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Sylvan Memories of People, Place, and Trees in Nangodi, Northeastern Ghana
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 December 2018
Abstract
People's relationships with trees reflect the landscape histories associated with distinctive forms of political and religious authority and the moral imaginings of people in Nangodi and its environs in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Their memories of particular trees serve as historical evidence of overlapping yet specific forms of political authority exercised by chiefs, earth priests, past colonial officers, and present-day Ghanaian government officials. In Nangodi, individual family ancestral tree shrines, clan tree cemeteries, and sacred groves associated with earth priests and chiefs coexist with the Red Volta West Forest Reserve and with a succession of tree-related development initiatives. While these relationships are often considered as separate claims to political authority, spiritual power, or scientific knowledge, this paper argues that these relationships of people and of trees are better conceptualized as historical accumulations that represent intersecting and contested forms of authority and political rule continuing into the present. Indigenous tree species such as ebony are associated with sacred groves controlled by chiefs, silk-cotton trees with earth priests’ cemeteries, and baobab trees with particular families coexist with foreign teak trees associated with colonial forestry. This situation suggests how institutions of governance as well as the actions of individuals have environmental consequences. A consideration of historical memories of people and trees in places such as Nangodi enables a rethinking of political and environmental dichotomies, and complicates the social dynamics of` the preservation and destruction of trees and forests around the world.
- Type
- History Gathers in Trees and Streets
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2018
References
REFERENCES
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Vokawol Azure, mechanic and water pump operator, Nangodi, 7 July 2017.Google Scholar
Nyagimba Babil, earth priest, Nangodi, 7 July 2017.Google Scholar
‘Kurug Bahn, earth priest, Nangodi, 30 May 2014, 15 July 2017.Google Scholar
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Bugre Nafo, earth priest, Yakoti/Nangodi, July 2017.Google Scholar
Ndaan Nyaak, earth priest, Nangodi, 25 May 2015.Google Scholar
JN, farmer, Nangodi, 14 July 2017.Google Scholar
Daabokit Tenga, forestry worker, Nangodi, 8 Jan. 2017.Google Scholar
Tendaana To'o, regent earth priest, Nangodi, 4 June 2014.Google Scholar
Tibila, farmer, Nangodi, 15 May 2015.Google Scholar
Tendaana Kugibila Wobome, earth priest, Nangodi, 15 July 2017.Google Scholar
Agbaje-Williams, Babatunde. 2005. Clothed Ritual Trees: An Insight into Yoruba Religious Thought. In Renne, E. and Agbaje-Williams, B., eds., Yoruba Religious Textiles. Ibadan: Book Builders, 157–87.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. 2003. The Divine Comedy. Ciardi, J., trans. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
Allman, Jean and Parker, John. 2005. Tongnaab: The History of a West African God. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Arbonnier, Michel. 2009. Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones sèches de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. 3d ed. Versailles: Éditions Quae.Google Scholar
Bachelard, Gaston. 2014 [1964]. The Poetics of Space. Jolas, Maria, trans. New York: Orion Press.Google Scholar
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Department of Forestry. 1945–1955. Quarterly Reports, Forestry Division, Regional Archives of Ghana, Tamale, file NRG8/3/135.Google Scholar
Dordel, Julia and Tölke, Guido, directors. 2016. Intelligent Trees. Video. Bremen: Nordmedia.Google Scholar
Dorm-Adzobu, Clement, Ampadu-Agyel, Okyeame, and Veit, Peter G.. 1991. Religious Beliefs and Environmental Protection: The Malshegu Sacred Grove in Northern Ghana. Nairobi: Acts Press, African Centre for Technology Studies; Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
Duodu, Samuel. 2017. Give Stiffer Punishment to Check Illegal Logging. Daily Graphic, 14 July: 26.Google Scholar
Environmental Investigation Agency. 2017. The Rosewood Racket: China's Billion Dollar Illegal Timber Trade & the Devastation of Nigeria's Forests. London: EIA, https://eia-global.org/.Google Scholar
Fairhead, James and Leach, Melissa. 1995. False Forest History, Complicit Social Analysis: Rethinking some West African Environmental Narratives. World Development 23, 6: 1023–36.Google Scholar
Fairhead, James and Leach, Melissa. 1996. Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest-Savanna Mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Feeley-Harnik, Gillian. 1991. A Green Estate: Restoring Independence in Madagascar. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Forestry Commission Denies Illegal Logging of Rosewood in Forest Reserves. 2017. Top News Ghana, 18 June. At: http://www.topnewsghana.com/forestry-commission-denies-illegal-logging-of-rosewood-in-forest-reserves/ (accessed 21 June 2017).Google Scholar
Forestry Commission of Ghana. 2017a. End of the Year 2016 Speech by Samuel Afari Dartey, Forestry Commission Press Release. Daily Graphic, 9–10 Jan.: 24–25.Google Scholar
Forestry Commission of Ghana. 2017b. Rosewood Harvesting in Ghana and the Way Forward, Forestry Commission Press Release. 4 May. At: http://www.fcghana.org (accessed 26 July 2017).Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1945. The Dynamics of Clanship among the Tallensi. London: IAI, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Government of Ghana. 2006. Minerals and Mining Act 2006 (Act 703). Sustainable Development Strategies Group website, www.sdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Ghana-Minerals-Act-2006.pdf.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, W. D. and Jongkind, C.C.H.. 2006. Woody Plants of Western African Forests: A Guide to the Forest Trees, Shrubs, and Lianes from Senegal to Ghana. Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.Google Scholar
Hunter, John M. 1968. The Clans of Nangodi: A Geographical Study of the Territorial Basis of Authority in a Traditional State of the West African Savanna. Africa 38: 377–412.Google Scholar
Kotey, N. A., Mayers, J., IIED Forestry and Land Use Programme, and Ghana Ministry of Forestry and Lands. 1998. Falling into Place: Policy that Works for Forests and People. Vol. 4. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Kpare, Bernard. 2016. Effects of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Red Volta East Forest Reserve of the Upper East Region on the Livelihoods of Adjoining Communities. PhD diss., University of Development Studies-Tamale.Google Scholar
Lentz, Carola. 1999. Colonial Ethnography and Political Reform: The Works of A. C. Duncan-Johnstone, R. S. Rattray, J. Eyre-Smith and J. Guiness on Northern Ghana. Ghana Studies 2: 119–69.Google Scholar
Lentz, Carola. 2013. Land, Mobility, and Belonging in West Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Long, Rachel et al. 2013. Water Values in a Ghanaian Small-Scale Gold Mining Community. Human Organization 72, 3: 199–210.Google Scholar
Lowood, Henry. 1990. The Calculating Forester: Quantification, Cameral Science, and the Emergence of Scientific Forestry Management in Germany. In Fringsmyr, T. and Rider, R., eds., The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 315–42.Google Scholar
Lund, Christian. 2013. The Past and Space: On Arguments on African Land Control. Africa 83, 1: 14–35.Google Scholar
Owen, John. 1970. The Medico-Social and Cultural Significance of Adansonia Digitata (Baobab) in African Communities. African Notes 6, 1: 24–45.Google Scholar
Pageard, R. 1967. Plantes à Brûler Chez les Bambara. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 37, 1: 87–130.Google Scholar
Rattray, R. S. 1932. The Tribes of the Ashanti Hinterland. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Reij, Chris. 2014. Re-Greening the Sahel: Linking Adaptation to Climate Change, Poverty Reduction, and Sustainable Development in Drylands. In Hecht, S., Morrison, K., and Padoch, C., eds., The Social Lives of Forests. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 303–10.Google Scholar
Renne, E. P. 2015. Small-Scale and Industrial Gold Mining Histories in Nangodi, UER, Ghana. Journal of West African History 1, 2: 71–93.Google Scholar
Ribot, Jesse. 1999. Decentralization, Participation, and Accountability in Sahelian Forestry: Legal Instruments of Political Administrative Control. Africa 69, 1: 23–65.Google Scholar
Rival, Laura. 1998. Trees, from Symbols of Life and Regeneration to Political Artefacts. In Rival, L., ed., The Social Life of Trees: Anthropological Perspectives on Tree Symbolism. Oxford: Berg, 1–36.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Richard. 1999. Community, Forestry and Conditionality in the Gambia. Africa 69, 1: 1–22.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Michael. 2008. The Dynamics of African Sacred Groves: Ecological, Social & Symbolic Processes. In Sheridan, M. and Nyamweru, C., eds., African Sacred Groves: Ecological Dynamics and Social Change. Oxford: James Currey, 9–41.Google Scholar
Spooner, A. C. 1935–1937. “Buck McGuiness and Jock Reid, by A. C. Spooner.” Report, n.d. Papers of A. C. Spooner, Rhodes House, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, MSS Afr. s.2438.Google Scholar
Spooner, A. C. 1937–1940. Letters. Papers of A. C. Spooner, Rhodes House, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, MSS Afr. s.2438, box 3, file 3/1.Google Scholar
Stafford, Fiona. 2016. The Long, Long Life of Trees. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sunseri, Thaddeus. 2007. “Every African a Nationalist”: Scientific Forestry and Forest Nationalism in Colonial Tanzania. Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, 4: 883–913.Google Scholar
Sunseri, Thaddeus. 2009. Wielding the Ax: State Forestry and Social Conflict in Tanzania, 1820–2000. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1967. Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wickens, Gerald E. with Lowe, Pat. 2008. The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Wohlleben, Peter. 2016. The Hidden Lives of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate. Billinghurst, J., trans. Vancouver: Greystone Books.Google Scholar
Ibrahim Amoore, former chief's family member, Nangodi, May 2015, 8 Jan. 2017, 21 July 2017.Google Scholar
Rexford Amoore, former chief's family member, Nangodi, 1 Mar. 2015.Google Scholar
Vokawol Azure, mechanic and water pump operator, Nangodi, 7 July 2017.Google Scholar
Nyagimba Babil, earth priest, Nangodi, 7 July 2017.Google Scholar
‘Kurug Bahn, earth priest, Nangodi, 30 May 2014, 15 July 2017.Google Scholar
Osman Kolbil, forestry worker, Nangodi, 1 Mar. 2015, 31 May 2015, 5 Jan. 2017.Google Scholar
Baba Kparib, farmer, Nangodi, 14 July 2017.Google Scholar
Laraba Kparib (the only woman among the interviewees), farmer, Nangodi, 18 July 2017.Google Scholar
Abambiri Mba, forestry worker, Nangodi, 8 Jan. 2017.Google Scholar
Bugre Nafo, earth priest, Yakoti/Nangodi, July 2017.Google Scholar
Ndaan Nyaak, earth priest, Nangodi, 25 May 2015.Google Scholar
JN, farmer, Nangodi, 14 July 2017.Google Scholar
Daabokit Tenga, forestry worker, Nangodi, 8 Jan. 2017.Google Scholar
Tendaana To'o, regent earth priest, Nangodi, 4 June 2014.Google Scholar
Tibila, farmer, Nangodi, 15 May 2015.Google Scholar
Tendaana Kugibila Wobome, earth priest, Nangodi, 15 July 2017.Google Scholar
Agbaje-Williams, Babatunde. 2005. Clothed Ritual Trees: An Insight into Yoruba Religious Thought. In Renne, E. and Agbaje-Williams, B., eds., Yoruba Religious Textiles. Ibadan: Book Builders, 157–87.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. 2003. The Divine Comedy. Ciardi, J., trans. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
Allman, Jean and Parker, John. 2005. Tongnaab: The History of a West African God. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Arbonnier, Michel. 2009. Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones sèches de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. 3d ed. Versailles: Éditions Quae.Google Scholar
Bachelard, Gaston. 2014 [1964]. The Poetics of Space. Jolas, Maria, trans. New York: Orion Press.Google Scholar
Barre, Rita Yembilah, Grant, Miriam, and Draper, Dianne. 2009. The Role of Taboos in Conservation of Sacred Groves in Ghana's Tallensi-Nabdam District. Social & Cultural Geography 10, 1: 25–39.Google Scholar
Beidelman, T. O. 2012. The Culture of Colonialism: The Culture of Subjection of Ukaguru. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bening, Raymond Bagulo. 2010. Ghana Administrative Areas and Boundaries. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. 2014. A Forest for My Kingdom? “Forest Rent” and Politics of History in Asante (Ghana). In Hecht, S., Morrison, K., and Padoch, C., eds., The Social Lives of Forests. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 279–90.Google Scholar
Boon, Emmanuel, Ahenkan, Albert, and Baduon, Bob Nakuku. 2009. An Assessment of Forest Resources Policy and Management in Ghana. IAI09 Conference Proceedings, 29th Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment (16–22 May), Accra, Ghana.Google Scholar
Bryant, Raymond. 2014. The Fate of the Branded Forest: Science, Violence, and Seduction in the World of Teak. In Hecht, S., Morrison, K., and Padoch, C., eds., The Social Lives of Forests. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 220–30.Google Scholar
Burkill, H. M. 1985. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.Google Scholar
Cardinall, Allan W. 1920. The Natives of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast: Their Customs, Religion and Folklore. London: E. P. Dutton.Google Scholar
Navrongo-Bolgatanga, Catholic Diocese. 2017. Catholic Diocese Navrongo-Bolgatanga: About Us. At: https://nbdiocese.wordpress.com/about/ (accessed 3 Aug. 2017).Google Scholar
Clark, Gracia and Manuh, Takyiwaa. 1991. Women Traders in Ghana and the Structural Adjustment Programme. In Gladwin, C., ed., Structural Adjustment and African Women Farmers. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 217–36.Google Scholar
de Boeck, Filip. 1994. Of Trees and Kings: Politics and Metaphor among the Aluund of Southwestern Zaire. American Ethnologist 21, 3: 451–73.Google Scholar
Dei, G.J.S. 1992. A Forest beyond the Trees: Tree Cutting in Rural Ghana. Human Ecology 20, 1: 57–88.Google Scholar
Department of Forestry. 1943–1944. Annual Report, Forestry Division. Regional Archives of Ghana, Tamale, file NRG8/3/126.Google Scholar
Department of Forestry. 1945–1955. Quarterly Reports, Forestry Division, Regional Archives of Ghana, Tamale, file NRG8/3/135.Google Scholar
Dordel, Julia and Tölke, Guido, directors. 2016. Intelligent Trees. Video. Bremen: Nordmedia.Google Scholar
Dorm-Adzobu, Clement, Ampadu-Agyel, Okyeame, and Veit, Peter G.. 1991. Religious Beliefs and Environmental Protection: The Malshegu Sacred Grove in Northern Ghana. Nairobi: Acts Press, African Centre for Technology Studies; Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
Duodu, Samuel. 2017. Give Stiffer Punishment to Check Illegal Logging. Daily Graphic, 14 July: 26.Google Scholar
Environmental Investigation Agency. 2017. The Rosewood Racket: China's Billion Dollar Illegal Timber Trade & the Devastation of Nigeria's Forests. London: EIA, https://eia-global.org/.Google Scholar
Fairhead, James and Leach, Melissa. 1995. False Forest History, Complicit Social Analysis: Rethinking some West African Environmental Narratives. World Development 23, 6: 1023–36.Google Scholar
Fairhead, James and Leach, Melissa. 1996. Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest-Savanna Mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Feeley-Harnik, Gillian. 1991. A Green Estate: Restoring Independence in Madagascar. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Forestry Commission Denies Illegal Logging of Rosewood in Forest Reserves. 2017. Top News Ghana, 18 June. At: http://www.topnewsghana.com/forestry-commission-denies-illegal-logging-of-rosewood-in-forest-reserves/ (accessed 21 June 2017).Google Scholar
Forestry Commission of Ghana. 2017a. End of the Year 2016 Speech by Samuel Afari Dartey, Forestry Commission Press Release. Daily Graphic, 9–10 Jan.: 24–25.Google Scholar
Forestry Commission of Ghana. 2017b. Rosewood Harvesting in Ghana and the Way Forward, Forestry Commission Press Release. 4 May. At: http://www.fcghana.org (accessed 26 July 2017).Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1945. The Dynamics of Clanship among the Tallensi. London: IAI, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Government of Ghana. 2006. Minerals and Mining Act 2006 (Act 703). Sustainable Development Strategies Group website, www.sdsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Ghana-Minerals-Act-2006.pdf.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, W. D. and Jongkind, C.C.H.. 2006. Woody Plants of Western African Forests: A Guide to the Forest Trees, Shrubs, and Lianes from Senegal to Ghana. Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.Google Scholar
Hunter, John M. 1968. The Clans of Nangodi: A Geographical Study of the Territorial Basis of Authority in a Traditional State of the West African Savanna. Africa 38: 377–412.Google Scholar
Kotey, N. A., Mayers, J., IIED Forestry and Land Use Programme, and Ghana Ministry of Forestry and Lands. 1998. Falling into Place: Policy that Works for Forests and People. Vol. 4. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Kpare, Bernard. 2016. Effects of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Red Volta East Forest Reserve of the Upper East Region on the Livelihoods of Adjoining Communities. PhD diss., University of Development Studies-Tamale.Google Scholar
Lentz, Carola. 1999. Colonial Ethnography and Political Reform: The Works of A. C. Duncan-Johnstone, R. S. Rattray, J. Eyre-Smith and J. Guiness on Northern Ghana. Ghana Studies 2: 119–69.Google Scholar
Lentz, Carola. 2013. Land, Mobility, and Belonging in West Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Long, Rachel et al. 2013. Water Values in a Ghanaian Small-Scale Gold Mining Community. Human Organization 72, 3: 199–210.Google Scholar
Lowood, Henry. 1990. The Calculating Forester: Quantification, Cameral Science, and the Emergence of Scientific Forestry Management in Germany. In Fringsmyr, T. and Rider, R., eds., The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 315–42.Google Scholar
Lund, Christian. 2013. The Past and Space: On Arguments on African Land Control. Africa 83, 1: 14–35.Google Scholar
Owen, John. 1970. The Medico-Social and Cultural Significance of Adansonia Digitata (Baobab) in African Communities. African Notes 6, 1: 24–45.Google Scholar
Pageard, R. 1967. Plantes à Brûler Chez les Bambara. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 37, 1: 87–130.Google Scholar
Rattray, R. S. 1932. The Tribes of the Ashanti Hinterland. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Reij, Chris. 2014. Re-Greening the Sahel: Linking Adaptation to Climate Change, Poverty Reduction, and Sustainable Development in Drylands. In Hecht, S., Morrison, K., and Padoch, C., eds., The Social Lives of Forests. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 303–10.Google Scholar
Renne, E. P. 2015. Small-Scale and Industrial Gold Mining Histories in Nangodi, UER, Ghana. Journal of West African History 1, 2: 71–93.Google Scholar
Ribot, Jesse. 1999. Decentralization, Participation, and Accountability in Sahelian Forestry: Legal Instruments of Political Administrative Control. Africa 69, 1: 23–65.Google Scholar
Rival, Laura. 1998. Trees, from Symbols of Life and Regeneration to Political Artefacts. In Rival, L., ed., The Social Life of Trees: Anthropological Perspectives on Tree Symbolism. Oxford: Berg, 1–36.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Richard. 1999. Community, Forestry and Conditionality in the Gambia. Africa 69, 1: 1–22.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Michael. 2008. The Dynamics of African Sacred Groves: Ecological, Social & Symbolic Processes. In Sheridan, M. and Nyamweru, C., eds., African Sacred Groves: Ecological Dynamics and Social Change. Oxford: James Currey, 9–41.Google Scholar
Spooner, A. C. 1935–1937. “Buck McGuiness and Jock Reid, by A. C. Spooner.” Report, n.d. Papers of A. C. Spooner, Rhodes House, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, MSS Afr. s.2438.Google Scholar
Spooner, A. C. 1937–1940. Letters. Papers of A. C. Spooner, Rhodes House, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, MSS Afr. s.2438, box 3, file 3/1.Google Scholar
Stafford, Fiona. 2016. The Long, Long Life of Trees. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sunseri, Thaddeus. 2007. “Every African a Nationalist”: Scientific Forestry and Forest Nationalism in Colonial Tanzania. Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, 4: 883–913.Google Scholar
Sunseri, Thaddeus. 2009. Wielding the Ax: State Forestry and Social Conflict in Tanzania, 1820–2000. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1967. Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wickens, Gerald E. with Lowe, Pat. 2008. The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Wohlleben, Peter. 2016. The Hidden Lives of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate. Billinghurst, J., trans. Vancouver: Greystone Books.Google Scholar