Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T17:17:07.256Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Saponite from the Emet Colemanite Mines, Kütahya, Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Mümtaz Çolak ,
Cahit Helvaci  and
Marino Maggetti
Mümtaz Çolak*
Affiliation:
Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Perolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
Cahit Helvaci
Affiliation:
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
Marino Maggetti
Affiliation:
Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Perolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
*
E-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Clay mineralogy and whole-rock chemistry of the borate-bearing layers of the Hisarcik and Esbey mines were examined. The Hisarcik clays occur as laminated or unlaminated clay layers with sharp contacts. Unlaminated layers contain quartz derived from metamorphic rocks and carbonate fragments in a clay matrix, and are interpreted as reworked tuffs deposited in playa-lake environments. An important feature is that the unlaminated clays contain little MgO (3–15 wt. %) as compared with the laminated clays (15–30 wt. %). As previous studies have shown, the clay fraction of the studied profile contains predominantly Li-bearing saponite, and accounts for 60–90 wt. % of the clay fraction (<2 μm). Illite in the clay fraction varies from 0 to 67 wt. % and the average illite percentage never exceeds 40 wt. %. Chlorite is scarce (2–5 wt. %). Illite-smectite interstratified clays (illite at 70%, smectite at 30%) were only found in low concentrations in the laminated clay layers of the upper limestone unit (above the borate zone), where illite-2M of detrital origin is also present. The Esbey clays occur interstratified with colemanite layers and envelope colemanite nodules. Calcite is the major mineral of the clays whereas quartz, plagioclase, feldspar, colemanite, and cahnite are minor components. The MgO contents vary between 4.70–13.95 wt. % in the clays interstratified with colemanite layers, between 7.24–11.89 wt. % in the enveloping clays, and between 10.27–21.25 wt. % in clays located above the colemanite zone. The composition of the clay fraction (<2 μm) in all samples is similar. Smectite represents between 40–90 wt. % of the clay fraction in the upper portion of the stratigraphic profile and decreases towards the lower part of the stratigraphic profile. Smectite always occurs with illite which may vary from 20 to 90 wt. % of the clay fraction, and a small amount of kaolinite and chlorite. Illite-2M polytype is abundant. The d(060)-reflection position suggests that the smectite minerals from the Hisarcik and Esbey colemanite mines contain both dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites to form a transitional zone. These smectites are a product of a magnesium-rich alkaline playa-lake environment.

Keywords

ColemaniteEmetEsbeyHisarcikSaponiteTrioctahedral Smectite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 48 , Issue 4 , August 2000 , pp. 409 - 423
Copyright
Copyright © 2000, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Ataman, G. and Baysal, O., 1978 Clay mineralogy of Turkish borate deposits Chemical Geology 22 233–247 10.1016/0009-2541(78)90033-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dündar, A. Güngör, N. Gürsel, T. Özden, M. and Özyeğin, E., 1986 Kütahya-Emet bor tuzu yatağı nihai değerlendirme raporu .Google Scholar
Foster, M., 1960 Interpretation of the composition of trioctahedral micas 11–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, R.S., 1965 Error due to segregation in quantitative clay mineral X-ray diffraction mounting techniques American Mineralogist 50 741–751.Google Scholar
Gibbs, R.S., 1968 Clay mineral mounting techniques for X-ray diffraction analysis. A discussion Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 38 242–244 10.1306/74D71942-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grauby, O. Petit, S. Decarreau, A. and Baronnet, A., 1993 The beidellite-saponite series: An experimental approach European Journal of Mineralogy 5 623–635 10.1127/ejm/5/4/0623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, U.T., 1986 Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World .Google Scholar
Harder, H., 1972 The role of magnesium in the formation of smectite minerals Chemical Geology 10 31–39 10.1016/0009-2541(72)90075-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helvacı, C., 1977 Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the borate deposits and associated rocks at the Emet valley, Turkey .Google Scholar
Helvacı, C., 1983 Türkiye Borat Yataklarınm Mineralojisi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 37–54.Google Scholar
Helvacı, C., 1984 Occurence of rare borate minerals: Veatchit-A, Tunellite, Teruggite and Cahnite in the Emet borate deposits, Turkey Mineral Deposita 19 217–226 10.1007/BF00199788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helvacı, C., 1986 Stratigraphic and Structural Evolution of the Emet Borate Deposits .Google Scholar
Helvacı, C. and Firman, R.J., 1976 Geological setting and mineralogy of Emet borate deposits, Turkey Transactions, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 85 142–152.Google Scholar
Helvacı, C. and Orti, F., 1998 Sedimentalogy and diagenesis of Miocene colemanite-ulexite deposits (Western Anatolia, Turkey) Journal of Sedimentary Research 68 1021–1033 10.2110/jsr.68.1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helvacı, C. Stamatakis, M.G. Zagouroglou, C. and Kanaris, J., 1993 Borate minerals and related authigenic silicates in northeastern Mediterranean Late Miocene Continental basins Exploration Mining Geology 2 171–178.Google Scholar
Henning, K.H. and Störr, H., 1986 Electron Micrographs (TEM, SEM) of Clays and Clay Minerals Berlin Akademia-Verlag Press.Google Scholar
Hover, V.C. Walter, L.M. Peacor, D.R. and Martini, A.M., 1999 Mg-smectite authigenesis in a marine evaporative environment, Salina Ornetepec, Baja California Clays and Clay Minerals 47 252–268 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kistler, R.B. Helvacı, C. and Carr, D.D., 1994 Boron and borates Industrial Minerals and Rocks, 6th edition 171–178.Google Scholar
Lange, B. and Vejdelek, Z.J., 1980 Photometrische Analyse Altenberg Verlag Chemie.Google Scholar
Maxwell, D.T. and Hower, J., 1967 High-grade diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of illite in the Precambrian Belt Series American Mineralogist 52 843–857.Google Scholar
Özpeker, I., 1969 Bati Anadolu borat yataklarının mukayeseli jenetik etüdü .Google Scholar
Semelin, B. and Yalçin, H., 1984 Sedimentation volcanoclastique en milieu continental lacustre: Un exemple, le bassin Neogene d’Emet (Turquie Ouest) Abstract, Seme Congress European de Sedimentologie, Marseille, 9–11 April 403.Google Scholar
Velde, B., 1992 Introduction to Clay Minerals: Chemistry, Origins, Uses and Environmental Significance London Chapman and Hall 10.1007/978-94-011-2368-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C.E. and Pollard, L.D., 1975 The Chemistry of Clay Minerals. Developments in Sedimentology, Volume, 15 Amsterdam Elsevier.Google Scholar
Yalçin, H., 1984 Emet Neojen golsel baseninin jeolojik ve mineralojik petrografik incelenmesi .Google Scholar
Yalçin, H. and Gündoğdu, M.N. (1985) Emet gölsel Neojen baseninin kil mineralojisi. II. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu Bildirileri, Gündogdu, M.N. and Aksoy, H., eds., Hacettepe University, Ankara, 155–170.Google Scholar