Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T19:08:08.961Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Natural Rubber Nanocomposites With Organo-Modified Bentonite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Jana Hrachová ,
Peter Komadel  and
Ivan Chodák
Jana Hrachová*
Affiliation:
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
Peter Komadel
Affiliation:
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
Ivan Chodák
Affiliation:
Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-842 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Enhancement of the physico-chemical properties of elastomers can be achieved by the addition of fillers, such as silica, but the search for less expensive alternative materials continues. The objective of this study was to investigate natural or organically modified clay minerals as such an alternative. Organo-clays modified by quaternary ammonium cations with three methyl groups and longest alkyl chains of different lengths were prepared by ion-exchange reaction of the commercial product JP A030 (Envigeo, Slovakia) based on Jelšový Potok bentonite with organic salts: tetramethylammonium (TMA) chloride, octyltrimethylammonium (OTMA) bromide, and octadecyltrimethylammonium (ODTMA) bromide. Physico-chemical characterizations of the organo-clays used as fillers in rubber nanocomposites and their mechanical properties were measured using Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy, which provided information on the chemical composition of the mineral and on the amount of organic moieties adsorbed. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to monitor the arrangement of organic chains in galleries of montmorillonite and showed that the longest-chain alkylammonium ODTMA+ ions were intercalated between layers, adopting a pseudotrimolecular conformation, while OTMA+ and TMA+ were in monomolecular arrangement. Surface areas were measured by sorption of N2 and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. Natural rubber-clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation, in some cases also with addition of silica, a conventional reinforcing filler. The microstructure of montmorillonite in these composites was characterized by XRD analysis. The effect of clay and organo-clays loading from 1 to 10 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of rubber) on stress at break, strain at break, and Modulus 100 (M100) was investigated by tensile tests. Filler ODTMA-JP A030 appears to be the most effective among the organoclays; surprisingly similar values of composite elongation and strength were obtained with unmodified bentonite JP A030.

Keywords

ClayLayered SilicateMechanical PropertiesNanocompositeOrgano-clayPolymer
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 57 , Issue 4 , August 2009 , pp. 444 - 451
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2009

References

Alexandre, M. and Dubois, P., 2000 Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials Materials Science and Engineering R28 1–63.Google Scholar
Arroyo, M. López-Manchado, M.A. and Herrero, B., 2003 Organo-montmorillonite as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds Polymer 44 2447–2453 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00090-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baccaro, S. Cataldo, F. Cecilia, A. Cemmi, A. Padella, F. and Santini, A., 2003 Interaction between reinforced carbon black and polymeric matrix for industrial applications Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B208 191–194 10.1016/S0168-583X(03)00638-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, S.A. Jaynes, W.F. and Mermut, A.R., 1993 Role of layer charge in organic contaminant sorption by organo-clays Layer Charge Characteristics of 2:1 Silicate Clay Minerals Boulder, Colorado, USA The Clay Minerals Society 47–78.Google Scholar
Dubois, P., Carrado, K.A. Bergaya, F., 2007 Melt-blending versus intercalative polymerization Clay-based Polymer Nanocomposites (CPN) Chantilly, VA, USA The Clay Minerals Society 33–60 10.1346/CMS-WLS-15.2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrado, K.A. and Komadel, P., 2009 Acid activation of bentonites and polymer-clay nanocomposites Elements 5 111–116 10.2113/gselements.5.2.111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cataldo, F., 2007 Preparation and properties of nanostructured rubber composites with montmorillonite Macromolecular Symposia 247 67–77 10.1002/masy.200750109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, J. Gu, Z. Song, G. Li, P. and Liu, W., 2008 Preparation and properties of organo-montmorillonite/fluoroelastomer nanocompposites Applied Clay Science 42 272–275 10.1016/j.clay.2008.01.007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hrachová, J. Komadel, P. and Chodák, I., 2008 Effect of montmorillonite modification on mechanical properties of vulcanized natural rubber composites Journal of Materials Science 43 2012–2017 10.1007/s10853-007-2438-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hrachová, J. Chodák, I. and Komadel, P., 2009 Modification and characterization of montmorillonite fillers used in composites with vulcanized natural rubber Chemical Papers 63 55–61 10.2478/s11696-008-0079-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnamoorti, R. Vaia, R.A. and Giannelis, E.P., 1996 Structure and dynamics of polymer layered silicate nano-composites Chemical Materials 8 1728–1734 10.1021/cm960127g.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Q. Zhang, Y. and Xu, H., 2008 Properties of vulcanized rubber nanocomposites filled with nanokaolin and precipitated silica Applied Clay Science 42 232–237 10.1016/j.clay.2007.12.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madejová, J., 2003 FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies Vibrational Spectroscopy 31 1–10 10.1016/S0924-2031(02)00065-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mermut, A.R. and Lagaly, G., 2001 Baseline studies of The Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Layer-charge determination and characteristics of those minerals containing 2:1 layers Clays and Clay Minerals 49 393–397 10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohammad, A. Simon, G.P., Mai, Y.-W. Yu, Z.-Z., 2006 Rubber-clay nano-composites Polymer Nanocomposites Cambridge, England Woodhead Publishing Limited 297–325 10.1533/9781845691127.1.297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novák, I. Číčel, B. and Konta, J., 1972 Refinement of surface area determining of clays by ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) retention Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Clay Mineralogy and Petrology Prague Charles University 123–129.Google Scholar
Okada, A. and Usuki, A., 2006 Twenty years of polymer-clay nanocomposites Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 291 1449–1476 10.1002/mame.200600260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavlidou, S. and Papaspyrides, C.D., 2008 A review on polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites Progress in Polymer Science 33 1119–1198 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.07.008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, S.S. and Bousmina, M., 2005 Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: In greening the 21st century materials world Progress in Materials Science 50 962–1079 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2005.05.002.Google Scholar
Ray, S.S. and Okamoto, M., 2003 Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing Progress in Polymer Science 28 1539–1641 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.08.002.Google Scholar
Tjong, S.C., 2006 Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites Materials Science and Engineering R53 73–197 10.1016/j.mser.2006.06.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xue, S. Pinnavaia, T.J., Carrado, K.A. Bergaya, F., 2007 Overview of clay-based polymer nanocomposites (CPN) Clay-based Polymer Nanocomposites (CPN) Chantilly, VA, USA The Clay Minerals Society 2–32.Google Scholar
Zhu, R. Zhu, L. Zhu, J. and Xu, L., 2008 Structure of surfactant-clay complexes and their sorptive characteristics toward HOCs Separation and Purification Technology 63 156–162 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.04.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar