La Dinámica Etnica en Oaxaca, Barabas, Alicia M. and Bartolomé, Miguel A., eds., 143–72. Mexico: INAH.Google Scholar
Cipolla, Carlo M. 1969. Literacy and Development in the West. Baltimore: Penguin.Google Scholar
Coatsworth, J.H. 1981. Growth against Development: The Economic Impact of Railroads in Porfirian Mexico. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, Scott. 1982. Zapotec Stoneworkers: The Dynamics of Rural Simple Commodity Production in Modern Mexican Capitalism. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Cook, Scott; and Leigh, Binford. 1990. Obliging Need: Rural Petty Industry in Mexican Capitalism. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Cotter, Julio. 1970. “Traditional Haciendas and Communities in a Context of Political Mobilization in Peru,” in Agrarian Problems and Peasant Movements in Latin America, Rodolfo, Stavenhagen, ed., 533–58. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Craig, Ann L. 1983. The First Agraristas: An Oral History of a Mexican Agrarian Reform Movement. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
de la Cruz, Victor. 1986. Aspectos Históricos de la Educatión en Oaxaca. Oaxaca: Casa de la Cultura Oaxaqueña.Google Scholar
Dennis, Philip A.; and Douglas, Uzzell. 1978. “Corporate and Individual Inter-Village Relations in the Valley of Oaxaca.” Ethnology, XVII: 313–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esparza, Manuel. 1985. Gillow durante el Porfiriato y la Revolutión en Oaxaca, 1887–1922. Oaxaca: S.A.G.E.O.Google Scholar
Esparza, Manuel. 1988. “Los Proyectos de los Liberales en Oaxaca (1856–1910),” in Pre-Hispánico-1924, vol. 1, of Historia de la Cuestión Agraria Mexicana: Estado de Oaxaca, Leticia, Reina, ed., 269330. Mexico: Juan Pablos.Google Scholar
Esteva, Cayetano. 1913. Noticias Elementales de Geografía Histórica del Estado de Oaxaca. Oaxaca: San Germán.Google Scholar
Estrada, Dorothy T. 1972. “Las Escuelas Lancasterianas en la Ciudad de México: 1822–1842.” Historia Mexicana, 12:4, 494513.Google Scholar
Friedlander, Judith. 1975. Being Indian in Hueyapan: A Study of Forced Identity in Contemporary Mexico. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Furet, François; and Jacques, Ozouf. 1982. Reading and Writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Ferry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Furet, François; and Wladimir, Sachs. 1973. “La Croissance de l'alphabétisation en France: XVIIIe–XIX siècle.” Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 29:3, 714–37.Google Scholar
González Chávez, Humberto. 1988. “The Centralization of Education in Mexico: Subordination and Autonomy,” in State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization, John Gledhill, Barbara Bender, and Mogens, Trole Larsen, eds., 320–43. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Graff, Harvey J. 1987a. The Labyrinths of Literacy. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Graff, Harvey J. 1987b. The Legacies of Literacy: Continuities and Contradictions in Western Culture and Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gregory, Lisa M. 1986. “Rural Out-Migration in Oaxaca, Mexico: An Historical Perspective.” Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia.Google Scholar
Handelman, Howard. 1975. Struggle in the Andes: Peasant Political Mobilization in Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía, e Informatión (INEGI). 1985. Estadísticas Históricas de México, 2 vols. Mexico: Secretaría de Programación y Presupuesto.Google Scholar
Instituto Nacional de Estadóstica, Geografóa 1986. Anuario Estadístico de Oaxaca, 1985, 4 vols. Mexico: Secretaría de Programación y Presupuesto.Google Scholar
Iszaevich, Abraham. 1973. Modernizatión de una Comunidad Oaxaqueña del Valle. Mexico: Secretaría de Educación Pública.Google Scholar
Iturribarría, Jorge Fernando. 1982. Historia de Oaxaca, 4 vols. Oaxaca: Gobierno del Estado.Google Scholar
Judt, Tony. 1979. Socialism in Provence 1871–1914: A Study in the Origins of the Modern French Left. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkby, Ann V.T. 1973. The Use of Land and Water Resources in the Past and Present Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, No. 5. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, the University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A.; and Rosalba, Montiel. 1986. Censos y Padrones de Oaxaca. Guías y Catálogos 6. Oaxaca: Archivo General del Estado de Oaxaca.Google Scholar
Lerner, Victoria. 1979. “Historia de la Reforma Educativa—1933–1945.” Historia Mexicana, 29:1, 91132.Google Scholar
Malinowski, Bronislaw; and Julio de la, Fuente. 1957. “La Economía de un Sistema de Mercados en México.” Acta Antropológica, 2a época, 1:2.Google Scholar
Markoff, John. 1986. “Literacy and Revolt: Some Empirical Notes on 1789 in France.” American Journal of Sociology, 92:2, 323–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez Gracida, Manuel. 1881. “El Estado de Oaxaca y su Estadística del Culto Católico.” Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana, 3a época. VI, 5766.Google Scholar
Martínez Jiménez, Alejandro. 1973. “La Educación Elemental en el Porfiriato.” Historia Mexicana, 22:4, 514–52.Google Scholar
Martinez Vásquez, Víctor Raúl. 1990. “La Educación en Oaxaca: Del Porfiriato a los Primeros Gobiernos Posrevolucionarios, 1890–1930,” in vol. IV, 1877–1930, of Lecturas Históricas del Estado de Oaxaca, María de los Angeles, Romero Frizzi, ed., 421–52. Mexico: INAH.Google Scholar
Maynes, Mary Jo. 1985a. Schooling for the People: Comparative Local Studies in Schooling History in France and Germany, 1750–1850. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Maynes, Mary Jo. 1985b. Schooling in Western Europe: A Social History. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
McHugh, Cathy L. 1986. “Schooling in the Post-Bellum Southern Cotton Mill Villages.” Journal of Social History, Fall, 133–62.Google Scholar
Mora Forero, Jorge. 1979. “Los Maestros y la Práctica de la Educación Socialista.” Historia Mexicana, 29:1, 133–62.Google Scholar
Moreno y García, Roberto. 1941. Analfabetismo y Cultura Popular en América. Mexico: Editorial Atlante.Google Scholar
Muriel, Guadalupe. 1964. “Reforma Educativa de Gabino Barreda.” Historia Mexicana, 13:4, 551–77.Google Scholar
Murphy, Arthur D.; and Alex, Stepick. n.d. Adaptation and Inequality in Oaxaca: Political Economy and Cultural Ecology in an Intermediate Mexican City. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Myers, Charles Nash. 1965. Education and National Development in Mexico. Princeton: Industrial Relations Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Ornelas López, José Luz. 1988. “El Período Cardenista (1934–1940),” in vol. 2, 1925–1986, of Historia de la Cuestión Agraria Mexicana: Estado de Oaxaca, Leticia, Reina, ed., 127188. Mexico: Juan Pablos.Google Scholar
Parsons, Elsie Clews. 1936. Mitla, Town of the Souls. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Pastor, Rodolfo. 1987. Campesinos y Reformas: La Mixteca, 1700–1856. Mexico: Colegio de México.Google Scholar
Piñòn Jiménez, Gonzalo. 1980. “San Bartolomé Quialana: ¿Comunidad Campesina o Localidad de Jornaleros Agrícolos?,” in Sociedad y Político en Oaxaca, 1980, Raúl Benítez, Zenteno, ed., 332. Oaxaca: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca.Google Scholar
Price, Roger. 1987. A Social History of Nineteenth-Century France. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Puig, J.M. 1926. La Educación Pública en México a través de los Mensajes Presidenciales, desde la Independencia hasta Nuestros Días. Mexico: Secretaría de Educación.Google Scholar
Raby, David. 1968. “Los Maestros Rurales y los Conflictos Sociales en México (1931–1940).” Historia Mexicana, 18:1, 190226.Google Scholar
Raby, David. 1973. “Los Principios de la Educación Rural en México: El Caso de Michoacán, 1915–1929.” Historia Mexicana, 22:4, 553–81.Google Scholar
Romero, Matí'as. 1886. El Estado de Oaxaca. Barcelona: Tip. Litografía de Espasa.Google Scholar
Ruíz, Ramón Eduardo. 1963. Mexico: The Challenge of Poverty and Illiteracy. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library.Google Scholar
Ruiz Cervantes, Francisco José. 1988. “De la Bola a los Primeros Repartos,” in vol. 1. Pre hispánico–1924, of Historic! de la Cuestión Agraria Mexicana: Estado de Oaxaca, Leticia, Reina. ed., 331423. Mexico: Juan Pablos.Google Scholar
Sánchez López, Alberto. 1989. Oaxaca Tierra de Maguey y Mezcal. Oaxaca: Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca.Google Scholar
Selby, Henry A.; Murphy, Arthur D.; Fernández, Ignacio Cabrera; and Aida Castañeda, R. C. 1987. “Battling Urban Poverty from Below: A Profile of the Poor in Two Mexican Cities.” American Anthropologist, 89:2. 419–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Carol A. 1984. “Local History in Global Context: Social and Economic Transitions in Western Guatemala.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26:2, 193228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística, . 1871. “Cuadro Colectivo de las Parroquias y Pueblos del Distrito de Tlaxiaco, del Estado de Oaxaca … 1868.” Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana, 2a época. III, 256–57.Google Scholar
Soltow, Lee; and Edward, Stevens. 1981. The Rise of Literacy and the Common School in the United States: A Socioeconomic Analysis to 1870. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Staples, Ann. 1979. “Alfabeto y Catecismo: Salvación del Nuevo País.” Historia Mexicana, 29:1, 3558.Google Scholar
Stephen, Lynn. 1987. “Social Stratification and Gender Roles in Ritual and Production: A Southern Mexican Case Study, 1900–1985.” Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University.Google Scholar
Tamayo, Jorge. 1950. Geografía de Oaxaca. Mexico: Comisión Editorial de la Nación.Google Scholar
Tanck de Estrada, Dorothy. 1979. “Las Cortes de Cádiz y el Desarrollo de la Educación en Máxico.” Historia Mexicana, 29:1, 334.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1979. “Did the Cake of Custom Break?,” in Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Merriman, John M., ed., 1744. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Unikel, Luis: in collaboration with Crescencio, Ruíz Chiapetto; and Gustavo, Garza Villarreal 1976. El Desarrollo Urbano de México: Diagnósatico e Implicaciones Futuras. Mexico: Colegio de México.Google Scholar
Vaughn, Mary Kay. 1982. The State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico, 1880–1928. DeKalb: Northern Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Waterbury, Ronald. 1975. “Non-Revolutionary Peasants: Oaxaca Compared to Morelos in the Mexican Revolution.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17:4, 410–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Eugen. 1976. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welte, Cecil. 19731978. Ready Reference Releases 1–4. Oaxaca: Oficina de Estudios de Humanidad del Valle de Oaxaca.Google Scholar
Zea, Leopoldo. 1956. “Hacia un Nuevo Liberalismo en la Educación.” Historia Mexicana, 5:4, 528–48.Google Scholar