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Local Government in Portuguese America: A Study in Cultural Divergence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

A. J. R. Russell-Wood
A. J. R. Russell-Wood
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University
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Extract

The expansion of Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries had brought Europeans, primarily English, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, into contact with the lands, peoples and civilizations of Africa, Asia and the Americas. In Asia the effects of the European discoveries had been less far-reaching than had been the case in Africa and the Americas where barter had soon given way to slavery, peaceful proselitization to forced conversion, trade and commerce to extortion and monopolies, and coexistence to armed domination by the European intruders. Whereas in New France, Brazil, and the British colonies agricultural and commerical considerations had predominated, in counterdistinction to Spanish America where the initial emphasis had been militaristic, nevertheless the results of European settlement had been remarkably similar throughout the Americas.

Type
Colonial Cultural Divergence
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , March 1974 , pp. 187 - 231
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1974

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References

1 Recent studies of cultural divergence in the Americas include Harris, R. C., The seigneurial system in Canada. A geographical study (Madison and Quebec, 1966)Google Scholar; Lockhart, J. M., Spanish Peru, 1532–1560. A colonial society (Madison, 1968)Google Scholar; Powell, S. C., Puritan village; the formation of a New England town (Middletown, 1963)Google Scholar; Russell-Wood, A. J. R., Fidalgos and Philanthropists. The Santa Casa da Misericordia of Bahia, 1550–1755 (Berkeley and London, 1968)Google Scholar. The only study in English of the Portuguese Senado is Boxer, C. R., Portuguese society in the tropics. The municipal councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda, 1510–1800 (Madison, 1965).Google Scholar

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8 APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 42v–43r, 52v–53r.

9 Ibid., vol. 7, ff. 58v–59r, 59v–60r.

10 Decree of January 22, 1711, ibid., vol. 7, f. 73v.

11 Ibid., vol. 7, ff. 33v, 34v, 38r, 40r–v, llOv, 114v.

12 Ibid., vol. 7, ff. 35v, 38r–39r, 39r–v, 44r–v, 45r–v, inter alia. Some sesmarias are copied in Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro, ano 10, fasc. 3–4 (Belo Horizonte, 1906), pp. 899–979Google Scholar. For the appointments see APMSG 7, ff. 42r–v, 105v.Google Scholar

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30 APMCMOP, vol. 6, f. 10v–llr; vol. 4, ff. 65r, 65v; vol. 28, ff. lOv; vol. 43, ff. 23r–25r; vol. 112, ff. 43r–44r, inter aliaGoogle Scholar. APMSG, vol. 5, ff. 150r–151v; vol. 11, (T. 229v–30r; vol. 35, doc. 100 and vol. 44, ff. 136v–138v.Google Scholar

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35 APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 43r–v, 50r; vol. 42, ff. 110v–113r inter aliaGoogle Scholar; on royal approval for salaries, see CMOP, vol. 28, ff. 151r–v, 169r–171r, 137r–138r; vol. 36, f. 8r–v; vol. 7, f. 47vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 81, doc. 61.Google Scholar

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45 Russell-Wood, A. J. R., ‘Colonial Brazil’, p. 87.Google Scholar

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47 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 54v, 43r–44v; vol. 28, ff. 7r–v, 62v–63r; vol. 77, ff. 7r–9r.Google Scholar

48 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 83r, 83v.Google Scholar

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55 APMSG, vol. 27, f. 42r–vGoogle Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 115v–116r, 51r, 71v–2r, 75r–v, 115v–122r; vol. 112, f. 70r–v; vol. 137, ff. 8v. etc.Google Scholar

56 Disputes between the Council and the Crown judge over the latter's jurisdiction in municipal affairs were bitter and frequent, APMSG, vol. 4, f. 207v; vol. 81, doc. 5Google Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 9r–llr, 13r–v; vol. 6, ff. 19r–20r; vol. 8, ff. 8r–9r; Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam’, ff. 38r–39r.Google Scholar

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59 APMCMOP, vol. 39, ff. 38r–v, 97r–98r, lOOv–lOlv; vol. 7, ff. 89r–90r; vol. 28, f. 52r–v; vol. 32, ff. 219v–220rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 32, f. 4r.Google Scholar

60 APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 47r–48r, 49r–v; vol. 60, ff. 45r–v, 49r–v, 61 r–v.Google Scholar

61 APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 54r–55vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 29, doc. 55Google Scholar; CMOP, vol. 65, ff. 283v–288v; vol. 9, f. 28r–v.Google Scholar

62 APMCMOP, vol. 52, ff. 81v–82r.Google Scholar

63 APMCMOP, vol. 120, ff. 22v–23r, 61v–62r, lOlr, 154v–155r, 190r–v; vol. 124, ff. 41v–42rGoogle Scholar. The procurator/treasurer during these years was not required to provide collateral because it was a non–salaried post, CMOP, vol. 124, ff. 7r–8v.Google Scholar

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65 APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 114r; vol. 6, ff. 29r–30rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 21, ff. 68r–69r; vol. 23, ff. 105v–107r.Google Scholar

66 Royal letters of February 1, 1726 and April 29, 1727, APMSG, vol. 5, ff. 117v, 123r–vGoogle Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 9, f. 4r.Google Scholar

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72 APMCMOP, vol. 52, ff. 3v–4r.Google Scholar

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75 APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 62r–v.Google Scholar

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78 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 104r, 118v; vol. 32, ff. 83v–84v: vol. 52, ff. 204r–206v, etc.Google Scholar

79 APMCMOP, vol. 77, ff. 7r–9r for a comprehensive range of rulings and punishments.Google Scholar

80 APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 126v–127r, 128r, 181v–182r–v; vol. 36, ff. 50r–51v; all the statutes for artisan trades were modified in 1735 as a result of the increase in gold from 1$200 to 1$500 per oitava; vol. 52, ff. 58r–59r, 81v–82r, 83v–84v.Google Scholar

81 APMCMOP, vol. 14, ff. 51v–52rGoogle Scholar; for other terms see ibid., ff. 26v–28v; vol. 13, ff. 90v–91r; vol. 32, ff. 226v–227r; vol. 14, ff. 5r–6r; vol. 28, ff. 120v–121v.

82 APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 15r–v; vol. 32, ff. 197r–8r, 213v–217r, 226v–227r; 13, ff. 90v–91r; 42, ff. 21v–22r; vol. 63, ff. lllv–112r; vol. 77, ff. 9r–10v.Google Scholar

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86 APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 179v; vol. 6, ff. 170v–172r; vol. 42, ff. 55v–56r.Google Scholar

87 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 179v (loose sheets at beginning of volume), 15r–v; vol. 39, ff. 88r–89r;Google Scholar

88 APMCMOP, vol. 36, ff. 17r–18r; see p. 222 of this article.Google Scholar

89 For several years the contract of inspection and the contract of weights and measures were amalgamated, distorting the value of the former. An indication of its decreasing importance may be seen from the successful bids in those years when it was autonomous, e.g. 1734: 255$000 (APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 105v–106rGoogle Scholar); 1742: 100 oitavas (vol. 42, ff. 75v–76r); 1796: 10$150 (vol. 120, ff. 159v–160r). In comparison, in 1796 the contract for weights and measures went for 2,811$000 and that of the half patacas on cattle for 1,500$000 (ibid., ff. 158v, 160r).

90 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 43v–t4v.Google Scholar

91 APMCMOP, vol. 49, ff. 18r–19r: for other terms see vol. 32, ff. 95r–97v, 99r–v.Google Scholar

92 APMCMOP, vol. 120, ff. 148v–149r.Google Scholar

93 APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 85v–86r; vol. 28, ff. 22r–23r, 137r–138rGoogle Scholar; Lopes, Francisco Antonio, Os patdcios, pp. 111–13. See note 105 on this appointment.Google Scholar

94 Conditions of this contract are in APMCMOP, vol. 14, ff. 22r–23v; vol. 32, ff. llr–14r, 227v–228r; vol. 33, ff. 49v–50r, 69v–70v; vol. 39, ff. 37v–38r, 45r–46r; vol. 42, ff. 110r–v.Google Scholar

95 APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 70v–71r; vol. 4, ff. 144r–v; vol. 42, ff. 131r–v; vol. 43, ff. 19 r–v, 30v, 31v; vol. 52, ff. 19r–20r; vol. 69, ff. 118r–119vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 55, ff. 188r–189r; vol. 67, ff. 141v–142r.Google Scholar

96 APMCMOP, vol. 69, ff. 139v–140v, 181r–182v.Google Scholar

97 APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 74v, 148v–149v; vol. 65, ff. 194v–195r.Google Scholar

98 APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 25v–28r, 132r–v, 173v–174r; vol. 36, ff. 44v–45r.Google Scholar

99 Revista do Arquivo Publico Mineiro, ano XX (1924) (Belo Horizonte, 1926), pp. 339–52Google Scholar. APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 77r–78r, 91r–96r, 118r–v, 172v–173r; vol. 36, ff. 40r–v, 86r–v; vol. 9, ff. 47r–48r, 66r–67r; vol. 32, ff. lllv–112r, 154r–158v, 161v–162v, 167r, 172v–173v, 176r–v.Google Scholar

1OO For details of such contracts see Lopes, Francisco António, Os paldciosGoogle Scholar, and de Vasconcellos, Sylvio, Vila Rica.Google Scholar

101 An example of this was the appointment of Dr. Joseph Peixoto da Silva as lawyer on October 27, 1718, being dismissed on February 18, 1719 as redundant; on December 2, 1719 another lawyer was appointed and likewise declared unnecessary on February 10, 1720 (APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 61v–62r, 77r, 96v, 105r).Google Scholar

102 APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 34r–v, 47v; vol. 9, ff. 17r–v, 34r–35r, 38r–v; vol. 28, ff. 118r–vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 81, doc. 61.Google Scholar

103 APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 73r; vol. 63, ff. 64r–66v; vol. 69, ff. 242r–v.Google Scholar

104 APMCMOP, vol. 137, ff. 257v–258r, 268r–v.Google Scholar

105 The first such appointee was the Frenchman Ldo. Antonio Labedrene, one of the few foreigners allowed in the mining areas, APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 137r–138r; vol. 33, ff. 53v–54v; vol. 32, f. 179r–v; vol. 107, ff. 257v–8v, 263v–265r.Google Scholar

106 Francisco António Lopes, Os paldcios, pp. 187–90Google Scholar; Russell-Wood, A. J. R., A craftsman of the golden age of Brazil: Manuel Francisco Lisboa (Belo Horizonte, 1968), pp. 29–35.Google Scholar

107 APMCMOP, vol. 50, ff. 185v–186r; vol. 69, ff. 283v–284v; 393r–v; vol. 78, f. 63vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 23, If. 6r–v, 101 r–vGoogle Scholar. de Carvalho, Feu, ‘Instrucção pública. Primeiras aulas e escolasde MinasGerais, 1721–1860’, Revista do Arquivo Publico Mineiro, ano 24 (1933), vol. 1, pp. 345–91Google Scholar; Carrato, Jose Ferreira, Igreja, pp. 96–102.Google Scholar

108 APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 4r–v, 15v–16v; vol. 13, ff. 3r–4r.Google Scholar

109 APMCMOP, vol. 137, ff. 113v–114v.Google Scholar

110 APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 130v–lr, 133v–8vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 55, ff. 94v–95vGoogle Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 6v–7r, 51r–v.Google Scholar

111 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 34v–5r, 43r–v, lv–2r.Google Scholar

112 APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 91v–92r.Google Scholar

113 APMCMOP, vol. 13, f. 14v; vol. 28, ff. 110v–l 1 lr; vol. 39, ff. 34v–35r, 37v–38r, 45r–46r, 71r–72r, vol. 52, ff. 188r–189v.Google Scholar

114 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 171v–72v; 13, f. 9r; 28, ff. 83r–v, 108r–v; 39, ff. 77r–78r; 42, ff. 103r–v.Google Scholar

115 Russell-Wood, A. J. R., Fidalgos, pp. 266–7.Google Scholar

116 APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 72v; 32, ff. 195r–v, 202v–203r; vol. 42, ff. 30v–31v, 129v–130r; vol. 49, ff. 18r–19r, 56v–57r; vol. 54, f. 3r–v; see note 42 and vol. 6, ff. 134r–136r.Google Scholar

117 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 2v–3r.Google Scholar

118 APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 47r–v; vol. 36, ff. 46v–47r; vol. 7, ff. 167r–168r.Google Scholar

119 APMCMOP, vol. 49, ff. 12v–13r, 34r–v; 56, ff. 114v–115r; 77, ff. 137v–139r, inter alia.Google Scholar

120 APMCMOP, vol. 6, ff. 60v–62r; 28, f. 73r–vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 62, f. 108v; 63, doc. 40.Google Scholar

121 APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 40v–41rGoogle Scholar; CMOP, vol. 39, ff. 129v–130r.Google Scholar

122 Boxer, C. R., Portuguese Society, pp. 76–7, 179, 181.Google Scholar

123 Francisco Curt Lange, ‘As dancas coletivas públicas no periodo colonial brasileiro e as danças das corporações de oficios em Minas Gerais’, Barroco (Belo Horizonte, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 15–62.Google Scholar

124 APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 42r–v; 44r–v, 45 r–v.Google Scholar

125 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 113v–114r, 116v–117v; vol. 50, ff. 170v–172r, 172v–174v.Google Scholar

126 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 20v–22r, 45v–47r; vol. 6, f. 63r–v; vol. 49, f. 73r–v.Google Scholar

127 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 119r–120r.Google Scholar

128 APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 33r–34r, 38r–v, 39r–v; 60, ff. 85 r–v, 123r–4v; 63, ff. lr–2r, 90r–91 r; 77, ff. 266v–270r; 120, ff. 69r–v.Google Scholar

129 APMCMOP, vol. 69, ff. 331r–332v; vol. 77, ff. 94v–96v, 130v–131r, 284r–v, 286r–v–288r, 295 r–v.Google Scholar

130 APMCMOP, vol. 107, ff. 92v–93r; vol. 137, ff. 154v–155r.Google Scholar

131 APMCMOP, vol. 114, ff. 54v–55r, 73r–v.Google Scholar

132 APMCMOP, vol. 28, f. 133r–v; vol. 9, ff. 65v–66r; vol. 32, ff. 241v–242r.Google Scholar

133 APMCMOP, vol. 43, ff. 86v–87v; vol. 9, f. 43r–vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 5, ff. 15r, 102v, 120r–vGoogle Scholar; vol. 20, doc. 147. Other Councils likewise disputed royal intervention in such elections, APMSG, vol. 28, ff. 63v–64r; vol. 66, f. 189r–v; vol. 67, f. 142r.Google Scholar

134 APMCMOP, vol. 49, f. 32r–v.Google Scholar

135 APMCMOP, vol. 9, ff. 31r–32v, 38v–40r, 45r–v.Google Scholar

136 Decree of May 18, 1722, APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 22v–23r; 6, f. 38r–v.Google Scholar

137 Although raffles had been forbidden by the king (APMCMOP, vol. 9, f. 16rGoogle Scholar) in 1784 a municipal lottery was initiated in Vila Rica to meet the costs of rebuilding the Council building and jail (APMCMOP, vol. 112, ff. 76r–v, 77r–79r, 104r–v).Google Scholar

138 These contracts were amalgamated in the following years, which I have been able to document: 1737 (CMOP, vol. 32, ff. 120r–122rGoogle Scholar), 1743–7 (vol. 50, ff. 60r–v, 68v, 134r–v; 52, f. 14r–v), 1749 (52, f. 232r–v), 1759–61 (vol. 69, ff. 95v–97v, 179v–81r, 249r–51r), 1763–5 (vol. 69, ff. 357r–9r; 81, ff. 47r–v, 155r–7r), 1769 (ibid., f. 389r–v), 1774–5 (vol. 99, ff. 78r–v, 226v), 1778–89 (vol. 107, ff. 162v–3r, 207v–8r, 254r–v, 317r–v, 368v–9r; 112, ff. 12v–13r, 64v; 114, ff. 23v–4r). See note 144.

139 This was the case from 1794–5 (vol. 120, ff. 71r–2r, lllr–112r) and 1798–1802 (vol. 124, ff. 51r, 107v, 163v–4r, 221r–2r, 262r–3v), 1816, 1818, 1822 (vol. 137, ff. 181r–v, 226r–v, 323v- 4v). In the early part of the nineteenth century the Council adopted the practice of granting a percentage of the product of the fees collected to an administrator.

140 APMCMOP, vol. 6, ff. 170v–172r.Google Scholar

141 APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 153r–v, 169v–170v; vol. 71.Google Scholar

142 APMCMOP, vol. 39, ff. 34v–35r, 37v–38v, 45r–46r.Google Scholar

143 APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 22r–23r; 32, ff. 83v–84v, 85r–86r, 125r–v; vol. 35, f. 72r–v.Google Scholar

144 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 168v–169v, 179v (loose folios), 15r–v, 45r–v, 54r, 77v; 39, ff. 88r–89r; 42, ff. 20v–21r, 25r–v.Google Scholar

145 APMCMOP, vol. 33, ff. 70v–72v, 76v–77v; 52, ff. 97r–98v; 63, ff. 104r–105r, 152r–v, vol. 77, ff. 5v–6r; 99, ff. 105v–106r.Google Scholar

146 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 171v–172v (loose), 110v–l 1 lr; 28, ff. 26v–27r on the alcaide; 69, ff. 345r–346rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 40v–tlr, 75v, 83v; 50, ff. 90r–96v.Google Scholar

147 APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 138r–v; 7, f. 8r–v; 13, f. 65v; 42, ff. 103v–105vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 81.doc. 79.Google Scholar

148 Accord of July 8, 1750, repeating a similar measure taken in 1747 (APMCMOP, vol. 54, ff. lv–2v; 55, ff. 80v–82r.Google Scholar

149 APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 120r–122r.Google Scholar

150 APMCMOP, vol. 32, f. 153r–v.Google Scholar

151 APMCMOP, vol. 33, ff. llv–12vGoogle Scholar; repeated in 1738, APMCMOP, vol. 32, f. 163-r–vGoogle Scholar; Crown judges were charged with levying extortionate and unauthorized fees and acting in collusion with councillors in the allocation of perquisites, APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 127r–8v; 60, ff. 46v–47rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 32, ff. 4r, 63v–64v.Google Scholar

152 APMCMOP, vol. 43, ff. 110v–112r.Google Scholar

153 APMSG, vol. 18, f. 27r.Google Scholar

154 APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 104v.Google Scholar

155 APMSG, vol. 81, doc. 58.Google Scholar

156 APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 153r–v.Google Scholar

157 Accord of October 31, 1733, APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 88v–90r.Google Scholar

158 APMCMOP, vol. 39, ff. 96v–97r.Google Scholar

159 APMSG, vol. 44, ff. 136v–138v.Google Scholar

160 APMCMOP, vol. 42, ff. 80v–81v; vol. 49. f. 14v.Google Scholar

161 APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 120r–122r.Google Scholar

162 APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 160r–161v.Google Scholar

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