25 Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt as a Meteorologist: Medtronics Shunt Headaches Vaticinating Climatic Perturbation

Abstract

Introduction

Neurological conditions can be influenced by meteorological parameters. Some may predict weather changes, such as migraines [Marrelli 1988], burning mouth syndrome [Hirsch 2017], phantosmia [Hirsch 2013], and Bell’s Palsy [Danielides 2001]. However, climatic conditions inducing headaches in those with ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placements have not heretofore been described.

Methods

A 46-year-old female presented with epochs of headaches coinciding with climatic changes. She had hydrocephalus secondary to infantile meningitis that was treated with a Medtronics Strata II adjustable VPS. After multiple revisions, she noticed a headache occurring only before thunderstorms or snowstorms. These headaches were constant, bilateral, “halo-like” downward pressure located only around her parietal regions. It persists all day and does not dissipate after onset, regardless of the storm passing. She rates it 8/10 on the pain scale, and is exacerbated by jarring, sneezing, and bending forward. It is only alleviated with acetazolamide, diminishing to 0/10. She denies any pain relief when supine, pain radiation, rhinorrhea, auras, or correlating psychological distress.

Results

Abnormalities in physical examination: General: hammer toes. Neurological Examination: Cranial Nerve (CN) Examination: CN III, IV, VI: saccadization on horizontal eye movement and bilateral ptosis (left > right). CN IX, X: right uvula deviation. Motor Examination: left upward-outward drift with a positive left abductor digiti minimi sign. Reflexes: 3+ bilateral biceps, brachioradialis, and patellar; 3+ right tricep and 4+ left tricep. Hoffman's Reflex: positive bilaterally (left > right). Neuropsychological Tests: Mental Status Examination: Recent Recall: 1/4 objects in three minutes without improvement with reinforcement. Go-No-Go Test: 6/6. Animal Fluency Test: 21 (normal). Center for Neurologic Study-Lability Scale: 23 (pseudobulbar affect).

Conclusion

How climatic changes induce VPS headaches remains unclear. Barometric changes have been reported to cause sinus engorgement [Kaliner 2009], somatic pain [Silove 2006] and can worsen anxiety and depression [Delyukov 1999]. Meteorological parameters may have induced or exacerbated her depression and anxiety, amplifying pain perception. Alternatively, barometric pressure can cause an increase in other somatic pains and stresses, which can augment awareness of additional, unrecognized somatic pains. It is also possible for barometric pressure to cause pain via nasal sinus or mucosal engorgement; thus, mimicking her VPS headache. Lastly, however unlikely, her pain may be a result of a transient VPS malfunction. The mechanism for such can be attributed to transient pressure changes caused by fluctuating blood pressure, inducing brief intrinsic intraperitoneal pressure changes. Nevertheless, querying patients suffering from VPS headacheswhether climatic changes play a role in their symptoms is warranted.

Funding Acknowledgements: Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation