Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:05:15.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Three-Dimensional Crystal Structures of Illite-Smectite Minerals in Paleozoic K-Bentonites from the Appalachian Basin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Douglas K. McCarty  and
Robert C. Reynolds Jr.
Douglas K. McCarty*
Affiliation:
Texaco Upstream Technology, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, Texas 77042, USA
Robert C. Reynolds Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
*
E-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The three-dimensional crystal structures of illite-smectite (I-S) in K-bentonite samples from the Appalachian Basin are characterized by rotational disorder in the stacking sequence of 2:1 illite layers, different proportions of n60° rotations (as opposed to n120°) in the rotated layers, and layers with centrosymmetric trans-vacant (tv) octahedral sites that are randomly interstratified with noncentric cis-vacant (cv) layers. The proportion of cv interstratification in the I-S increases with tetrahedral A1 and decreases with octahedral Mg and Fe content. The I-S minerals in the northern Appalachian basin K-bentonites are characterized by high (79% average) proportions of cv (Pcv) layers. In contrast, I-S from equivalent K- bentonites from the southern Appalachian basin has low Pcv values (38% average). These values do not correlate with expandability or rotational disorder. The geographic distribution of these I-S structural parameters may have resulted from possibly short-term, hot, and advective fluid migrations that differed in Mg concentrations and/or other physical and chemical parameters.

Keywords

BentoniteCis-Vacant OctahedraCrystal StructureIllite-SmectitePolytypeRotational DisorderX-ray Diffraction
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 49 , Issue 1 , February 2001 , pp. 24 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © 2001, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Bailey, S.W. and Bailey, S.W., (1984) Crystal chemistry of the true micas Micas, Reviews in Mineralogy, Volume 13 Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America 13–60.Google Scholar
Bethke, C.M. and Marshak, S., (1990) Brine migrations across North America-the plate tectonics of groundwater Annual Review Earth Planetary Science 18 287–315 10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.001443.Google Scholar
Dennison, J.M. and Textoris, D.A., (1970) Devonian Tioga tuff in northeastern United States Bulletin Volcanogenique 34 289–293 10.1007/BF02597791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. and McCarty, D.K., (1996) The nature of diffraction effects from illite and illite-smectite consisting of interstratified trans-vacant and cis-vacant 2:1 layers: A semiquantitative technique for determination of layer-type content American Mineralogist 81 852–863 10.2138/am-1996-7-808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. and Tchoubar, C., (1990) X-ray Diffraction by Disordered Lamellar Structures New York Springer-Verlag 10.1007/978-3-642-74802-8.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Plançon, B.A. Sakharov, B.A. Besson, G. Tsipursky, S.I. and Tchoubar, C., (1984) Diffraction effects calculated for structural models of K-saturated montmorillonite containing different types of defects Clay Minerals 19 541–561 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.4.03.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Weber, F. Salyn, A.L. and Tsipursky, S.I., (1993) X-ray identification of one-layer illite varieties: Application to the study of illites around uranium deposits of Canada Clays and Clay Minerals 41 389–398 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410316.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Lindgreen, H. Salyn, A.L. Ylagan, R. and McCarty, D.K., (1998) Semiquantitative determination of trans-vacant and cis-vacant 2:1 layers in illites and illite- smectites by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 83 1188–1198 10.2138/am-1998-11-1207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Droste, J.B. and Vitiliano, C.J., (1973) Tioga bentonite (Middle Ordovician) of Indiana Clays and Clay Minerals 21 9–13 10.1346/CCMN.1973.0210103.Google Scholar
Elliott, W.C. and Aronson, J.L., (1987) Alleghanian episode of K-bentonite illitization in the southern Appalachian Basin Geology 15 735–739 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<735:AEOKII>2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
Elliott, W.C. and Aronson, J.L., (1993) The timing and extent of illite formation in Ordovician K-bentonites at the Cincinnati Arch, Nashville Dome and north-eastern Illinois basin Basin Research 5 125–135 10.1111/j.1365-2117.1993.tb00061.x.Google Scholar
Eberl, D.D. and Hower, J., (1979) Kinetics of illite formation Geological Society of America Bulletin 87 1326–1330 10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1326:KOIF>2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
Eberl, D.D. Srodon, J. Lee, M. Nadeau, P.H. and Northrup, H.R., (1987) Sericite from the Silverton caldera, Colorado: Correlation among structure, composition, origin, and particle thickness American Mineralogist 72 914–934.Google Scholar
Guthrie, G.D. Jr. and Reynolds, R.C. Jr., (1998) A coherent TEM- and XRD-description of mixed-layer illite/smectite The Canadian Mineralogist 36 1421–1434.Google Scholar
Güven, N., (1971) Structural factors controlling stacking sequences in dioctahedral micas Clays and Clay Minerals 134 159–165 10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, A.G., Scholle, P.A. and Schluger, P.R., (1979) Conodont color alteration, an organomineral metamorphic index and its application to Appalachian Basin geology Aspects of Diagenesis Oklahoma Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 26, Tulsa 3–16 10.2110/pec.79.26.0003.Google Scholar
Hearn, P.P. Sutter, J.E. and Belkin, H.E., (1987) Evidence for Late-Paleozoic brine migration in Cambrian carbonate rocks of the central and southern Appalachians: Implications for Mississippi Valley-type sulfide mineralization Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51 1323–1334 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90222-5.Google Scholar
Huang, W.L. Longo, J.M. and Pevear, D.R., (1993) An experimentally derived kinetic model for smectite-to-illite conversion and its use as a geothermometer Clays and Clay Minerals 41 162–177 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410205.Google Scholar
Huff, W.D. and Tiirkmenoglu, A.G., (1981) Chemical characteristics and origin of Ordovician K-bentonites along the Cincinnati Arch Clays and Clay Minerals 29 113–123 10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnnson, M.J., (1984) The thermal and burial history of south central New York: Evidence from vitrinite reflectance, clay mineral diagenesis and fission track dating of apatite and zircon New Hampshire Masters thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover.Google Scholar
Kay, G.M., (1935) Distribution of Ordovician altered volcanic materials and related clays Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 46 225–244 10.1130/GSAB-46-225.Google Scholar
Kolata, D.R., Frost, J.K. and Huff, W.D. (1986) K-Bentonites of the Ordovician Decorah Subgroup, Upper Mississippi Valley: Correlation by Chemical Fingerprinting. Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 537, 30 pp.Google Scholar
Leach, D.L. and Rowan, E.L., (1986) Genetic link between Ouachita foldbelt tectonism and Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits of the Ozarks Geology 14 931–936 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<931:GLBOFT>2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
McCarty, D.K., (1993) The three-dimensional crystal structure of rotationally disordered illite-smectite from Devonian and Ordovician K-bentonites in and around the Appalachian basin New Hampshire Ph.D. thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover.Google Scholar
McCarty, D.K. and Reynolds, R.C., (1995) Rotationally disordered illite-smectite in Paleozoic K-bentonites Clays and Clay Minerals 43 271–284 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430302.Google Scholar
Méring, J. and Oberlin, A., (1967) Electron-optical study of smectites Clays and Clay Minerals, 17th National Conference, Pergamon Press 3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milici, R.C. and de Witt, W. Jr., (1988) The Appalachian Basin The Geology of North America, Volume D-2, Sedimentary Cover-North American Craton: U.S Colorado The Geological Society of America, Boulder 427–469.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C. Jr., (1997) X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals 2nd edition. New York Oxford University Press 270–276.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P.H. Wilson, M.J. McHardy, W.J. and Tait, J., (1984) Interparticle diffraction: A new concept for interstatified clays Clay Minerals 19 757–769 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.5.06.Google Scholar
Oliver, J., (1986) Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts: Their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena Geology 14 99–102 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<99:FETFOB>2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
Plançon, A., (1981) Diffraction by layer structures containing different kinds of layers and stacking faults Journal of Applied Crystallography 14 300–304 10.1107/S0021889881009424.Google Scholar
Plançon, A. and Tchoubar, C., (1977) Determination of structural defects in phyllosilicates by X-ray powder diffraction-I. Principle of calculation of the diffraction phenomenon Clays and Clay Minerals 25 430–435 10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250609.Google Scholar
Plançon, A. and Tchoubar, C., (1977) Determination of structural defects in phyllosilicates by X-ray powder diffraction-II. Nature and proportion of defects in natural kaolinite Clays and Clay Minerals 25 436–450 10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250610.Google Scholar
Plançon, A. Giese, R.F. and Snyder, P., (1988) The Hinckley index for kaolinites Clay Minerals 23 249–260 10.1180/claymin.1988.023.3.02.Google Scholar
Pytte, A.M. and Reynolds, R.C. Jr., Naeser, N.D. and McCulloh, T.H., (1989) The thermal transformation of smectite to illite Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins, Methods and Case Histories New York Springer-Verlag 133–140 10.1007/978-1-4612-3492-0_8.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C., (1963) Potassium-rubidium ratios and polymorphism in illites and microclines from the clay size fractions of Proterozoic carbonate rocks Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 27 1097–1112 10.1016/0016-7037(63)90092-9.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C., (1985) NEWMOD: A Computer Program For The Calculation Of One-dimensional Diffraction Patterns of Mixed-layered Clays New Hampshire R.C. Reynolds, 8 Brook Rd., Hanover.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C., (1992) X-ray diffraction studies of illitesmectite from rocks, <1 μm randomly oriented powders, and <1 μm oriented powder aggregates: The absence of laboratory-induced artifacts Clays and Clay Minerals 40 387–396 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400403.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C., Reynolds, R.C. Jr. and Walker, J.R., (1993) Three-dimensional powder X-ray diffraction from disordered illite: Simulation and interpretation of the diffraction patterns CMS Workshop Lectures, Volume 5, Computer Applications to X-ray Powder Diffraction Analysis of Clay Minerals Colorado The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder 43–77.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C., (1994) Wildfire: A Computer Program For The Calculation Of Three-dimensional Powder X-ray Diffraction Patterns for Mica Polytypes and their Disordered Variations New Hampshire R.C. Reynolds, 8 Brook Rd., Hanover.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. and Thomson, C.H., (1993) Illite from the Potsdam Sandstone of New York: A probable noncentrosymmetric mica structure Clays and Clay Minerals 41 66–72 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410107.Google Scholar
Roden, M.K. Miller, D.S. Elliott, W.C. and Aronson, J.L., (1992) The thermal history of the distal margin and interior of the southern Appalachian basin from combined fissiontrack and K/Ar studies of K-bentonites Abstract, 27th Annual Northeastern Section of the Geological Society of America Meeting 24 3 49.Google Scholar
Roden, M.K. Elliott, W.C. Aronson, J.L. and Miller, D.S., (1993) A comparison of fission-track ages of apatite and zircon to the K/Ar ages of illite-smectite (I-S) from Ordovician K-bentonites, southern Appalachian basin Journal of Geology 101 633–641 10.1086/648254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakharov, B.A. Besson, G. Drits, V.A. Kamenava, M.Y.u. Salyn, A.L. and Smoliar, B.B., (1990) X-ray study of the nature of stacking faults in the structure of glauconites Clay Minerals 25 419–435 10.1180/claymin.1990.025.4.02.Google Scholar
Schedl, A. McCabe, C. Montanez, I.P. Fullagar, P.D. and Valley, J.W., (1992) Alleghanian regional diagenesis: A response to the migration of modified metamorphic fluids derived from beneath the Blue Ridge-Piedmont thrust sheet Journal of Geology 100 339–352 10.1086/629636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, W.A., (1988) The Black Warrior Basin The Geology of North America, Volume D-2, Sedimentary Cover-North American Craton: U.S Colorado The Geological Society of America, Boulder 471–492.Google Scholar
Tsipursky, S.I. and Drits, V.A., (1984) The distribution of octahedral cations in the 2:1 layers of dioctahedral smectites studied by oblique-texture electron diffraction Clay Minerals 19 177–193 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.2.05.Google Scholar
Viets, J.G. Rowan, E.L. and Leach, D.L., (1984) Composition of fluids extracted from sphalerite, galena, and dolomite in Mississippi Valley-type deposits in the mid-continent: Implications for the origin of the fluid Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 16 682.Google Scholar