Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T13:25:00.656Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Nature of Vermiculite in Adirondack Soils and Till

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Richard H. April
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346
Michele M. Hluchy
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
Robert M. Newton
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The clay and bulk mineralogy of soil and till from 26 Adirondack watersheds was studied. The materials consist typically of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, mica, vermiculite, and kaolinite. Talc, smectite, halloysite, and hornblende are present in some samples. The clay fraction of the soils is composed predominantly of vermiculite, likely derived from the transformation of a mica precursor, and kaolinite. The soil vermiculite commonly contains hydroxy-Al interlayers which are especially prevalent in the B-horizon samples. Despite significant variation in the type of bedrock and the composition of heavy mineral assemblages in these watersheds, the clay mineralogy is remarkably uniform. This finding supports earlier suggestions that the occurrence of vermiculite in soils is more dependent on climate than on the nature of the parent material.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1986, The Clay Minerals Society

References

April, R. H., 1983 Mineralogy of the ILWAS Lake-Watersheds The Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study: Proceedings ILWAS Ann. Rev. Confi, 1980 Palo Alto, California prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc., Lafayette, California, for the Electric Power Research Institute 5.1 5.29.Google Scholar
April, R. H. and Newton, R. M., 1983 Mineralogy and chemistry of some Adirondack Spodosols Soil Sci. 135 301307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
April, R. H. and Newton, R. M., 1985 Influence of geology on lake acidification in the ILWAS watersheds Water, Air, and Soil Poll. 26 373386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barshad, I., 1949 The nature of lattice expansion and its relation to hydration in montmorillonite and vermiculite Amer. Mineral. 34 675684.Google Scholar
Barshad, I., Heller, L. and Weiss, A., 1966 The effect of a variation in precipitation on the nature of clay minerals formation in soils from acid and basic igneous rocks Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Jerusalem 1966, Vol. 1 Jerusalem Israel Prog. Sci. Transi. 167173.Google Scholar
Barshad, I. and Kishk, F. M., 1969 Chemical composition of soil vermiculite clays as related to their genesis Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 24 136155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borchardt, G. A., Dixon, J. B. and Weed, S. B., 1977 Montmorillonites and other smectite minerals Minerals in Soil Environments Wisconsin Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison 293330.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1980 Order-disorder in clay mineral structures Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 125195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G., Brindley, G. W., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1980 X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 305359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, R. E. and Carver, R. E., 1971 Heavy mineral separations Procedures in Sedimentary Petrology New York Wiley 427452.Google Scholar
Engel, A. E. and Engel, C. G., 1960 Progressive metamorphism and granitization of the major paragneiss, northwest Adirondack Mountains, New York Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 71 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanning, D. S., Keramidas, V. Z., Dixon, J. B. and Weed, S. B., 1977 Micas Minerals in Soil Environments Madison, Wisconsin Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 331356.Google Scholar
Farmer, V. C., Russell, J. D., McHardy, W. J., Newman, A. C. D., Ahlrichs, J. L. and Rimsaite, J. Y. H., 1971 Evidence for loss of protons and octahedral iron from oxidized biotites and vermiculites Mineral. Mag. 38 121137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, D. W., Isachsen, Y. W. and Rickard, L. V., 1970 Geological map of New York State: New York State Museum and Science Serv., Map and Chart Series, No. 15 .Google Scholar
Folk, R. L., 1974 Techniques of grain size analysis Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks Austin, Texas Hemphill Publishing Co. 1664.Google Scholar
Garrels, R. M. and Christ, C. L., 1965 Solutions, Minerals, and Equilibria San Francisco Freeman, Cooper and Co..Google Scholar
Huang, P. M., Dixon, J. B. and Weed, S. B., 1977 Feldspars, olivines, pyroxenes, and amphiboles Minerals in Soil Environments Madison, Wisconsin Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 331356.Google Scholar
Huang, P. M. and Keller, W. D., 1971 Dissolution of clay minerals in dilute organic acids at room temperature Amer. Mineral. 56 10821095.Google Scholar
Jackson, M. L. and Swineford, A., 1963 Interlayering of expansible layer silicates in soils by chemical weathering Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 11th Natl. Conf, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962 New York Pergamon Press 2946.Google Scholar
Jackson, M. L., 1974 Soil Chemistry Analysis—Advanced Course Madison, Wisconsin publ. by author, Dept. Soil Sci., Univ. Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Kinter, E. B. and Diamond, S., 1956 A new method for preparation and treatment of oriented-aggregate specimens of soil clays for X-ray diffraction analysis Soil Sci. 81 111120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, H., Helmke, P. and Jackson, M., 1979 Gibbsite solubility and thermodynamic properties of hydroxy-aluminum ions in aqueous solution at 25°C Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 861868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, H. B., 1962 Sedimentary Petrography: Vols. 1, 2 4th rev. ed. New York Macmillan.Google Scholar
Norrish, K. and Hutton, J. T., 1969 An accurate X-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geological samples Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 33 431453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, G. J. and Kodoma, H., 1976 Experimental alteration of a chlorite into a regularly interstratified chlorite-vermiculite by chemical oxidation Clays & Clay Minerals 24 183190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephen, I., 1952 A study of rock weathering with reference to the soils of the Malvern Hills J. Soil Sci. 3 2033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Violante, A. and Violante, P., 1980 Influence of pH concentration, and chelating power of organic anions on the synthesis of aluminum hydroxides and oxyhydroxides Clays & Clay Minerals 28 425434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, G., 1949 The decomposition of biotite in soils Mineral. Mag. 28 693703.Google Scholar
Walker, G. F. and Brown, G., 1961 Vermiculite minerals The X-ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals London Mineralogical Society 297324.Google Scholar
Whitney, P.R. and McLelland, J. M., 1983 Origin of biotitehomblende-gamet coronas between oxides and plagioclase in olivine metagabbros, Adirondack region, New York Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 82 3441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar