Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:59:55.186Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Development of a method to identify foot strike on an arena surface: application to jump landing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2010

SJ Hobbs ,
O Orlande ,
CJ Edmundson ,
AJ Northrop  and
JH Martin
SJ Hobbs*
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PrestonPR1 2HE, UK†
O Orlande
Affiliation:
Myerscough College, Bilsborrow, UK
CJ Edmundson
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PrestonPR1 2HE, UK†
AJ Northrop
Affiliation:
Myerscough College, Bilsborrow, UK
JH Martin
Affiliation:
Myerscough College, Bilsborrow, UK
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Foot strike can be difficult to determine using kinematics alone, particularly when studying equine activities on more compliant surfaces, so this study was done with the aim of developing and validating a method to determine foot strike on an arena surface that can be used in conjunction with kinematics alone, and of applying the method in the context of measuring foot strike during jump landing on an arena surface. A low-cost contact mat was developed. The timing of the contact mat switching ‘on’ was compared to the timing of a force platform onset of 20 N, load and loading rate at foot strike. Two groups of 25 participants were used in two separate studies to validate the contact mat: the first measured the difference in timing with respect to two different activities (running and stepping down from a box), and the second measured the difference in timing with respect to 1- and 2-cm depths of an arena surface during running. In a third study, the mat was used to measure leading limb foot strike of six horses during jump landing, and these data were compared to kinematics from a palmar marker on the hoof wall. All data were recorded at 500 Hz. A consistent difference in delay was found between the mat and force platform onset, and as a result, no significant differences (P>0.05) in timing delay between different loading rates or depths were found. During jump landing, foot strike (determined from the mat) occurred after the vertical velocity minima and the acceleration maxima for the hoof marker, but it occurred before the point where the rate of vertical displacement began to reduce. In conclusion, further work is needed to enhance these techniques, but these preliminary results indicate that this method may be effective in determining foot strike for field-based applications.

Keywords

jumpingarena surfaceskinematicsfoot strikehoof slide
Type
Research Paper
Information
Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , February 2010 , pp. 19 - 25
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Thomason, JJ and Peterson, ML (2008). Biomechanical and mechanical investigations of the hoof–track interface in racing horses. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 24(1): 53–77.Google ScholarPubMed
2Reiser, RF, Peterson, ML, McIlwraith, CW and Woodward, B (2000). Simulated effects on racetrack material properties on the vertical loading of the equine forelimb. Sports Engineering 3: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Crevier-Denoix, N, Pourcelot, P, Ravary, B, Robin, D, Falala, S, Uzel, S et al. (2009). Influence of track surface on the equine superficial digital flexor tendon loading in two horses at high speed. Equine Veterinary Journal 41: 257–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Robin, D, Chateau, H, Pacquet, L, Falala, S, Vallette, J.-P., Pourcelot, P et al. (2009). Use of a 3D dynamometric horseshoe to assess the effects of an all-weather waxed track and a crushed sand track at high speed trot: preliminary study. Equine Veterinary Journal 41(3): 253–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Barrey, E, Landjerit, B and Wolter, R (1991). Shock and vibration during hoof impact on different surfaces. Equine Exercise Physiology 3: 97–106.Google Scholar
6Gustas, P, Johnston, C and Drevemo, S (2006). Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 3: 209–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Burn, JF and Usmar, SJ (2005). Hoof landing velocity is related to track surface properties in trotting horses. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2(1): 37–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Chateau, H, Robin, D, Falala, S, Pourcelot, P, Valette, J.-P., Ravary, B et al. (2009). Effects of a synthetic all-weather waxed track versus a crushed sand track on 3D acceleration of the front hoof in three horses trotting at high speed. Equine Veterinary Journal 41(3): 247–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Merkens, HW, Schmhardt, HC and Van Osche, GJVM (1993). Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch warmblood horses at normal trot. Equine Veterinary Journal 25: 134–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Pardoe, CH, McGuigan, MP and Wilson, AM (2001). The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and kinematics of foot slip at impact using a concrete topped forceplate. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 33: 70–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Wilson, AM and Pardoe, CH (2001). Modification of a force plate system for equine gait analysis on hard road surfaces: a technical note. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 33: 67–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Schamhardt, HC and Merkens, HW (1994). Objective determination of ground contact of equine limbs at the walk and trot: comparison between ground reaction forces, accelerometer data and kinematics. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 17: 75–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Peham, C, Scheidl, M and Licka, T (1999). Limb locomotion – speed distribution analysis as a new method for stance phase detection. Journal of Biomechanics 32: 1119–1124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Ramon, T, Prades, M, Armengou, L, Lanovaz, JL, Mullineaux, DR and Clayton, HM (2004). Effects of athletic taping of the fetlock on distal limb mechanics. Equine Veterinary Journal 36(8): 764–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Hole, SL, Clayton, HM and Lanovaz, JL (2002). A note on the linear and temporal kinematics of Olympic show jumping horses between two fences. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75: 317–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16van Weeren, PR, van den Bogert, AJ, Bruin, W and Barneweld, A (1993). Kinematics of the Standardbred trotter measured at 6, 7, 8, and 9 m/s on a treadmill, before and after 5 months of prerace training. Acta Anatomica 124: 154–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Bobbert, MF, Gomez Alvarez, CB, van Weeren, PR, Roepstorff, L and Weishaupt, MA (2007). Validation of vertical ground reaction forces on individual limbs calculated from kinematics of horse locomotion. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 1885–1896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Hobbs, SJ, Brigden, C, Northrop, A and Richards, J (2006). Fetlock landing kinematics on two different arena surfaces. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology, Fontainbleau, France, 26–31 August, pp. 120.Google Scholar
19Mickleborough, J, van der Linden, ML, Richards, J and Ennos, AR (2000). Validity and reliability of a kinematic protocol for determining foot contact events. Gait and Posture 11: 32–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Meershoek, LS, Roepstorff, L, Schamhardt, HC, Johnston, C and Bobbert, MF (2001). Joint moments in the distal forelimbs of jumping horses during landing. Equine Veterinary Journal 33(4): 410–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Gustas, P, Johnston, C, Roepstorff, L, Drevemo, S and Lanshammar, H (2004). Relationships between fore- and hindlimb ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns in trotting horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 36(8): 737–742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22McClinchey, HL, Thomason, JJ and Runciman, RJ (2004). Grip and slippage of the horse's hoof on solid substrates measured ex vivo. Biosystems Engineering 89(4): 485–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Powers, P and Harrison, A (2002). Effects of the rider on the linear kinematics of jumping horses. Sports Biomechanics 1(2): 135–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed