Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T19:29:48.294Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Emotions, Brain Development, and Psychopathologic Vulnerability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Abstract

Emotional reactivity in infancy and early childhood may play a role in the regulation of brain plasticity and hemispheric organization, which has possible implications vulnerability to psychopathology. Empiric findings demonstrate the role of attachment patterns in emotional reactivity modulation and limbic circuitry shaping.

Type
Feature Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Cicchetti, D, Tucker, D. Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind. Dev Psychopathol. 1994;6:533549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Galderisi, S, Mucci, A. Complexity and neuropsychology: new perspectives in the study of emotions and cognitive functions. CNS Spectrums. 1997;2:4552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Rubin, KH, Rose-Krasnor, L. Social-cognitive and social behavioral perspectives on problem solving. In: Perlmutter, M, ed. Cognitive Perspectives on Children's Social and Behavioral Development. Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. Vol 18. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1986.Google Scholar
4.Mischel, HN, Mischel, W. The development of children's knowledge of self-control strategies. Child Dev. 1983;54:603619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Cummings, EM, Vogel, D, Cummings, JS, et al.Children's responses to different forms of expression of anger between adults. Child Dev. 1989;60:13921404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Cassidy, J. Emotion regulation. Influences of attachment relationships. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59:228249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Ainsworth, MD, Blehar, M, Waters, E, Wall, S. Patterns of attachment: a psychological studyof the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1978.Google Scholar
8.Thompson, RA, Lamb, ME. Assessing qualitative dimensions of emotional responsiveness in infants: separation reaction in the strange situation. Infant Behavior and Development. 1984;7:423445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Frodi, A, Thompson, RA. Infants' affective responses in the strange situation: effects of prematurity and of quality of attachment. Child Dev. 1985;56:12801290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Braungart, JM, Stifter, CA. Regulation of negsative reactivity during the strange situation: temperament and attachment in 12-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development. 1991;14:349367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Durlak, JA, Wells, AM. Primary prevention mental health programs for children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Am J Comm Psychol. 1997;25:115152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Zeanah, CH, Boris, NW, Larrieu, JA. Infant development and developmental risk: A review of the past ten years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36:165178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Kagan, J. The Nature of the Child. New York, NY: Basic; 1984.Google Scholar
14.Goldsmith, HH, Alansky, JA. Maternal and infant temperamental predictors of attachment: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987;55:805816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Crockenberg, SB. Infant irritability, mother responsiveness, and social support influences on the security of mother infant attachment. Child Dev. 1981;52:857868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.van den Boom, DC. Neonatal irritability and the development of attachment. In: Kohnstamm, GA, Bates, JE, Rothbart, MK, eds. Temperament in Childhood. New York, NY: Wiley; 1989.Google Scholar
17.Spangler, G, Grossmann, KE. Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Dev. 1993;64:14391450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Todd, RD, Swarzenski, B, Rossi, PG, et al.Structural and functional development of the human brain. In: Cicchetti, D, Cohen, DJ, eds. Developmental Psychopathology. New York, NY: Wiley; 1995:161194.Google Scholar
19.Greenough, W, Black, J, Wallace, C. Experience and brain development. Child Dev. 1987;58:539559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Edelman, GM. Bright Air, Brilliant Fire. On the Matter of the Mind. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1992.Google Scholar
21.Gottlieb, G. Individual Development and Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1992.Google Scholar
22.Huttenlocher, PR. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex—developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res. 1979;163:195205.Google ScholarPubMed
23.Chugani, HT, Phelps, ME. Maturational changes in cerebral function in infants determined by 18 FDG positron emission tomography. Science. 1986;231:840843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Tucker, DM. Developing emotions and cortical networks. In: Gunner, MR, Nelson, CA, eds. Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. Vol 24. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1992:75128.Google Scholar
25.Schore, AN. The experience-dependent maturation of a regulatory system in the orbital prefrontal cortex and the origin of developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 1996;8:5987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Gold, PW, Goodwin, FK, Chrousos, GP. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relation to the neurobiology of stress. (Second of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1988;319:348353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Hennessy, MB, Levine, S. Stress, arousal and the pituitary-adrenal system: a psychoendocrine hypothesis. In: Sprague, J, Epstein, A, eds. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology. Vol 8. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1979:133178.Google Scholar
28.Kraemer, GW, Ebert, MH, Schmidt, DE, McKinney, WT. Strangers in a strange land: a psychobiological study of infant monkeys before and after separation from real or inanimate mothers. Child Dev. 1991;62:548566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Levine, SA. Psychobiologic consequences of disruption in mother-infant relationships. In: Krasnegor, N, Blass, E, Hofer, M, Smotherman, W, eds. Perinatal development: a psychobiological perspective. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1987:359376.Google Scholar
30.Sapolsky, RM, Ray, JC. Styles of dominance and their endocrine correlates among wild olive baboons (Papio anubis). Am J Primatol. 1989;18:113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Nachmias, M, Gunnar, MR, Mangelsdorf, S, Parritz, RH, Buss, K. Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: moderating role of attachment security. Child Dev. 1996;67:508522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Johnson, EO, Kamilaris, TC, Carter, CS, Calogero, AE, Gold, PW, Chrousos, GP. The biobehavioral consequences of psychogenic stress in a small primate (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40:317337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Meaney, MJ, Diorio, J, Francis, D, Widdowson, J, LaPlante, P, Caldji, C, Sharma, S, Seckl, JR, Plotsky, PM. Early environmental regulation of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: implications for adrenocortical responses to stress. Dev Neurosci. 1996;18:4972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Liu, D, Diorio, J, Tannenbaum, B, Caldji, C, Francis, D, Freedman, A, Sharma, S, Pearson, D, Plotsky, PM, Meaney, MJ. Science. 1997;277:16591662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Caldji, C, Francis, D, Sharma, S, Plotsky, PM, Meaney, MJ. The effects of early rearing environment on the development of GABAA and central benzodiazepine receptor levels and novelty-induced fearfulness in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;22:219229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Meaney, MJ, Aitken, DH, van Berkel, C, Bhatnagar, S, Sapolsky, RM. Effect of neonatal handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus. Science. 1988;239:766768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Meaney, MJ, Viau, V, Bhatnagar, S, Betito, K, Iny, LJ, O'Donnel, D, Mitchell, JB. Cellular mechanisms underlying the development and expression of individual differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol. 1991;39:265274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Bremner, JD, Narayan, M. The effects of stress on memory and the hippocampus throughout the life cycle: implications for childhood development and aging. Development and Psychopathology. 1998;10:871888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Coe, CL, Levine, S. Normal responses to motherinfant separation in nonhuman primates. In: Klein, DF, Rabkin, JG, eds. Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1981:154177.Google Scholar
40.Levine, SA, Johnson, DF, Gonzales, CA. Behavioral and hormonal responses to separation in infant Rhesus monkeys and mothers. Behav Neurosci. 1985;99:399410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Martin, LJ, Spicer, DM, Lewis, MH, Gluck, JP, Cork, LC. Social deprivation of infant Rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions. J Neurosci. 1991;11:33443358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Field, T, Healy, B, Goldstein, S, Perry, S, Bendall, D, Schamberg, S, Zimmerman, E, Kuhn, C. Infants of depressed mothers show “depressed” behavior even with nondepressed adults. Child Dev. 1988;59:15691579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Dawson, G, Hessl, D, Frey, K. Social influences on early developing biological and behavioral systems related to risk for affective disorder. Development and Psychopathology. 1994;6:759779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Cohen, SE, Parmelee, AH, Sigman, M, et al.Biological and social precursors of 12 year competence in children bom preterm. In: Greenbaum, C, Auerbach, J, eds. Cross National Perspectives in Children Born at Risk. Norwood, NJ: Ablex; 1992;6578.Google Scholar
45.Beckwith, L, Parmelee, AH. EEG patterns of preterm infants, home environment, and later IQ. Child Dev. 1986;57:777789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Shearer, SL, Peters, CP, Quaytman, MS, et al.Frequency and correlates of childhood sexual and physical abuse histories in adult female borderline inpahents. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:214216.Google Scholar
47.Teicher, M, Glod, C, Surrey, S, et al.Early childhood abuse and limbic system ratings in adult psychiatric outpatients. J Neuropsychiotry. 1993;5:301306.Google ScholarPubMed
48.Shearer, SL, Peters, CP, Quaytman, MS, Ogden, RL. Frequency and correlates of childhood sexual and physical abuse histories in adult female borderline inpatients. Am J Psychiat. 1990;147:214216.Google ScholarPubMed
49.Ito, Y, Teicher, M, Glod, C, Harper, D, Magnus, E, Gelbard, H. Increased electrophysiological abnormalities in children with psychological, physical, and sexual abuse. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993;5:401408.Google ScholarPubMed
50.Ito, Y, Teicher, M, Glod, C, Ackerman, E. Preliminary evidence for aberrant cortical development in abused children: a QEEG study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10:32983307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51.Ito, Y, Teicher, M, Glod, C, et al.Increased prevalence of electrophysiological abnormalities in children with psychological, physical, and sexual abuse. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993;5:401408.Google ScholarPubMed
52.Van der Kolk, B, Greenberg, M. The psychobiology of the trauma response: hyperarousal, constriction, and addiction to traumatic reexposure. In: van der Kolk, B, ed. Psychological Trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1987:6387.Google Scholar
53.Doane, BK, Livingston, KE. The Limbic System: Functional Organization and Clinical Disorders. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986.Google Scholar
54.Perry, BD, Pollard, RA, Blakely, TL, Baker, WL, Vigilante, D. Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and “use-dependent” development of the brain: how states become traits. Infant Mental Health Journal. 1995;16:271291.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.DeBellis, MD, Keshavan, MS, Casey, BJ, Clark, DB, Giedd, J, Boring, AM, Frustaci, K, Ryan, ND. Developmental traumatology: biological stress systems and brain development in maltreated children with PTSD Part II: the relationship between characteristics of trauma and psychiatric symptoms and adverse brain development in maltreated children and adolescents with PTSD. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:12711284.Google Scholar
56.Fuster, JM. Memory in the Cerebral Cortex. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press; 1995.Google Scholar
57.Burgess, C, Simpson, GB. Cerebral hemispheric mechanisms in the retrieval of ambiguous word meanings. Brain Lang. 1988;33:86103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Semmes, J. Hemispheric specialization: a possible clue to mechanism. Neuropsychologia. 1968;6:1126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Kimura, D. Acquisition of a motor skill after left-hemisphere damage. Brain. 1977;100:527542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Goldberg, E, Costa, LD. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems. Brain Lang. 1981;14:144173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Gur, RC, Packer, IK, Hungerbuhler, JP, et al.Differences in the distribution of gray and white matter in human cerebral hemispheres. Science. 1980;207:12261228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Thatcher, RW, Krause, PJ, Rhybyk, M. Corticc-cortical associations and EEG coherence: a two-compartmental model. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1986;64:123143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Bear, DM, Fedio, P. Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1977;34:454467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Tucker, DM. Neural control of emotional communication. In: Blanck, P, Buck, R, Rosenthal, R, eds. Nonverbal Communication in the Clinical Context. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press; 1986.Google Scholar
65.Dawson, G. Development of emotional expression and emotion regulation in infancy. In: Dawson, G, Fischer, KW, eds. Human Behavior and the Developing Brain. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1994:346379.Google Scholar
66.Semmes, J. Hemispheric specialization: A possible clue to mechanism. Neuropsychologia. 1968;6:1126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67.Tucker, DM. Developing emotions and cortical networks. In: Gunner, MR, Nelson, CA, eds. Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. Vol. 24. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1992:75128.Google Scholar
68.Porges, SW, Doussard-Roosevelt, JA, Maiti, AK. Vagal tone and the physiological regulation of emotion. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59:167186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Henry, JP. Psychological and physiological responses to stress: the right hemisphere and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, an inquiry into problems of human bonding. Integr Physiol Behav Scl. 1993;28:369387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70.Porges, SW. Orienting in a defensive world: mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A polyvagal theory. Psychophysiology. 1995;32:301318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Schore, AN. Early organization of the nonlinear right brain and development of a predisposition to psychiatric disorders. Dev Psychopathol. 1997;9:595631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Ross, ED, Homan, RW, Buck, R. Differential hemispheric laterahzation of primary and social emotions. Implications for developing a comprehensive neurology for emotions, repression, and the subconscious. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1994;7:119.Google Scholar
73.Fink, GR, Markowitsch, HJ, Reinkemeier, M, et al.Cerebral representation of one's own past: neural networks involved in autobiographical memory. J Neurosci. 1996;16:42754282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Cutting, J. The role of right hemisphere dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:583588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Galderisi, S, Maj, M, Mucci, A, et al.Lateralization patterns of verbal stimuli processing assessed by reaction time and event-related potentials in schizophrenic patients. Int J Psychophysiol. 1988;6:167176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76.Galderisi, S, Mucci, A, Mignone, ML, et al.Hemispheric asymmetry and psychopathological dimensions in drug-free patients with schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol. 1999;34:293301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Galderisi, S, Maj, M, Mignone, ML, et al.Brain functional asymmetries, gender and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiat. 1999;(suppl 1):68.Google Scholar
78.Gruzehlier, JH. The factorial structure of schizorypy: Part I. Affinities with syndromes of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22:611620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79.Starkstein, SE, Fedoroff, P, Berthier, ML, et al.Manic-depressive and pure manic states after brain lesions. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;29:149158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80.Ozonoff, S, Miller, JN. An exploration of right-hemisphere contributions to the pragmatic impairments of autism. Brain Lang. 1996;52:411434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81.Gruzelier, JH. Functional neuropsychophysiological asymmetry in schizophrenia: a review and reorientation. Schizophr Bull. 1999;25:91120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82.Friede, E, Weinstock, M. Prenatal stress increases anxiety related behavior and alters cerebral lateralization of dopamine activity. Life Sci. 1988;42:10591065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83.Davidson, RJ, Fox, NA. The relation between tonic EEG asymmetry and ten month old infant emotional responses to separation. J Abnorm Psychol. 1989;98:127131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84.Davidson, RJ, Ekman, P, Saron, C, et al.Approach/withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: 1. Emotional expression and brain physiology. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;58:330341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85.Semrud-Clikeman, M, Hynd, GW. Right hemispheric dysfunction in nonverbal learning disabilities: social, academic, and adaptive functioning in adults and children. Psychol Bull. 1990;107:196209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86.Gross-Tsur, V, Shalev, RS, Manor, O, et al.Developmental right hemisphere syndrome: clinical spectrum of the nonverbal learning disability. J Learn Disabil. 1995;28:8086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87.Wittling, W, Schweiger, E. Neuroendocrine brain asymmetry and physical complaints. Neuropsychologia. 1993;31:591608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88.Parker, JD, Taylor, GJ, Bagby, RM. Relationship between conjugate lateral eye movements and alexithymia. Psychother Psychosom. 1992;57:94101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89.Galderisi, S, Mucci, A, Bucci, P, et al.Brain electrical microstates in subjects with panic disorder. Brain Res Bull. In press.Google Scholar
90.Dawson, G, Grofer Klinger, L, Panagiotides, H, Hill, D, Spieker, S, Frey, K. Infants of mothers with depressive symptoms: electrophysiological and behavioral findings related to attachment status. Development and Psychopathology. 1992;4:6780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar