Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T01:16:39.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tobelitization of Smectite During Oil Generation in Oil-Source Shales. Application to North Sea Illite-Tobelite-Smectite-Vermiculite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Victor A. Drits ,
Holger Lindgreen ,
Boris A. Sakharov ,
Hans Jørgen Jakobsen ,
Alfred L. Salyn  and
Lidia G. Dainyak
Victor A. Drits
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Science, Pyzhevsky per D.7, 109017 Moscow, Russia
Holger Lindgreen*
Affiliation:
Clay Mineralogical Laboratory, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Thoravej 8, DK2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
Boris A. Sakharov
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Science, Pyzhevsky per D.7, 109017 Moscow, Russia
Hans Jørgen Jakobsen
Affiliation:
Instrument Centre for Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Alfred L. Salyn
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Science, Pyzhevsky per D.7, 109017 Moscow, Russia
Lidia G. Dainyak
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Science, Pyzhevsky per D.7, 109017 Moscow, Russia
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Illite-smectite (I-S) minerals isolated from Upper Jurassic oil-source rock shales from Denmark and the North Sea have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, infrared, Mössbauer, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and chemical analysis. Detailed structures have been determined in order to reveal the diagenetic transformation mechanism in these shales. Generally, in oil-source rocks of sedimentary basins, oil generation takes place simultaneously with the diagenetic transformation of I-S. We demonstrate a link between the two reactions: NH3 released from kerogen during maximum oil generation is fixed as NH4+ in the NH4-bearing mica or tobelite layers formed from smectite or vermiculite layers in I-S, in a diagenetic interval which we name the ‘tobelitization window’. Due to this solid-state transformation, mixed-layer structures have been formed consisting of interstratified illite, tobelite, smectite and vermiculite layers (I-T-S-V) and having maximum ordering of illite + tobelite and smectite layers for R = 1. The tobelitization of smectite in I-S is probably typical for all oil-source rock shales.

Keywords

AmmoniumDiagenesisIllite-smectiteJurassicNorth SeaOil-Source RockShales
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 50 , Issue 1 , February 2002 , pp. 82 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © 2002, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Altaner, S.P. and Ylagan, R.F., (1997) Comparison of structural models of mixed-layer illite/smectite and reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization Clays and Clay Minerals 45 517–533 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450404.Google Scholar
Barth, B. Rist, K. Huseby, B. and Ocampo, R., (1996) The distribution of nitrogen between bitumen, water and residue in hydrous pyrolysis of extracted Messel oil shale Organic Geochemistry 24 889–895 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00070-8.Google Scholar
Bell, T.E., (1986) Microstructure in mixed-layer illite/smectite and its relationship to the reaction of smectite to illite Clays and Clay Minerals 34 146–154 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340205.Google Scholar
Bernas, B., (1968) A new method for decomposition and comprehensive analysis of silicates by atomic absorption spectroscopy Analytical Chemistry 40 1682–1686 10.1021/ac60267a017.Google Scholar
Bethke, C.M. and Altaner, S.P., (1986) Layer-by-layer mechanism of smectite illitization and application of a new rate law Clays and Clay Minerals 34 136–145 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340204.Google Scholar
Cooper, J.E. and Abedin, K.Z., (1981) The relationship between fixed ammonium-nitrogen and potassium in clays from a deep well on the Texas Gulf Coast Texas Journal of Science 33 103 111.Google Scholar
Cuadros, J. and Altaner, S.P., (1998) Compositional and structural features of the octahedral sheet in mixed-layer illite-smectite from bentonites European Journal of Mineralogy 10 111–124 10.1127/ejm/10/1/0111.Google Scholar
Dainyak, L.G. and Drits, V.A., (1987) Interpretation of the Mössbauer spectra of nontronite, celadonite, and glauconite Clays and Clay Minerals 35 363–372 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350506.Google Scholar
Dow, W.G., (1977) Kerogen studies and geological interpretations Journal of Geochemical Exploration 7 79–99 10.1016/0375-6742(77)90078-4.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Besson, G. and Muller, F., (1995) An improved model for structural transformation of heat-treated aluminous dioctahedral 2:1 layer silicates Clays and Clay Minerals 43 718–731 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430608.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Salyn, A.L. and Šucha, V., (1996) Structural transformations of interstratified illite-smectite from Dolna Ves hydrothermal deposits: dynamics and mechanisms Clays and Clay Minerals 44 181–190 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440203.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Lindgreen, H. and Salyn, A., (1997) Determination by X-ray diffraction of content and distribution of fixed ammonium in illite-smectite. Application to North Sea illite-smectites American Mineralogist 82 79–87 10.2138/am-1997-1-210.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Sakharov, B.A. Lindgreen, H. and Salyn, A., (1997) Sequential structure transformation of illite-smectite-vermiculite during diagenesis of Upper Jurassic shales from the North Sea and Denmark Clay Minerals 32 351–371 10.1180/claymin.1997.032.3.03.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Šrodoń, J. and Eberl, D.D., (1997) XRD measurement of mean crystallite thickness of illite and illite/smectite: Reappraisal of the Kübler index and the Scherrer equation Clays and Clay Minerals 45 461–475 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450315.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Eberl, D.D. and Srodon, J., (1998) XRD measurement of mean thickness, thickness distribution and strain for illite and illite-smectite crystallites by the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach technique Clays and Clay Minerals 46 38–50 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460105.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Lindgreen, H. Salyn, A.L. Ylagan, R. and McCarty, D.K., (1998) Semiquantitative determination of trans-vacant and cis-vacant 2:1 layers in illites and illitesmectites by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 83 1188–1198 10.2138/am-1998-11-1207.Google Scholar
Durand, B., (1985) Diagenetic modifications of kerogens Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 315A 77–90 10.1098/rsta.1985.0030.Google Scholar
Dypvik, H., (1983) Clay mineral transformations in Tertiary and Mesozoic sediments from North Sea American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 67 160 165.Google Scholar
Eberl, D. (1986) Sodium-potassium ion exchange during smectite diagenesis — A theoretical discussion. Pp. 363–368 in: Studies in Diagenesis (Mumpton, F.A., editor). US Geological Survey Bulletin, 1578.Google Scholar
Foscolos, A.E. Powell, T.G., Mortland, M.M. and Farmer, V.C., (1979) Mineralogical and geochemical transformation of clays during burial diagenesis (catagenesis): relation to oil generation Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Oxford Amsterdam Elsevier 261–270 Developments in Sedimentology, 27 .Google Scholar
Gaultier, J. and Mamy, J., (1979) Etude comparee de l’evolution des montmorillonites biioniques K-Ca de Camp Berteaux et du Wyoming sous l’effet des cycles d’humification 98 et de dessication Clay Minerals 14 181–192 10.1180/claymin.1979.014.3.04.Google Scholar
Gaultier, J. Mamy, J., van Olphen, H. and Veniale, F., (1982) Demixing phenomenon in low water content biionic K-Na montmorillonites Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Bologna and Pavia Amsterdam Elsevier 451 457.Google Scholar
Hansen, P.L. and Lindgreen, H., (1989) Mixed-layer illite/smectite diagenesis in Upper Jurassic claystones from the North Sea and onshore Denmark Clay Minerals 24 197–213 10.1180/claymin.1989.024.2.07.Google Scholar
Heling, D. and Teichmuller, K., (1974) Die Grenze Montmorillonit/Mixed Layer-Minerale und ihre Beziehung zur Inkohlung in der grauen Schichtenfolge des Oligozäns im Oberrheingraben Fortschritte der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 24 113 128.Google Scholar
Higashi, S., (1978) Dioctahedral mica minerals with ammonium ions Mineralogical Journal 9 16–27 10.2465/minerj.9.16.Google Scholar
Hood, A. Gutjahr, C.C.M. and Heacock, R.L., (1975) Organic metamorphism and the generation of petroleum American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 59 986 996.Google Scholar
Hower, J. Eslinger, E.V. Hower, M.E. and Perry, E.A., (1976) Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediments Geological Society of America Bulletin 87 725–737 10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<725:MOBMOA>2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
Hunt, J.M., (1979) Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology San Francisco W.H. Freeman & Co..Google Scholar
Jakobsen, H.J. Daugaard, P. and Langer, V., (1988) CP/MAS NMR at high speeds and high fields Journal of Magnetic Resonance 76 162 168.Google Scholar
Jensenius, J., (1987) High-temperature diagenesis in shallow chalk reservoir, Skjold oil field, Danish North Sea: Evidence from fluid inclusions and oxygen isotopes American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 71 1378 1386.Google Scholar
Johnston, J.H. and Cardile, C.M., (1987) Iron substitution in montmorillonite, illite and glauconite by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy Clays and Clay Minerals 35 170–176 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350302.Google Scholar
Juster, T.C. Brown, P.E. and Bailey, S.W., (1987) NH4-bearing illite in very low grade metamorphic rocks associated with coal, northeastern Pennsylvania American Mineralogist 72 555 565.Google Scholar
Karyakin, A.V. Volynets, V.F. and Kriventsova, G.A., (1973) Investigation of nitrogen compounds in micas by infrared spectroscopy Geokhimiya 3 439 442.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H., (1991) Elemental and structural changes in illite/smectite mixed-layer clay minerals during diagenesis in Kimmeridgian-Volgian(-Ryazanian) clays in the Central Trough Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 39 1 82.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H., (1994) Ammonium fixation during illitesmectite diagenesis in Upper Jurassic shale, North Sea Clay Minerals 29 527–537 10.1180/claymin.1994.029.4.10.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H. and Hansen, P.L., (1991) Ordering of illitesmectite in Upper Jurassic claystones from the North Sea Clay Minerals 26 105–125 10.1180/claymin.1991.026.1.10.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H. Jacobsen, H. and Jakobsen, H.J., (1991) Diagenetic structural transformations in North Sea Jurassic illite/smectite Clays and Clay Minerals 39 54–69 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390108.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H. Garnaes, J. Besenbacher, F. Laegsgaard, E. and Stensgaard, I., (1992) Illite-smectite from the North Sea investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy Clay Minerals 27 331–342 10.1180/claymin.1992.027.3.06.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H. Drits, V.A. Sakharov, B.A. Salyn, A. Wrang, P. and Dainyak, L., (2000) Illite-smectite structural changes during metamorphism in black Cambrian Alum shales from the Baltic area American Mineralogist 85 1223–1238 10.2138/am-2000-8-916.Google Scholar
Meunier, A. and Velde, B., (1989) Solid solutions in I/S mixed-layer minerals and illite American Mineralogist 74 1106 1112.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., (1989) X-ray diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals Oxford, UK Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, D.J., (1977) Simultaneous DTA-EGA of minerals and natural mineral admixtures Journal of Thermal Analysis 12 245–263 10.1007/BF01909481.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P.H. and Bain, D.C., (1986) Composition of some smectites and diagenetic illitic clays and implications for their origin Clays and Clay Minerals 34 455–464 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340412.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P.H. Wilson, M.J. McHardy, W.J. and Tait, J.M., (1985) The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis: evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones Mineralogical Magazine 49 393–400 10.1180/minmag.1985.049.352.10.Google Scholar
Perry, E. and Hower, J., (1970) Burial diagenesis in Gulf Coast pelitic sediments Clays and Clay Minerals 18 165–177 10.1346/CCMN.1970.0180306.Google Scholar
Pollard, C.O., (1971) Semi-displacive mechanism for diagenetic alteration of montmorillonite layers to illite layers Geological Society of America, Special Paper 134 79–96 10.1130/SPE134-p79.Google Scholar
Sakharov, B.A. Lindgreen, H. Salyn, A.L. and Drits, V.A., (1999) Determination of illite-smectite structures using multispecimen XRD profile fitting Clays and Clay Minerals 47 555–566 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470502.Google Scholar
Shutov, V.D., Drits, V.A. and Sakharov, B.A. (1969a) On the mechanism of a postsedimentary transformation of montmorillonite into hydromica. Pp. 523–532 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Tokyo, vol. 1 (Heller, L., editor). Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Shutov, V.D., Drits, V.A. and Sakharov, B.A. (1969b) On the mechanism of a postsedimentary transformation of montmorillonite into hydromica: discussion. Pp. 126–129 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Tokyo, vol. 2 (Heller, L., editor). Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Środoń, J. Elsass, F. McHardy, W.J. and Morgan, D.J., (1992) Chemistry of illite-smectite inferred from TEM measurements of fundamental particles Clays Minerals 27 137–158 10.1180/claymin.1992.027.2.01.Google Scholar
Środoń, J. Eberl, D.D. and Drits, V.A., (2000) Evolution of fundamental-particle size during illitization of smectite and implications for reaction mechanism Clays and Clay Minerals 48 446–458 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480405.Google Scholar
Stevenson, F.J., (1960) Nitrogeneous constituents of some palaeozoic shales (abs.) American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 44 1257.Google Scholar
Thomsen, E. Lindgreen, H. and Wrang, P., (1983) Investigation on the source rock potential of Denmark Geologie en Mijnbouw 62 221 239.Google Scholar
Tissot, B. and Welte, D.H., (1978) Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. A new Approach to Oil and Gas Exploration Berlin Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Tsipursky, S.I. and Drits, V.A., (1984) The distribution of octahedral cations in the 2:1 layers of dioctahedral smectites studied by oblique-texture electron diffraction Clay Minerals 19 177–193 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.2.05.Google Scholar
Vedder, W., (1965) Ammonium in muscovite Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 29 221–228 10.1016/0016-7037(65)90019-0.Google Scholar
Williams, L.B. Ferrell, R.E. Jr Chinn, E.W. and Sassen, R., (1989) Fixed-ammonium in clays associated with crude oils Applied Geochemistry 4 605–616 10.1016/0883-2927(89)90070-X.Google Scholar
Williams, L.B. Wilcoxon, B.R. Ferrell, R.E. and Sassen, R., (1992) Diagenesis of ammonium during hydrocarbon maturation and migration, Wilcox Group, Louisiana, USA Applied Geochemistry 7 123–134 10.1016/0883-2927(92)90031-W.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, T. and Nakahira, M., (1966) Ammonium ions in sericites American Mineralogist 51 1775 1778.Google Scholar