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The increasing challenge of the possible impact of ethnicity on psychopharmacology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2020

Donatella Marazziti Open the ORCID record for Donatella Marazziti [Opens in a new window] ,
Federico Mucci Open the ORCID record for Federico Mucci [Opens in a new window] ,
Maria T. Avella ,
Laura Palagini Open the ORCID record for Laura Palagini [Opens in a new window] ,
Marly Simoncini  and
Liliana Dell’Osso
Donatella Marazziti*
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy University of Unicamillus, Rome, Italy BRF Foundation Lucca, Italy
Federico Mucci
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
Maria T. Avella
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
Laura Palagini
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
Marly Simoncini
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
Liliana Dell’Osso
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy
*
Author for correspondence: Donatella Marazziti, MD, Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Ethnic differences may significantly influence the outcome of psychopharmacological treatment, in terms of prescription, adherence, clinical response, emergence of side effects, as well as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The purpose of this review was to explore the available literature in order to provide general suggestions to help clinicians in choosing the best therapeutic option for patients, taking into account ethnicity. Although findings are sometimes controversial, the overall published studies suggest that ethnicities other than Caucasians tend to show a lower response to antidepressants and a reduced compliance. Africans tend to be more prescribed with antipsychotics, probably due to cultural stereotypes, except with clozapine, probably for their chronic benign neutropenia. Asians usually require less antipsychotic dosages than Caucasians. The differential response and side effect profile of antidepressants and antipsychotics have been related to individual intrinsic factors, to genetic make-up, but also to cultural and contextual variables. Interestingly, albeit limited data suggest ethnic-related genetic heterogeneity at the level of the serotonin transporters, the cytochromes and some neuroreceptors. Taken together, no conclusive findings are available about the role and impact of ethnicity in psychopharmacology. One of the main problems is that the majority of the studies in psychopharmacology have been conducted on Caucasians, so that there is an urgent need to have data in other populations. Furthermore, in the era of precision medicine, the role of ethnicity may be also supported by genetic analysis.

Keywords

Psychopharmacologyethnicityantidepressantsantipsychoticsmood Stabilizersserotonin transporterindividualized medicine
Type
Review
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 26 , Issue 3 , June 2021 , pp. 222 - 231
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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