Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T06:42:13.392Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Layer Charge of the Expandable Component of Illite/Smectite in K-Bentonite as Determined by Alkylammonium Ion Exchange

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Kenan Cetin  and
Warren D. Huff
Kenan Cetin
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
Warren D. Huff
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

—The charge of the expandable interlayers in a series of fourteen diagenetic illite/smectites (I/S) from lower Paleozoic K-bentonites was determined by the alkylammonium ion exchange method. The magnitude (<0.50 equivalents per half formula unit) and characteristic heterogeneous distribution of interlayer charges in eight samples with expandabilities from 70% to about 15% confirm the smectitic character of the expandable interlayers in this range. This result coupled with the lack of a correlation between expandability and interlayer charge is consistent with the hypothesis of a layer-by-layer transformation from a precursor smectite to highly illitic I/S clays during K-bentonite diagenesis. The charge of the expandable interlayers in I/S samples with about 10% or less expandabilities have been inferred to be vermiculitic rather than smectitic. The K-fixed interlayers and expandable interlayers in these samples appear to be similar in charge. The significantly higher charges inferred for the highly illitic samples can be consistent both with a layer-by-layer transformation and the neoformation mechanisms proposed in the literature for the formation of illite.

Keywords

AlkylammoniumBentoniteClaysDiagenesisIlliteIllite/smectiteLayer chargeSmectite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 43 , Issue 2 , April 1995 , pp. 150 - 158
Copyright
Copyright © 1995, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Altaner, S. P., and Bethke, C. M. 1988 . Interlayer order in illite/smectite. Amer. Miner. 73: 766–774.Google Scholar
Bailey, S. W., 1980. Summary of recommendations of AIPEA Nomenclature Committee. Clays & Clay Miner. 28: 73–78.Google Scholar
Cetin, K., 1992. The nature of illite/smectite clays smectite illitization in Paleozoic K-bentonites. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 200 pp.Google Scholar
Ghabru, S. K., Mermut, A., and Arnaud, R. J. S. 1989 . Layer charge and cation-exchange characteristics of vermiculite (weathered biotite) isolated from a gray luvisol in northeastern Saskatchewan. Clays & Clay Miner. 37: 164–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J., Eslinger, W. V., Hower, M., and Perry, E. A. 1976 . Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediments: 1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 87: 725–737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., 1979. The layer charge of regular interstratified 2: 1 clay minerals. Clays & Clay Miner. 27: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., 1981. Characterization of clays by organic compounds. Clay Miner. 16: 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., 1982. Layer charge heterogeneity in vermiculites. Clays & Clay Miner. 30: 215–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., and Weiss, A. 1969 . Determination of layer charge in mice-type layer silicates. Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Tokyo, Japan, L. Heller, ed. 61–80.Google Scholar
Lagaly, G., and Weiss, A. 1976 . The layer charge of smectitic layer silicates. Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, 1975, 157–172.Google Scholar
Lagaly, G., Gonzales, M. Fernandez, and Weiss, A. 1976 . Problems in layer charge determination of montmorillonites. Clay Miner. 11: 173–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D. A., Scott, A. D., and Fenton, T. E. 1987 . Interpretation of alkylammonium characterization of soil clays. Journal of Soil Science Society of America 51: 1659–1663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D. A., Scott, A. D., and Fenton, T. E. 1989 . Evaluation of the alkylammonium method of determining layer charge. Clays & Clay Miner. 37: 41–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D. A., and Nater, E. A. 1993 . Nature of illitic phase associated with randomly interstratified smectite/illite in soils. Clays & Clay Miner. 41: 280–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C., 1958. Fourier transform methods for studying scattering form lamellar systems: II. The calculation of x-ray diffraction effects for various types of interstratification. Kolloidzeitschrift 156: 61–67.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, E. E., Lewis, D. G., and Greenland, D. J. 1971 . Dodecylammonium-mica complexes: I. Factors affecting the cation-exchange reactions. Clays & Clay Miner. 19: 209–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackintosh, E. E., Lewis, D. G., and Greenland, D. J. 1972 . Dodecylammonium-mica complexes: II. Characterization of the reaction products. Clays & Clay Miner. 20: 125–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R. T., Bailey, S. W., Eberl, D. D., Fanning, D. S., Guggenheim, S., Kodama, H., Pevear, D. R., Srodon, J., and Wicks, F. J. 1991 . Report of the Clay Minerals Society Nomenclature Committee: Revised Classification of Clay Minerals. Clays & Clay Miner. 39: 333–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D. M., and Reynolds, R. C. Jr. 1989 . X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 332 pp.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., 1985. The physical dimensions of fundamental clay particles. Clay Miner. 20: 499–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Tait, J. M., McHardy, W. J., and Wilson, M. J. 1984 . Interstratified XRD characteristics of physical mixtures of elementary clay particles. Clay Miner. 19: 67–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Wilson, M. J., MacHardy, W. J., and Tait, J. M. 1985 . The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis: Evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones. Mineral. Mag. 49: 93–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olis, A. C., Malla, D. B., and Douglas, L. A. 1990 . The rapid estimation of the layer charges of 2: 1 expanding clays from a single alkylammonium ion expansion. Clay Miner. 25: 39–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R. C. Jr. . Interstratified clay minerals. In Crystal Structure of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification. Brown, G. W., and Brown, G., 1980 eds. London: Mineralogical Society, 249–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R. C. Jr. 1985. NEWMOD: A computer program for the calculation of one-dimensional diffraction patterns of mixed-layer clays. R. C. Reynolds, 8 Brook Rd., Hanover, NH, 24 p.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R. C. Jr., and Hower, J. 1970 . The nature of interlayering in mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites. Clays & Clay Miner. 18: 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rühlicke, G., and Köhler, E. E. 1981 . A simplified procedure for determining layer charge by the n-alkylammonium method. Clay Miner. 16: 305–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srodon, J., Morgan, D. J., Eslinger, E., Eberl, D. D., and Karlinger, M. R. 1986 . Chemistry of illite/smectite and end-member illite. Clays & Clay Miner. 34: 368–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vali, H., and Köster, H. M. 1986 . Expanding behavior, structural disorder, regular and random interstratification of 2: 1 layer silicates studied by high-resolution images of transmission electron microscopy. Clay Miner. 21: 827–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C. E., and Pollard, L. D. 1973 . The Chemistry of Clay Minerals. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 250 pp.Google Scholar
Weiss, A., 1963. Mica-type layer silicates with mica-type layer silicates. Clays & Clay Miner. 10: 191–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar