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Peasants, Prophets, and the Power of a Millenarian Vision in Twentieth-Century Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Todd A. Diacon
Todd A. Diacon
Affiliation:
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
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Extract

Flood lights illuminated the southern Brazilian night as thousands of railroad workers struggled to meet their daily trace construction quotas. Brazil Railway Company foremen shouted their orders so as to be heard above the din of massive steam-powered earth movers. These machines, a novelty for the region in 1910, were the North American-owned company's newest ally in its push to meet the rapidly approaching construction deadline. On December 17, 1910, a gayly decorated train crossed the Santa Catarina-Rio Grande do Sul border, thereby inaugurating Brazil's newest railroad line. The company had succeeded in connecting the agricultural south with Brazil's rising industrial star, the state of São Paulo.

Type
People, Power, and Revolution
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , July 1990 , pp. 488 - 514
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1990

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References

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4 One still encounters the voices of the Contestado Rebellion. A few survivors, most in their nineties, live in the interior reaches of Sata Catarina and Paraná. That their views and remembrances grace these pages is due to the work of film makers Enio Staub, Jurandir Pires de Camargo, Sergio Antonio Flores, and Dario de Almeida Prado Jr. (hereafter Irani Prouçóes). It was with their help that I met, and interviewed, these former soldiers and rebels.

5 The Canudos Rebellion, in which the messianic leader Antonio Conselheiro and thousands of followers fought the Brazilian army from their “holy city” in the interior of the state of Bahia, owes its fame to Euclydes da Cunha's classic work Rebellion in the Backlands (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944).Google ScholarNovelist Mario Vargas Llosa's recent fictional account, The War of the End of the World (New York: Avon Books, 1985), has brought renewed interest in the Canudos affair.Google Scholar

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12 In 1914 the Contestado patrāo (patron, boss) Manoel Fabrício Vieira and his agregados murdered José Lyro Santa and seventeen of his men during a land dispute near Viera's “Chapéu do Sol” fazenda. See O Diario da Tarde (Curitiba, Paraná), 12. 11–15, 1914.Google Scholar In another example, this time from 1900, the Cardoso brothers and their clients, all of them “armed to the teeth,” prevented a government land survey near their “Fazenda do Senado.” See Santa Catarina, Directoria de Viaçāo, Terras, e Obras Públicas, “Requerimentos de concessóes de terras públicas,” vol. 74, 02. 1900, 121–3, Arquivo Público de Santa Catarina (hereafter ASC).Google Scholar

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31 Parnaá, Secretaria de Obras Públicas e Coloiizaçāo, “Mediçāo das terras no logar ‘Lageado do Leaózinho’ concedidas a Companhia de Estrada de Ferro Sāo Paulo-Rio Grande,” 05 8, 1911.Google ScholarParaná, , “Medicāo das terras no logar ‘`Rio Uruguay’ concedidas a Companhia de Estrada de Ferro Sāo Paulo-Rio Grande,” 05 23, 1911.Google ScholarParaná, , “Mediçāo das terras no logar ‘Rio do Peixe’ concedidas a Companhia Estrada de Ferro Sāo Paulo-Rio Grande,” 01. 2, 1912, all APP.Google Scholar

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34 Quoted in Ibid. 62.

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36 The Brazilian Constitution of 1891 turned all federally owned lands over to the states.

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41 Ibid. vol. 114, book 113, pp. 221–7.

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52 This information comes from a compilation of Rupp land deals registered in the Campos Novos, Santa Catarina, Cartóio Registro de Imóveis, livro 3A (1908–1924).

53 Negro, Rio, Paiaiá, , Cartório de Registro de lmóveis, livro 3, no. 72, 06 5, 1908, p. 29; no. 83, 03. 10, 1909, p. 32; no. 102, Aug. 24, 1910, p. 37.Google Scholar

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70 Steve, J.. Stern first suggested the application of the ethos-world view system by Geertz, to the study of millenarian movements in “On the Social Origins of Millennial Movements: A Review and a Proposal” (n.p. 1974).Google Scholar

71 In addition to the sources previously mentioned, several works deal with millenarian movements associated with colonization and capitalism. See, for example, Stem, Steve J., Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest (Madison, 1982), 51–70.Google ScholarWallace, Anthony F. C., “Revitalization Movements,” American Anthropologist 58:2 (04 1956), 264–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarNavarro, Moises Gonzalez, Raza y tierra: la guerra de castas y el henequen (Mexico City: El Colegio de Mexico, 1970).Google ScholarAdas, Michael, Prophets of Rebellion (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979).Google ScholarDiacon, Todd A., “Millenarianism as Siiial Rebellion: The Maji Maji Rebellion” (n.p. 1984).Google Scholar

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86 Iiterview with Rosália Maria de Castro (Sāo José de Timbozinho, Santa Catarina), 04 25, 1985.Google Scholar

87 Irani Producóes, videotaped interview with Manoel Batista dos Santos (Timbó Grande, Santa Catarina), 1985.Google Scholar

88 For more on the meaning behind these and other rebel actions see Diacon, “The Search for Meaning,” 13–14.Google Scholar

89 Soares, J. O. Pinto, Guerra em sertoés Brasileiros (Rio de Janeiro, 1931), 95.Google ScholarO Diário da Tarde 10. 23, 1914, and 01. 5, 1915.Google ScholarA Folha do Comércio 12. 28, 1914.Google Scholar

90 Molitor, , Report, 45. for more on rebel military activities see Diacon, “Capitalists and Fanatics,” ch. I.Google Scholar