Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T09:04:39.294Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome as a paradigmatic neuropsychiatric disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2018

Andrea E. Cavanna
Andrea E. Cavanna*
Affiliation:
Department of Neuropsychiatry, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology and University College London, London, UK School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: Prof. Andrea E. Cavanna, MD, PhD, FRCP, FANPA, Department of Neuropsychiatry, The National Centre for Mental Health, 25 Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2FG, United Kingdom. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a chronic and complex tic disorder accompanied by specific behavioral problems in the majority of patients. With its multifaceted interplay between motion and emotion, this condition is a paradigmatic example of the science and art of clinical neuropsychiatry. This review article encompasses the clinical phenomenology of motor and vocal tics and associated sensory experiences (premonitory urges), as well as the behavioral spectrum of the most common comorbidities, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder, affective symptoms, and impulsivity. Knowledge of the contributions of both tics and behavioral problems to patients’ health-related quality of life across the lifespan should assist treating clinicians in formulating a targeted management plan. Although the exact pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome remains elusive, research into therapeutic interventions has expanded the range of available interventions across multiple domains. A thorough understanding of the neurology and psychiatry of this condition is of key importance to meet the needs of this patient population, from the formulation of an accurate diagnosis to the implementation of effective treatment strategies.

Keywords

Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorderbehaviorGilles de la Tourette syndromehealth-related quality of lifeobsessive-compulsive disorderpremonitory urgestics
Type
Review Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 23 , Special Issue 3: Theme: Neuropsychiatry , June 2018 , pp. 213 - 218
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Cavanna, AE, Seri, S. Tourette’s syndrome. BMJ. 2013; 347: f4964.Google Scholar
2. Hallett, M. Tourette syndrome: update. Brain Dev. 2015; 37(7): 651–655.Google Scholar
3. Ganos, C, Martino, D. Tics and Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin. 2015; 33(1): 115–136.Google Scholar
4. Rickards, H, Cavanna, AE. Gilles de la Tourette: the man behind the syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009; 67(6): 469–474.Google Scholar
5. McNaught, KS, Mink, JW. Advances in understanding and treatment of Tourette syndrome. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011; 7(12): 667–676.Google Scholar
6. Robertson, MM, Eapen, V, Cavanna, AE. The international prevalence, epidemiology and clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome: a cross-cultural perspective. J Psychosom Res. 2009; 67(6): 475–483.Google Scholar
7. Scharf, JM, Miller, LL, Gauvin, CA, Alabiso, J, Mathews, CA, Ben-Shlomo, Y. Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2015; 30(2): 221–228.Google Scholar
8. Cohen, SC, Leckman, JF, Bloch, MH. Clinical assessment of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013; 37(6): 997–1007.Google Scholar
9. Ganos, C, Ogrzal, T, Schnitzler, A, Münchau, A. The pathophysiology of echopraxia/echolalia: relevance to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2012; 27(10): 1222–1229.Google Scholar
10. Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE. “It’s a curse!”: coprolalia in Tourette syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2013; 20(11): 1467–1470.Google Scholar
11. Freeman, RD, Zinner, SH, Müller-Vahl, KR, et al. Coprophenomena in Tourette syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009; 51(3): 218–227.Google Scholar
12. Ganos, C, Edwards, MJ, Müller-Vahl, K. “I swear it is Tourette’s!”: on functional coprolalia and other tic-like vocalizations. Psychiatry Res. 2016; 246: 821–826.Google Scholar
13. Afshangian, F, Nami, M, Abolhasani Foroughi, A, et al. BLAS2T (Bilingual Aphasia in Stroke-Study Team). Coprolalia in aphasic patients with stroke: a longitudinal observation from the BLAS2T database. Neurocase. 2017; 23(5–6): 249–262.Google Scholar
14. Kwak, C, Dat Vuong, K, Jankovic, J. Premonitory sensory phenomenon in Tourette’s syndrome. Mov Disord. 2003; 18(12): 1530–1533.Google Scholar
15. Leckman, JF, Bloch, MH, Scahill, L, King, RA. Tourette syndrome: the self under siege. J Child Neurol. 2006; 21(8): 642–649.Google Scholar
16. Crossley, E, Cavanna, AE. Sensory phenomena: clinical correlates and impact on quality of life in adult patients with Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2013; 209(3): 705–710.Google Scholar
17. Ganos, C, Garrido, A, Navalpotro-Gómez, I, et al. Premonitory urge to tic in Tourette’s is associated with interoceptive awareness. Mov Disord. 2015; 30(9): 1198–1202.Google Scholar
18. Bloch, MH, Leckman, JF. Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009; 67(6): 497–501.Google Scholar
19. Hassan, N, Cavanna, AE. The prognosis of Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice. Funct Neurol. 2012; 27(1): 23–27.Google Scholar
20. Groth, C, Mol Debes, N, Rask, CU, Lange, T, Skov, L. Course of Tourette syndrome and comorbidities in a large prospective clinical study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017; 56(4): 304–312.Google Scholar
21. Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE. Altered social cognition in Tourette syndrome: nature and implications. Behav Neurol. 2013; 27(1): 15–22.Google Scholar
22. Pauls, DL, Fernandez, TV, Mathews, CA, State, MW, Scharf, JM. The inheritance of Tourette disorder: A review. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2014; 3(4): 380–385.Google Scholar
23. Mathews, CA, Scharf, JM, Miller, LL, Macdonald-Wallis, C, Lawlor, DA, Ben-Shlomo, Y. Association between pre- and perinatal exposures and Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder in the ALSPAC cohort. Br J Psychiatry. 2014; 204(1): 40–45.Google Scholar
24. Martino, D, Zis, P, Buttiglione, M. The role of immune mechanisms in Tourette syndrome. Brain Res.. 2015; 1617: 126–143.Google Scholar
25. Leckman, JF, Bloch, MH, Smith, ME, Larabi, D, Hampson, M. Neurobiological substrates of Tourette’s disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010; 20(4): 237–247.Google Scholar
26. Yael, D, Vinner, E, Bar-Gad, I. Pathophysiology of tic disorders. Mov Disord. 2015; 30(9): 1171–1178.Google Scholar
27. Cavanna, AE, Black, KJ, Hallett, M, Voon, V. Neurobiology of the premonitory urge in Tourette’s syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment implications. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017; 29(2): 95–104.Google Scholar
28. Cavanna, AE, Rickards, H. The psychopathological spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013; 37(6): 1008–1015.Google Scholar
29. Martino, D, Ganos, C, Pringsheim, TM. Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: the clinical spectrum beyond tics. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2017; 134: 1461–1490.Google Scholar
30. Lombroso, PJ, Scahill, L. Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Dev. 2008; 30(4): 231–237.Google Scholar
31. Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE. Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder: compulsivity along the continuum. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2014; 3(4): 363–371.Google Scholar
32. Mansueto, CS, Keuler, DJ. Tic or compulsion? It’s Tourettic OCD. Behav Modif. 2005; 29(5): 784–799.Google Scholar
33. Ganos, C, Martino, D, Pringsheim, T. Tics in the pediatric population: pragmatic management. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017; 4(2): 160–172.Google Scholar
34. Coffey, BJ. Complexities for assessment and treatment of co-occurring ADHD and tics. Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2015; 2(4): 293–299.Google Scholar
35. Robertson, MM. Mood disorders and Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: an update on prevalence, etiology, comorbidity, clinical associations, and implications. J Psychosom Res. 2006; 61(3): 349–358.Google Scholar
36. Frank, MC, Piedad, J, Rickards, H, Cavanna, AE. The role of impulse control disorders in Tourette syndrome: an exploratory study. J Neurol Sci. 2011; 310(1–2): 276–278.Google Scholar
37. Kompoliti, K, Goetz, CG, Morrissey, M, Leurgans, S. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: patient’s knowledge and concern of adverse effects. Mov Disord. 2006; 21(2): 248–252.Google Scholar
38. Kern, JK, Geier, DA, King, PG, Sykes, LK, Mehta, JA, Geier, MR. Shared brain connectivity issues, symptoms, and comorbidities in autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and Tourette syndrome. Brain Connect. 2015; 5(6): 321–335.Google Scholar
39. Trillini, MO, Müller-Vahl, KR. Patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome have widespread personality differences. Psychiatry Res. 2015; 228(3): 765–773.Google Scholar
40. Darrow, SM, Hirschtritt, ME, Davis, LK, et al. Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics. Identification of two heritable cross-disorder endophenotypes for Tourette syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2017; 174(4): 387–396.Google Scholar
41. Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE, Gulisano, M, Calì, P, Robertson, MM, Rizzo, R. The effects of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on quality of life in Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012; 24(4): 458–462.Google Scholar
42. Cavanna, AE, Schrag, A, Morley, D, et al. The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-Quality of Life scale (GTS-QOL): development and validation. Neurology. 2008; 71(18): 1410–1416.Google Scholar
43. Su, MT, McFarlane, F, Cavanna, AE, et al. The English version of the Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-Quality of Life Scale for children and adolescents (C&A-GTS-QOL): a validation study in the United Kingdom. J Child Neurol. 2017; 32(1): 76–83.Google Scholar
44. Cavanna, AE, David, K, Bandera, V, et al. Health-related quality of life in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a decade of research. Behav Neurol. 2013; 27(1): 83–93.Google Scholar
45. Kurlan, RM. Treatment of Tourette syndrome. Neurotherapeutics. 2014; 11(1): 161–165.Google Scholar
46. Frank, M, Cavanna, AE. Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome: an evidence-based review. Behav Neurol. 2013; 27(1): 105–117.Google Scholar
47. Wile, DJ, Pringsheim, TM. Behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2013; 15(4): 385–395.Google Scholar
48. Fründt, O, Woods, D, Ganos, C. Behavioral therapy for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurol Clin Pract. 2017; 7(2): 148–156.Google Scholar
49. Piacentini, J, Woods, DW, Scahill, L, et al. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010; 303(19): 1929–1937.Google Scholar
50. Wilhelm, S, Peterson, AL, Piacentini, J, et al. Randomized trial of behavior therapy for adults with Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012; 69(8): 795–803.Google Scholar
51. Dutta, N, Cavanna, AE. Effectiveness of habit reversal therapy in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: a systematic review. Funct Neurol. 2013; 28(1): 7–12.Google Scholar
52. Waldon, K, Hill, S, Termine, C, Balottin, U, Cavanna, AE. Trials of pharmacological interventions for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Behav Neurol. 2013; 26(4): 265–273.Google Scholar
53. Tourette’s Syndrome Study Group. Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2002; 58(4): 527–536.Google Scholar
54. Jankovic, J, Jimenez-Shahed, J, Brown, LW. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of topiramate in the treatment of Tourette syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010; 81(1): 70–73.Google Scholar
55. Masi, G, Pfanner, C, Brovedani, P. Antipsychotic augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in resistant tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a naturalistic comparative study. J Psych Res. 2013; 47(8): 1007–1012.Google Scholar
56. Erenberg, G. The relationship between Tourette syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and stimulant medication: a critical review. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2005; 12(4): 217–221.Google Scholar
57. Cohen, SC, Mulqueen, JM, Ferracioli-Oda, E, et al. Meta-analysis: risk of tics associated with psychostimulant use in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015; 54(9): 728–736.Google Scholar
58. Baldermann, JC, Schüller, T, Huys, D, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimul. 2016; 9(2): 296–304.Google Scholar