Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-rj9fg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-15T10:33:45.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Theory in Anthropology since the Sixties

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Sherry B. Ortner
Sherry B. Ortner*
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Every year, around the time of the meetings of the American Anthropological Association, the New York Times asks a Big Name anthropologist to contribute an op-ed piece on the state of the field. These pieces tend to take a rather gloomy view. A few years ago, for example, Marvin Harris suggested that anthropology was being taken over by mystics, religious fanatics, and California cultists; that the meetings were dominated by panels on shamanism, witchcraft, and “abnormal phenomena”; and that “scientific papers based on empirical studies” had been willfully excluded from the program (Harris 1978). More recently, in a more sober tone, Eric Wolf suggested that the field of anthropology is coming apart. The sub-fields (and sub-sub-fields) are increasingly pursuing their specialized interests, losing contact with each other and with the whole. There is no longer a shared discourse, a shared set of terms to which all practitioners address themselves, a shared language we all, however idiosyncratically, speak (Wolf 1980).

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , January 1984 , pp. 126 - 166
Copyright
Copyright   Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Alland, Alex. 1975. “Adaptation,” in Annual Review of Anthropology, 4. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis. 1971. Lenin and Philosophy, Ben Brewster, trans. New York and London: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
American Ethnologist. 1978. Special issue on Political Economy (5:3).Google Scholar
Asad, Talal, ed. 1973. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
Avineri, Shlomo. 1971. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Babcock, Barbara, ed. 1978. The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, F. G. 1969. Strategems and Spoils. New York: Schocken.Google Scholar
Barnes, J. A. 1980. “Kinship Studies: Some Impressions on the Current State of Play.” Man, 15:2, 293–303.Google Scholar
Barnett, Steve. 1977. “Identity Choice and Caste Ideology,” in Symbolic Anthropology, J. Dolgin, D. Kemnitzer, and D. Schneider, eds. New York:Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Steve, and Silverman, Martin G. 1979. Ideology and Everyday Life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik. 1966. “Models of Social Organization.” Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Papers 23.Google Scholar
Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Bauman, Richard, and Sherzer, Joel, eds. 1974. Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmund. 1973. Culture as Praxis. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Becker, A. L. 1979. “Text-Building, Epistemology, and Aesthetics in Javanese Shadow Theater,” in The Imagination of Reality, A. L. Becker and A. A. Yengoyan, eds. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.Google Scholar
Beidelman, Thomas. 1966. “Swazi Royal Ritual.” Africa, 36:4, 373–405.Google Scholar
Berger, Peter, and Luckmann, Thomas. 1967. The Social Construction of Reality. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Berreman, Gerald. 1962. Behind Many Masks: Ethnography and Impression Management in a Himalayan Village. Monograph 4. Ithaca, New York: Society for Applied Anthropology.Google Scholar
Bloch, Maurice. 1971. “The Moral and Tactical Meaning of Kinship Terms.” Man, 6:1, 79–87.Google Scholar
Bloch, Maurice. 1974. “The Long Term and the Short Term: The Economic and Political Significance of the Morality of Kinship,” in The Character of Kinship, J. Goody, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bloch, Maurice. 1977. “The Disconnection between Power and Rank as a Process.” Archives Europeene de Sociologie, 18:107-48.Google Scholar
Blu, Karen. 1980. The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blumer, Herbert. 1962. “Society as Symbolic Interaction,” in Human Behavior and Social Processes, Rose, A. M., ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Boon, James A. 1972. “Further Operations of ‘Culture’ in Anthropology: A Synthesis of and for Debate.” Social Science Quarterly, 52 (September), 221-52.Google Scholar
Boon, James A., and Schneider, David M. 1974. “Kinship vis-a-vis Myth: Contrasts in Levi-Strauss’ Approach to Cross-cultural Comparison.” American Anthropologist, 76:4, 794–817.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1978 [1972]. Outline of a Theory of Practice, Richard Nice, trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bradbury, Malcolm. 1981. Comment on “Modern Literary Theory: Its Place in Teaching.” Times Literary Supplement, (6 February), 137.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon. 1942. What Happened in History. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. 1981. “Anthropology and History in the 1980's.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 12:2, 227–52.Google Scholar
Cole, P., and Morgan, J., eds. 1975. Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Collier, Jane, and Rosaldo, Michelle Z. 1981. “Politics and Gender in Simple Societies,” in Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality, Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, eds. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crapanzano, Vincent. 1980. Tuhami: Portrait of a Moroccan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
DeGeorge, Richard, and DeGeorge, Fernande, eds. 1972. The Structuralists from Marx to Levi-Strauss. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Diamond, Stanley, ed. 1979. Toward a Marxist Anthropology. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Dolgin, J.; Kemnitzer, D.; and Schneider, D. M. 1977. “As People Express Their Lives, So They Are …” in their Symbolic Anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary. 1966. Purity and Danger. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.Google Scholar
Dreyfus, Hubert L., and Rabinow, Paul. 1982. Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dumont, Louis. 1965. “The Modern Conception of the Individual: Notes on Its Genesis.” Contributions to Indian Sociology, 8:1, 13–61.Google Scholar
Dumont, Louis. 1970. Homo Hierarchicus: An Essay on the Caste System, Sainsbury, M., trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fernandez, James. 1974. “The Mission of Metaphor in Expressive Culture.” Current Anthropology, 15:2, 119–45.Google Scholar
Firth, Raymond. 1963 [1951]. Elements of Social Organization. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Sheridan, Alan, trans. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1980. The History of Sexuality. Volume I, Hurley, Robert, trans. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Friedman, Jonathan. 1974. “Marxism, Structuralism, and Vulgar Materialism.” Man, n.s. 9:3, 444-69.Google Scholar
Friedman, Jonathan. 1975. “Tribes, States and Transformations,” in Marxist Analyses and Social Anthropology, Bloch, M., ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Paul. 1970. Agrarian Revolt in a Mexican Village. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Paul. 1977. “Sanity and the Myth of Honor: The Problem of Achilles.” Ethos, 5:3, 281–305.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973a. “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture,” in Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973b. “Religion as a Cultural System,” in Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973c. “Ideology as a Cultural System,” in Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973d. “The Cerebral Savage: On the Work of Claude Levi-Strauss,” in Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973e. “Person, Time and Conduct in Bali,” in Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973f. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,” in Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1975. “On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding.” American Scientist, 63:1, 47–53.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1980a. “Blurred Genres: The Refiguration of Social Thought.” The American Scholar, 49:2, 165–79.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1980b. Negara: The Theater-State in Nineteenth Century Bali. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Genovese, Eugene D. 1976. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1971. Capitalism and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1979. Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1955. Custom and Conflict in Africa. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Godelier, Maurice. 1977. Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology, Brain, Robert, trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Goldman, Irving. 1970. Ancient Polynesian Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goldmanri, Lucien. 1977. Cultural Creation in Modern Society, Grahl, Bart, trans. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Goody, Esther N., ed. 1978. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio. 1957. The Modern Prince and Other Writings, Marks, Louis, trans. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Gregor, Thomas. 1977. Mehinaku: The Drama of Daily Life in a Brazilian Indian Village. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Guemple, Lee. 1972. Panel on “Cultural Basis of Social Relations: Kinship, Person, and Actor.” Annual Meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Toronto.Google Scholar
Gunder Frank, Andre. 1967. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York and London: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jiirgen. 1973. Theory and Practice, Viertel, John, trans. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Marvin. 1966. “The Cultural Ecology of India's Sacred Cattle.” Current Anthropology, 7:1, 51–64.Google Scholar
Harris, Marvin. 1968. The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: Crowell.Google Scholar
Harris, Marvin. 1978. “No End of Messiahs.” New York Times (26 November), sec. 4, p. 21.Google Scholar
Hart, Keith. 1982. The Development of Commercial Agriculture in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hart, C. W. M., and Pilling, Arnold R. 1960. The Tiwi of North Australia. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.Google Scholar
Hymes, Dell, ed. 1974. Reinventing Anthropology. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joel S. 1980. Minangkabau Social Formations: Indonesian Peasants and the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kapferer, Bruce, ed. 1976. Transaction and Meaning: Directions in the Anthropology of Exchange and Human Behavior. Philadelphia: ISHI Publications.Google Scholar
Kelly, Raymond, n.d. “The Nuer Conquest: A Case Study in the Structure of Nonequilibrium Systems.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, John T. 1977. “Person, Hierarchy, and Autonomy in Traditional Yapese Theory,” in Symbolic Anthropology, Dolgin, Kemnitzer, and Schneider, eds.Google Scholar
Kracke, Waud H. 1978. Force and Persuasion: Leadership in an Amazonian Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund. 1954. Political Systems of Highland Burma. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund. 1960. “The Sinhalese of the Dry Zone of Northern Ceylon,” in Social Structure in Southeast Asia, Murdock, G. P., ed. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund. 1964. “Anthropological Aspects of Language: Animal Categories and Verbal Abuse,” in New Directions in the Study of Language, Lenneberg, E. H., ed. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund. 1966. Rethinking Anthropology. London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology, no. 22. New York: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund. 1969. Genesis as Myth and Other Essays. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund, ed. 1967. The Structural Study of Myth and Totemism. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1963. “The Effectiveness of Symbols,” in his Structural Anthropology, Jacobson, C. and Schoepf, B. G., trans. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Levi-Strauss, Claude 1964-71. Mythologiques ﹛Introduction to a Science of Mythology). 4 vols. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1967. “La Geste d'Asdiwal,” in Structural Study of Myth and Totemism, Leach, ed.Google Scholar
Levy, Robert. 1973. Tahitians: Mind and Experience in the Society Islands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gilbert. 1977. “A Mother's Brother to a Sister's Son,” in Symbols and Sentiments, Lewis, I., ed. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Marriott, McKim. 1976. “Hindu Transactions: Diversity without Dualism,” in Transaction and Meaning, Kapferer, ed.Google Scholar
Meeker, Michael E. 1979. Literature and Violence in North Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Sally Falk, and Myerhoff, Barbara G., eds. 1975. Symbols and Politics in Communal Ideology. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Munn, Nancy. 1969. “The Effectiveness of Symbols in Murngin Rite and Myth,” in Forms of Symbolic Action, Spencer, R., ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Myerhoff, Barbara G. 1974. Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Needham, Rodney. 1973a. “The Left Hand of the Mugwe: An Analytical Note on the Structure of Meru Symbolism,” in Right and Left, Needham, ed.Google Scholar
Needham, Rodney, ed. 1973b. Right and Left: Essays on Dual Symbolic Classification. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
O'Laughlin, Bridget. 1974. “Mediation of a Contradiction: Why Mbum Women do not eat Chicken,” in Woman, Culture and Society, Rosaldo, M. and Lamphere, L., eds. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Oilman, Bertell. 1971. Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry B. 1975. “Gods’ Bodies, Gods’ Food: A Symbolic Analysis of a Sherpa Ritual,” in The Interpretation of Symbolism, Willis, R., ed. London: Malaby Press.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry B. 1978. Sherpas through their Rituals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry B. 1981. “Gender and Sexuality in Hierarchical Societies: The Case of Polynesia and Some Comparative Implications,” in Sexual Meanings, Ortner, S. and Whitehead, H., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry B. In preparation. “High Religion: An Interpretive History of Sherpa Buddhism.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott. 1949 [1937]. The Structure of Social Action. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott, and Shils, Edward A., eds. 1962 [1951]. Toward a General Theory of Action. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Paul, Robert A. 1982. The Tibetan Symbolic World: Psychoanalytic Explorations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Piddocke, Stuart. 1969. “The Potlatch System of the Southern Kwakiutl: A New Perspective,” in Environment and Cultural Behavior, Vayda, A. P., ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Rabinow, Paul. 1975. Symbolic Domination: Cultural Form and Historical Change in Morocco. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rabinow, Paul. 1977. Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rabinow, Paul, and Sullivan, William M. 1979. “The Interpretive Turn: Emergence of an Approach,” in their Interpretive Social Socience, A Reader. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Roy A. 1967. Pigs for the Ancestors. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Riegelhaupt, Joyce. 1978. “The Revolt of Maria da Fonte: Peasants, ‘Women,’ and the State.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Riesman, Paul. 1977. Freedom in Fulani Social Life: An Introspective Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Michelle Z. 1980. Knowledge and Passion: Ilongot Notions of Self and Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Michelle Z. 1981. “Towards an Anthropology of Self and Feeling.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. 1980. Ilongot Headhunting, 1883-1974. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosen, Lawrence. 1978. “The Negotiation of Reality: Male-Female Relations in Sefrou, Morocco,” in Women in the Muslim World, Beck, L. and Keddie, N., eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Eric B., ed. 1980. Beyond the Myth of Culture: Essays in Cultural Materialism. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall. 1964. “Culture and Environment,” in Horizons of Anthropology, Tax, S., ed. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall. 1972. Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall. 1981. Historical Metaphors and Mythical Realities: Structure in the Early History of the Sandwich Islands Kingdom. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall, and Service, Elman R., eds. 1960. Evolution and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Said, Edward W. 1979. Orientalism. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Schneider, David M. 1968. American Kinship: A Cultural Account. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Schneider, David M. 1977. “Kinship, Nationality, and Religion in American Culture: Toward a Definition of Kinship,” in Symbolic Anthropology, Dolgin, Kemnitzer, and Schneider, eds.Google Scholar
Schneider, Jane. 1978. “Peacocks and Penguins: The Political Economy of European Cloth and Colors.” American Ethnologist, 5:3, 413–47.Google Scholar
Schneider, Jane, and Schneider, Peter. 1976. Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Service, Elman R. 1958. Profdes in Ethnology. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Singer, Milton. 1980. “Signs of the Self: An Exploration in Semiotic Anthropology.” American Anthropologist, 82:3, 485–507.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1953. “Evolution and Process,” in Anthropology Today, Kroeber, A. L., ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1955. Theory of Culture Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. 1968. “The Magical Power of Words.” Man, n.s. 3:2, 175–208.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. 1969. “Animals Are Good to Think and Good to Prohibit.” Ethnology, 8:4, 423–59.Google Scholar
Taussig, Michael T. 1980. The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Terray, Emmanuel. 1972. Marxism and “Primitive” Societies, Klopper, Mary, trans. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Terray, Emmanuel. 1975. “Classes and Class Consciousness in the Abron Kingdom of Gyaman,” in Marxist Analyses and Social Anthropology, Bloch, M., ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1966. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1978. The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Terence S. 1969. “Oedipus: Time and Structure in Narrative Form,” in Forms of Symbolic Action, Spencer, R., ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1967. The Forest of Symbols. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1969. The Ritual Process. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Wagner, Roy. 1975. The Invention of Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1980. Rockdale: The Growth of an American Village in the Early Industrial Revolution. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Emmanuel. 1976. The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
White, Leslie A. 1943. “Energy and the Evolution of Culture.” American Anthropologist, 45:3, 335–56.Google Scholar
White, Leslie A. 1949. The Science of Culture. New York: Farrar Straus.Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond. 1973. The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond. 1976. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond. 1977. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1969. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1980. “They Divide and Subdivide and Call it Anthropology.” New York Times (30 November), Ideas and Trends Section, p. E9.Google Scholar
Worsley, Peter. 1968. The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of “Cargo” Cults in Melanesia. New York: Schocken.Google Scholar
Yalman, Nur. 1969. “The Structure of Sinhalese Healing Rituals,” in Forms of Symbolic Action, Spencer, R., ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Yengoyan, A. A. 1979. “Cultural Forms and a Theory of Constraints,” in The Imagination of Reality, Becker, A. L. and Yengoyan, A. A., eds. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.Google Scholar