Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T19:33:04.530Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

PTSD treatment in light of DSM-5 and the “golden hours” concept

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2016

Lior Carmi ,
Leah Fostick ,
Shimon Burshtein ,
Shlomit Cwikel-Hamzany  and
Joseph Zohar
Lior Carmi
Affiliation:
National Post-Trauma Center, Research Foundation by the Sheba Medical Center, Israel Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Leah Fostick
Affiliation:
Department of Communication Disorders, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
Shimon Burshtein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Chaim Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
Shlomit Cwikel-Hamzany
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Chaim Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
Joseph Zohar*
Affiliation:
National Post-Trauma Center, Research Foundation by the Sheba Medical Center, Israel Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
*
*Address for correspondence: Joseph Zohar, A National Post-Traumatic Center, Research Foundation by the Sheba Medical Center, Israel; and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

One of the main changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was the separation of Stress Related Disorders from the Anxiety chapter. This separation paves the way to examine the unique characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (ie, identifiable onset, memory processes, etc) and related neural mechanisms. The time that elapses between the traumatic event and the manifestation of the disorder may also be addressed as the “golden hours,” or the window of opportunity in which critical processes take place and relevant interventions may be administrated.

Keywords

Benzodiazepinesgolden hoursHPA axisPTSDstress related disorderswindow of opportunity
Type
Opinions
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 21 , Special Issue 4: Nosology in DSM5 vs. ICD , August 2016 , pp. 279 - 282
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Regier, DA, Narrow, WE, Clarke, DE, et al. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 2013; 170(1): 59–70.Google Scholar
2. Bryant, RA, Creamer, M, O’Donnell, M, Silove, D, McFarlane, AC, Forbes, D. A comparison of the capacity of DSM-IV and DSM-5 acute stress disorder definitions to predict posttraumatic stress disorder and related disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015; 76(4): 391–397.Google Scholar
3. Gil, S, Caspi, Y, Ben-Ari, IZ, Koren, D, Klein, E. Does memory of a traumatic event increase the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury? A prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(5): 963–969.Google Scholar
4. de Kloet, ER, Oitzl, MS, Joels, M. Stress and cognition: are corticosteroids good or bad guys? Trends Neurosci. 1999; 22(10): 422–426.Google Scholar
5. McGaugh, JL. Memory—a century of consolidation. Science. 2000; 287(5451): 248–251.Google Scholar
6. Roth, S, Cohen, LJ. Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. Am Psychol. 1986; 41(7): 813–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Ginzburg, K, Solomon, Z, Bleich, A. Repressive coping style, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder after myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med. 2002; 64(5): 748–757.Google Scholar
8. Nader, K, Schafe, GE, Le Doux, JE. Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature. 2000; 406(6797): 722–726.Google Scholar
9. Tronson, NC, Taylor, JR. Molecular mechanisms of memory reconsolidation. Nature Rev Neurosci. 2007; 8(4): 262–275.Google Scholar
10. Debiec, J, LeDoux, JE, Nader, K. Cellular and systems reconsolidation in the hippocampus. Neuron. 2002; 36(3): 527–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333(24): 1581–1587.Google Scholar
12. Mayou, RA, Ehlers, A, Hobbs, M. Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2000; 176(6): 589–593.Google Scholar
13. Brom, D, Kleber, RJ, Hofman, MC. Victims of traffic accidents: incidence and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychol. 1993; 49(2): 131–140.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Zatzick, DF, Roy-Byrne, P, Russo, JE, et al. Collaborative interventions for physically injured trauma survivors: a pilot randomized effectiveness trial. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001; 23(3): 114–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Sijbrandij, M, Olff, M, Reitsma, JB, Carlier, IV, Gersons, BP. Emotional or educational debriefing after psychological trauma. Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2006; 189(2): 150–155.Google Scholar
16. van Emmerik, AA, Kamphuis, JH, Hulsbosch, AM, Emmelkamp, PM. Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2002; 360(9335): 766–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Matar, MA, Zohar, J, Kaplan, Z, Cohen, H. Alprazolam treatment immediately after stress exposure interferes with the normal HPA-stress response and increases vulnerability to subsequent stress in an animal model of PTSD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009; 19(4): 283–295.Google Scholar
18. Lupien, SJ, Maheu, F, Tu, M, Fiocco, A, Schramek, TE. The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: implications for the field of brain and cognition. Brain Cogn. 2007; 65(3): 209–237.Google Scholar
19. Cohen, H, Zohar, J, Gidron, Y, et al. Blunted HPA axis response to stress influences susceptibility to posttraumatic stress response in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 59(12): 1208–1218.Google Scholar
20. Delahanty, DL, Raimonde, AJ, Spoonster, E. Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Biol Psychiatry. 2000; 48(9): 940–947.Google Scholar
21. Gelpin, E, Bonne, O, Peri, T, Brandes, D, Shalev, AY. Treatment of recent trauma survivors with benzodiazepines: a prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996; 57(9): 390–394.Google ScholarPubMed
22. Mellman, TA, Bustamante, V, David, D, Fins, AI. Hypnotic medication in the aftermath of trauma. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63(12): 1183–1184.Google Scholar
23. Rothbaum, BO, Price, M, Jovanovic, T, et al. A randomized, double-blind evaluation of D-cycloserine or alprazolam combined with virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 2014; 171(6): 640–648.Google Scholar
24. Bienvenu, OJ, Williams, JB, Yang, A, Hopkins, RO, Needham, DM. Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute lung injury: evaluating the Impact of Event Scale–Revised. Chest. 2013; 144(1): 24–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Baranyi, A, Krauseneck, T, Rothenhausler, HB. Posttraumatic stress symptoms after solid-organ transplantation: preoperative risk factors and the impact on health-related quality of life and life satisfaction. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2013; 11: 111.Google Scholar
26. Cohen, H, Zohar, J, Matar, M. The relevance of differential response to trauma in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 53(6): 463–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Cohen, H, Matar, MA, Buskila, D, Kaplan, Z, Zohar, J. Early post-stressor intervention with high-dose corticosterone attenuates posttraumatic stress response in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 64(8): 708–717.Google Scholar
28. Zohar, J, Yahalom, H, Kozlovsky, N, et al. High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: interplay between clinical and animal studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011; 21(11): 796–809.Google Scholar