Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T22:50:56.682Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Thermal Constraints on Clay Growth in Fault Gouge and Their Relationship with Fault-Zone Evolution and Hydrothermal Alteration: Case Study of Gouges in the Kojaku Granite, Central Japan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Masakazu Niwa ,
Koji Shimada ,
Hajimu Tamura ,
Kenji Shibata ,
Shigeru Sueoka ,
Ken-Ichi Yasue ,
Tsuneari Ishimaru  and
Koji Umeda
Masakazu Niwa*
Affiliation:
Toki Research Institute of Isotope Geology and Geochronology, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Toki, Gifu, 509-5102, Japan
Koji Shimada
Affiliation:
Monju Project Management and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tsuruga, Fukui, 919-1279, Japan
Hajimu Tamura
Affiliation:
Toki Research Institute of Isotope Geology and Geochronology, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Toki, Gifu, 509-5102, Japan
Kenji Shibata
Affiliation:
Toki Research Institute of Isotope Geology and Geochronology, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Toki, Gifu, 509-5102, Japan
Shigeru Sueoka
Affiliation:
Monju Project Management and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tsuruga, Fukui, 919-1279, Japan
Ken-Ichi Yasue
Affiliation:
Toki Research Institute of Isotope Geology and Geochronology, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Toki, Gifu, 509-5102, Japan
Tsuneari Ishimaru
Affiliation:
Monju Project Management and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tsuruga, Fukui, 919-1279, Japan
Koji Umeda
Affiliation:
Toki Research Institute of Isotope Geology and Geochronology, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Toki, Gifu, 509-5102, Japan
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In order to elucidate the process of mineralization of clay minerals in fault gouge and its spatial-temporal relationship with fault-zone evolution and hydrothermal alteration, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and K-Ar dating were performed on clay samples from the Kojaku Granite of central Japan, including fault gouge along an active fault. The area studied is suitable for understanding thermal constraints on clay mineralization because the wall rock is homogeneous and its thermal history well defined. The results from XRD indicated that the clay minerals in the gouge samples are dioctahedral smectite, kaolinite, and 1Md illite, whereas clay fillings in fractures and joints in the intact granite (clay vein) include 2M1 illite in addition to dioctahedral smectite and 1Md illite. The evolution of clay mineralization is reconstructed as follows: (1) high-temperature hydrothermal alteration of feldspar and biotite produced 2M1 illite in clay veins; and (2) alteration accompanied by shearing at a lower temperature resulted in the formation of 1Md illite in the gouges. This scenario is consistent with the cooling history of the granite constrained by fission-track, U-Pb, and K-Ar dating methods. K-Ar dating of the clay samples separated into multiple particle-size fractions indicated that the low-temperature alteration leading to the production of 1Md illite was dated to ~40 Ma. Based on the cooling history of the granite, the 1Md illite formed at temperatures of 60–120°C. This temperature range was at the lower limit of the range reported in previous studies for faults. The spatial and geometrical relation of the faults studied and their K-Ar ages infer evolution which can be described as extensive development of small-scale faults at ~40 Ma followed by coalescence of the small-scale faults to form a larger, recently reactivated, active fault. The K-Ar ages have not been reset by the recent near-surface fault activity.

Keywords

Fault GougeGraniteHydrothermal AlterationIlliteK-Ar Dating
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 64 , Issue 2 , April 2016 , pp. 86 - 107
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2016

References

Abad, I. Nieto, F. Peacor, D.R. and Velilla, N., 2003 Prograde and retrograde diagenetic and metamorphic evolution in metapelitic rocks of Sierra Espuña (Spain) Clay Minerals 38 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aplin, A.C. Matenaar, I.F. and McCarty, DK d P ^BA, 2006 Influence of mechanical compaction and clay mineral diagenesis on the microfabric and porescale properties of deep-water Gulf of Mexico mudstones Clays and Clay Minerals 54 500–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., 1980 Structures of layer silicates Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 1–124.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W., Bailey, S.W., 1984 Crystal chemistry of the true micas Micas Washington DC Mineralogical Society of America 13–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartier, D. Ledésert, B. Clauer, N. Meunier, A. Liewig, N. Morvan, G. and Addad, A., 2008 Hydrothermal alteration of the Soultz-sous-Forêts granite (Hot Fractured Rock geothermal exchanger) into a tosudite and illite assemblage European Journal of Mineralogy 20 131–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bense, F.A. Wemmer, K. Lóbens, S. and Siegesmund, S., 2014 Fault gouge analysis: K-Ar illite dating, clay mineralogy and tectonic significance — a study from the Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina International Journal of Earth Sciences 103 189–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonhomme, M.G. Thuizat, R. Pinault, Y. Clauer, N. Wendling, R. and Winkler, R., 1975 Méthode de datation potassium—argon. Appareillage et technique Strasbourg, France Notes Techniques de l’Institut de Geologie, Université Louis Pasteur 53.Google Scholar
Brodie, K., Fettes, D., Harte, B., and Schmid, R. (2007) A systematic nomenclature for metamorphic rocks: 3. Structuraltermsincludingfaultrockterms. Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: .Google Scholar
Clauer, N. and Liewig, N., 2013 Episodic and simultaneous illitization in oil-bearing Brent Group and Fulmar Formation sandstones from the northern and southern North Sea based on illite K-Ar dating Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 97 2149–2171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, S.F. (2007) Structural and isotopic constraints on fluid flow regimes and fluid pathways during upper crustal deformation: an example from the Taemas area of the Lachlan Orogen, SE Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, B08208,.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D.D., 1993 Three zones for illite formation during burial diagenesis and metamorphism Clays and Clay Minerals 41 26–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, D.R. and Rutter, E.H., 2001 Can the maintenance of overpressured fluids in large strike-slip fault zones explain their apparent weakness? Geology 29 503–506.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukui Prefecture, 2010 Geological Map of Fukui Prefecture and its Explanatory Note Japan Fukui Prefectural Public Corporation of Construction Technology 173.Google Scholar
Grathoff, G.H. and Moore, D.M., 1996 Illite polytype quantification using WILDFIRE© calculated X-ray diffraction patterns Clays and Clay Minerals 44 835–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, SH d P ^BA, 2008 Clay quantification and Ar-Ar dating of synthetic and natural gouge: Application to the Miocene Sierra Mazatán detachment fault, Sonora, Mexico Journal of Structural Geology 30 525–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, SH d P ^BA, 2012 Patterns of mineral transformations in clay gouge, with examples from low-angle normal fault rocks in the western USA Journal of Structural Geology 43 2–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, S.H., van der Pluijm, B.A., Ikari, M.J., Saffer, D.M., and Marone, C. (2009) Clay fabric intensity in natural and artificial fault gouges: Implications for brittle fault zone processes and sedimentary basin clay fabric evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, B05406,.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunziker, J.C. Frey, M. Clauer, N. Dallmeyer, R.D. Friedrichsen, H. Flehmig, W. Hochstrasser, K. Roggwiler, P. and Schwander, H., 1986 The evolution of illite to muscovite: mineralogical and isotopic data from the Glarus Alps, Switzerland Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 92 157–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikari, M.J., Saffer, D.M., and Marone, C. (2009) Frictional and hydrologic properties of clay-rich fault gouge. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, pp B05409, doi: rs10.1029/2008JB006089 DOI}.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A., Velde, B., 1995 Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments Origin and Mineralogy of Clays Berlin Springer 269–329.Google Scholar
Jackson, M.L., 2005 Soil Chemical Analysis. Advanced Course revised 2nd edition Madison, Wisconsin, USA Parallel Press, University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries 930.Google Scholar
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (2010) Report on the assessment of seismic safety of Monju prototype fast-breeder reactor based on “Regulatory Guide for Reviewing Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Reactor Facilities (New Guideline, Full Revised at 2006)” (revised version in 2010). (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Kitagawa, R. and Nishido, H., 1994 Orientation analysis and formation ages of fractures filled with clay minerals (clay veins) in Hiroshima and Shimane Prefectures, Southwest Japan Journal of Japan Society of Engineering Geology 35 60–68.Google Scholar
Kitagawa, R. Kakitani, S. Takeno, S. and Nishida, Y., 1981 Topographical examination and genesis of clay veins found in the Kumogi granite mass in Shimane Prefecture, southwest Japan Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists 76 262–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurimoto, C. Naito, K. Sugiyama, Y. and Nakae, S., 1999 Geology of the Tsuruga District with Geological Sheet Map at 1:50,000 73.Google Scholar
Laidlaw, I. Steinmetz, M., Scott, D.B. Harding, S.E. and Rowe, A.J., 2005 Introduction to differential sedimentation Analytical Ultracentrifugation: Techniques and Methods Cambridge, UK Royal Society of Chemistry 270–290.Google Scholar
Liewig, N. Clauer, N. and Sommer, F., 1987 Rb-Sr and K-Ar dating of clay diagenesis in Jurassic sandstone oil reservoir, North Sea Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 71 1467–1474.Google Scholar
Lin, A., 1996 Injection veins of crushing-originated pseudotachylyte and fault gouge formed during seismic faulting Engineering Geology 43 213–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, A. Shimamoto, T. Maruyama, T. Sigetomi, M. Miyata, T. Takemura, K. Tanaka, H. Uda, S. and Murata, A., 2001 Comparative study of cataclastic rocks from a drill core and outcrops of the Nojima fault zone on Awaji Island, Japan Island Arc 10 368–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, A., 1989 Improvement for determination of potassium in K-Ar dating Bulletin of Geological Survey of Japan 40 65–70.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, A. Uto, K. and Shibata, K., 1989 K-Ar dating by peak comparison method — New technique applicable to rocks younger than 0.5 Ma Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan 40 565–579.Google Scholar
McFadyen, P. and Fairhurst, D., 1993 High-resolution particle size analysis from nanometres to microns Clay Minerals 28 531–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., 1997 -ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals 2nd edition New York Oxford University Press 378.Google Scholar
Nieto, F. Velilla, N. Peacor, D.R. and Huertas, M.O., 1994 Regional retrograde alteration of sub-greenschist facies chlorite to smectite Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 115 243–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishimoto, S. and Yoshida, H., 2010 Hydrothermal alteration of deep fractured granite: Effects of dissolution and precipitation Lithos 115 153–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niwa, M. Kurosawa, H. and Ishimaru, T., 2011 Spatial distribution and characteristics of fracture zones near a long-lived active fault: A field-based study for understanding changes in underground environment caused by long-term fault activities Engineering Geology 119 31–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Numelin, T. Marone, C. and Kirby, E., 2007 Frictional properties of natural fault gouge from a low-angle normal fault, Panamint Valley, California Tectonics 26 2 n/a-n/a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otsuki, K., Monzawa, N., and Nagase, T. (2003) Fluidization and melting of fault gouge during seismic slip: identification in the Nojima fault zone and implications for focal earthquake mechanisms. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, B4, 2192,.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollastro, R.M., 1993 Considerations and applications of the illite/smectite geothermometer hydrocarbon-bearing rocks of Miocene to Mississippian age Clays and Clay Minerals 41 119–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puretz, J. (1979) Centrifugal particle size analysis and the Joyce—Loebl disc centrifuge. Pp. 77–88 in: Particle Size Analysis (Particle Size Analysis, editors). Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., 1980 Interstratified clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 249–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. (1993) WILDFIRE — A computer program for the calculation of three-dimensional powder X-ray diffraction patterns for mica polytypes and their disordered variations. Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.Google Scholar
Robertson, I.D.M. and Eggleton, R.A., 1991 Weathering of granitic muscovite to kaolinite and halloysite and of plagioclase-derived kaolinite to halloysite Clays and Clay Minerals 39 113–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, S. and Morrison, E.D., 1988 Colloidal Systems and Interfaces New York John Wiley & Sons 440.Google Scholar
Rowe, C.D. Kirkpatrick, J.D. and Brodsky, E.E., 2012 Fault rock injections record paleo-earthquakes Earth and Planetary Science Letters 335-336 154–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saffer, D.M. and Marone, C., 2003 Comparison of smectiteand illite-rich gouge frictional properties: Application to the updip limit of the seismogenic zone along subduction megathrusts Earth and Planetary Science Letters 215 219–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawada, K. and Yoshida, G ^R, 1997 Granitic masses around Lake Biwa, southwest Japan: the Koujyaku granite pluton Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku) 51 401–412.Google Scholar
Schleicher, A.M. Warr, L.N. Kober, B. Laverret, E. and Clauer, N., 2006 Episodic mineralization of hydrothermal illite in the Soultz-sous-Forêts granite (Upper Rhine Graben, France) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 152 349–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schleicher, A.M. and Warr, LN d P ^BA, 2006 Fluid focusing and back-reactions in the uplifted shoulder of the Rhine rift system: a clay mineral study along the Schauenburg Fault zone (Heidelberg, Germany) International Journal of Earth Sciences 95 19–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solum, J.G. and van der Pluijm, B.A. (2004) Phyllosilicate mineral assemblages of the SAFOD Pilot Hole and comparison with an exhumed segment of the San Andreas Fault System. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L15S19,.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solum, J.G. and van der Pluijm, B.A., 2007 Reconstructing the Snake River-Hoback River Canyon section of the Wyoming thrust belt through direct dating of clay-rich fault rocks Geological Society of America Special Paper 433 183–196.Google Scholar
Solum, J.G., van der Pluijm, B.A., Peacor, D.R., and Warr, L.N. (2003) Influence of phyllosilicate mineral assemblages, fabrics, and fluids on the behavior of the Punchbowl fault, southern California. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, B5, 2233,.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solum, J.G. van der Pluijm, B.A. and Peacor, D.R., 2005 Neocrystallization, fabrics and age of clay minerals from an exposure of the Moab Fault, Utah Journal of Structural Geology 27 1563–1576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solum, J.G. Davatzes, N.C. and Lockner, D.A., 2010 Faultrelated clay authigenesis along the Moab Fault: Implications for calculations of fault rock composition and mechanical and hydrologic fault zone properties Journal of Structural Geology 32 1899–1911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Eberl, D.D., Bailey, S.W., 1984 Illite Micas Washington DC Mineralogical Society of America 495–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiger, R.H. and Jáger, E., 1977 Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36 359–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sudo, M. Tagami, T. Sato, K. Hasebe, N. and Nishimura, S., 1996 Calibration of a new Ar analytical system for the KAr dating method and analytical results of K-Ar age known samples Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University SeriesofGeologyandMineralogy 58, 21–40.Google Scholar
Sudo, M. Uto, K. Anno, K. Ishizuka, O. and Uchiumi, S., 1998 SORI93 biotite: A new mineral standard for K-Ar dating Geochemical Journal 32 49–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sueoka, S. Umeda, K. Yasue, K. Niwa, M. Shimada, K. Ishimaru, T. Danhara, T. Iwano, H. and Yagi, K., 2016 Cooling and denudation history of the Tsuruga body of the Kójaku granite, southwest Japan, constrained from multi-system thermochronology Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 125 201–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surdam, R.C. Crossey, L.J. Hagen, E.S. and Heasler, H.P., 1989 Organic-inorganic interactions and sandstone diagenesis Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 73 1–23.Google Scholar
Takaoka, N., 1989 Problems in the K-Ar dating of Quaternary volcanic rocks younger than 1 Ma Mass Spectrometry 37 343–351.Google Scholar
Tanaka, A. Yano, Y. and Sasada, M., 2004.Digital Geoscience Map DGM P-5, Geological Survey of Japan Geothermal gradient data in and around JapanGoogle Scholar
Tanner, C.B. and Jackson, M.L., 1947 Monographs of sedimentation times for soil particles under gravity or centrifugal acceleration Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 12 60–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turpault, M.P. Berger, G. and Meunier, A., 1992 Dissolution-precipitation processes induced by hot water circulation in fractured granite. Part 1. Wall-rock alteration and vein deposit processes European Journal of Mineralogy 4 1457–1475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B., 1965 Experimental determination of muscovite polymorph stabilities American Mineralogist 50 436–449.Google Scholar
Vrolijk, P d P ^BA, 1999 Clay gouge Journal of Structural Geology 21 1039–1048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watanabe, T., 1988 The structural model of illite/smectite interstratified mineral and the diagram for its identification Clay Science 7 97–114.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.E., 1989 Developments in Sedimentology Clays, Muds, and Shales 44 818.Google Scholar
Williams, J.W. van Holde, K.E. Baldwin, R.L. and Fujita, H., 1958 The theory of sedimentation analysis Chemical Reviews 58 715–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willson, J.P., Lunn, R.J., and Shipton, Z.K. (2007) Simulating spatial and temporal evolution of multiple wing cracks around faults in crystalline basement rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, B08408,.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintsch, R.P. Christoffersen, R. and Kronenberg, A.K., 1995 Fluid-rock reaction weakening of fault zones Journal of Geophysical Research 100 13021–13032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, Y. van der Pluijm, B.A. Peacor, D.R., Holdsworth, R.E. Strachan, R.A. Magloughlin, J.F. and Knipe, R.J., 2001 Deformation microfabrics of clay gouge, Lewis Thrust, Canada: a case for fault weakening from clay transformation The Nature and Tectonic Significance of Fault Zone Weakening London Geological Society 103–112.Google Scholar
Yamasaki, S. Zwingmann, H. Yamada, K. Tagami, T. and Umeda, K., 2013 Constraining the timing of brittle deformation and faulting in the Toki granite, central Japan Chemical Geology 351 168–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoder, H. and Eugster, H., 1955 Synthetic and natural muscovites Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 8 225–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, G. Peacor, D.R. and McDowell, D., 1999 “Retrograde diagenesis” of clay minerals in the Precambrian Freda Sandstone, Wisconsin Clays and Clay Minerals 47 199–130.Google Scholar
Zwingmann, H. and Manckeltow, N., 2004 Timing of Alpine fault gouges Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223 415–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwingmann, H. Manckeltow, N. Antognini, M. and Lucchini, R., 2010 Dating of shallow faults: New constraints from the AlpTransit tunnel site (Switzerland) Geology 38 487–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwingmann, H. Yamada, K. and Tagami, T., 2010 Timing of brittle deformation within the Nojima fault zone, Japan Chemical Geology 275 176–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar