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Analysis of the superior temporal gyrus as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia using voxel-based morphometry of the brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2020

Igor D. Bandeira Open the ORCID record for Igor D. Bandeira [Opens in a new window] ,
Judah L. Barouh Open the ORCID record for Judah L. Barouh [Opens in a new window] ,
Ingrid D. Bandeira Open the ORCID record for Ingrid D. Bandeira [Opens in a new window]  and
Lucas Quarantini
Igor D. Bandeira*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Judah L. Barouh
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Neuromodulation & Center for Clinical Research Learning, Physics and Rehabilitation Department, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Ingrid D. Bandeira
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, Salvador, Brazil
Lucas Quarantini
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
*
*Igor D. Bandeira, Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

The lack of predictive biomarkers for therapeutic responses to schizophrenia leads clinical procedures to be decided without taking into account the subjects’ neuroanatomical features, a consideration, which could help in identifying specific pharmacological treatments for the remission of symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique widely used for radiological diagnosis and produces 3-dimensional images in excellent anatomical detail, and with a great capacity to differentiate soft tissue. Various MRI techniques of the human brain have emerged as a result of research, enabling structural tests that may help to in consolidate previous findings and lead to the discovery of new patterns of abnormality in schizophrenia. A literature review was undertaken to assess the superior temporal gyrus (STG) as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia with the use of voxel-based morphometry of the brain using MRI. Many findings in studies of schizophrenia using MRI have been inconclusive and, in some cases, conflicting, although interesting results have been obtained when attempting to correlate neuroimaging changes with aspects of clinical features and prognosis of the disease. The individuals affected by this mental illness appear to have smaller STG volumes when compared to healthy controls and also to subjects with a diagnosis of first-episode affective psychosis or groups of individuals at high risk of psychosis. However, the wide variety of definitions surrounding the STG found in a number of studies is a contributing factor to the lack of correlation between brain abnormalities and clinical symptoms. For instance, disagreements have arisen due to studies using regions of interest to analyze the STG whereas other studies prioritize the analysis of only STG subregions or specific supratemporal plane regions. It is necessary to standardize the nomenclature of the areas to be studied in the future, as this will enable more consistent results, allowing higher clinical and morphological correlations.

Keywords

Schizophreniabiomarkermagnetic resonance imagingvoxel-based morphometrysuperior temporal gyrus.
Type
Perspective
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 26 , Issue 4 , August 2021 , pp. 319 - 325
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

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