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Interlaboratory CEC and Exchangeable Cation Study of Bentonite Buffer Materials: II. Alternative Methods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Reiner Dohrmann ,
Dieter Genske ,
Ola Karnland ,
Stephan Kaufhold ,
Leena Kiviranta ,
Siv Olsson ,
Michael Plötze ,
Torbjörn Sandén ,
Patrik Sellin  and
Daniel Svensson
...Show all authors
Reiner Dohrmann*
Affiliation:
Landesamt für Bergbau, Energie und Geologie (LBEG), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany
Dieter Genske
Affiliation:
S&B Industrial Minerals GmbH, Schmielenfeldstrasse 78, D-45772 Marl, Germany
Ola Karnland
Affiliation:
Clay Technology AB, IDEON Research Center, SE-22370 Lund, Sweden
Stephan Kaufhold
Affiliation:
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany
Leena Kiviranta
Affiliation:
B+Tech Oy, Laulukuja 4, FI-00420 Helsinki, Finland
Siv Olsson
Affiliation:
Clay Technology AB, IDEON Research Center, SE-22370 Lund, Sweden
Michael Plötze
Affiliation:
ETH Zürich, Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, ClayLab, Schafmattstrasse 6, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Torbjörn Sandén
Affiliation:
Clay Technology AB, IDEON Research Center, SE-22370 Lund, Sweden
Patrik Sellin
Affiliation:
Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB), Pl 300, SE-57295 Figeholm, Sweden
Daniel Svensson
Affiliation:
Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB), Box 929, SE-57229, Oskarshamn, Sweden
Martin Valter
Affiliation:
ETH Zürich, Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, ClayLab, Schafmattstrasse 6, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
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Abstract

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Bentonites are candidate materials for encapsulation of radioactive waste. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) has proven to be one of the most sensitive parameters for detecting changes in mineral properties in bentonite-alteration experiments. An interlaboratory study of CECs and exchangeable cations for three reference bentonite buffer materials that were used in the Alternative Buffer Material test (ABM) project in Äspö, Sweden, was conducted to create a suitable database. The present study focused on CEC accuracy and compared CEC methods where care was taken to prevent dissolution of soluble minerals such as calcite and gypsum. The overall quality of the CEC and exchangeable cation values measured using non-Cu-trien CEC methods were good, with CECs of 74–91±0.5–3.3 meq/100 g and exchangeable cation values of 22–61±1.2–3.9 meq/100 g Na+, 7–23±0.8–1.5 meq/100 g Mg2+, and 19–39±0.8–1.6 meq/ 100 g Ca2+. The precision was comparable to the standard Cu-trien method even for exchangeable Ca2+, although the laboratories used different solution/solid ratios and reaction-time parameters for Cu-trien which affect carbonate dissolution. The MX80 and Dep.CAN bentonite exchangeable Ca2+ values were more accurate than standard-Cu-trien values. Using the optimized methods of this study, MX80 and Dep.CAN exchangeable Ca2+ values averaged 20.2±1.6 and 38.8±1.4 meq/100 g which amounts to ~70% of the inflated Cu-trien values. A more complex analysis of the CEC data using different methods, anion analyses, and mineralogical analysis is necessary to obtain plausible and accurate CEC values. Even with a more complicated analytical procedure, the CEC and exchangeable cation values were still not accurate enough because of excess anions. Chloride, sulfate, and dolomite might have increased the exchangeable Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ values.

Keywords

Ammonium AcetateAmmonium ChlorideBentonite BufferCECCu-trien5xcalciteExchangeable CationsInterlaboratory Study
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 60 , Issue 2 , April 2012 , pp. 176 - 185
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2012

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