Abstract
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INTRODUCTIONBuprenorphine/Naloxone combination drugs such as Suboxone and Bunavail have not been reported to induce glycolimia. Two such cases are presented.
METHODSCASE STUDY: Case 1: A 30-year-old, right-handed, white female with a history of opioid abuse was started on 4.2 mg buprenorphine/0.7 mg naloxone (Bunavail) BID and began sweet cravings and consumption of sweet foods. In a typical day she would eat 16 strawberry pop-tarts and 2 boxes of Little Debbie cookies. This may have provoked the 10 pound weight augmentation in the first two weeks of treatment. She denied any craving for opioids and no evidence of opioid withdrawal was present. Her Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) score =4 (normal).
Case 2: A 51-year-old, right-handed, male with opiate dependence, four days following the initiation of Suboxone (8 mg buprenorphine/2 mg naloxone) BID, developed strong cravings for sugary foods including donuts and ice cream, of which he was previously never inclined to eat and gained 10 pounds in one month. His COWS score= 7 (mild symptoms).
DISCUSSIONThere are myriad mechanisms that may be acting to induce sugar cravings with buprenorphine/naloxone. Humans and rats acutely withdrawing from opiates, such as heroin, develop strong urges for consumption of sugary substances (Lieblich et al., 1991; Sapira, 1968; Weiss, 1982). Glycolimia in the above cases may reflect early or subclinical withdrawal, which if becoming more severe, would manifest as opioid craving. If the value of the reward system induced by sweets doesn’t meet the threshold invoked by the opioid stimulation, this “withdrawal” may lead to further sugar cravings in an attempt to reach the same reward level. In animals, certain foods and drugs share the same neurological pathway involved in the “reward system” potentially explaining why opioids influence food palatability in humans (Pelchat, 2002).
Alternatively, it is possible that buprenorphine induces hypoglycemia at high doses (Bullingham et al., 1981) such that hypoglycemia may paradoxically act to enhance sugar craving similar to the Somogyi effect in insulin dependent diabetics. Another possible mechanism of action is that since buprenorphine acts to decrease glucose metabolism in the brain (Walsh et al., 1994), this may lead to a neural compensatory response by increasing sugar access to the brain behaviorally via glycolimiaand somatically reducing insulin release, thus explaining the high hemoglobin A1c observed in opioid addicts (Giugliano, 1984). Given the above presentation, complaints of sugar craving may indicate consideration to increase buprenorphine dosing and trial of this in those with glycolimia without opioid dependence may be warranted.
Funding AcknowledgementsNo funding.
