Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T14:26:39.943Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Influence of Oxalate-Promoted Growth of Saponite and Talc Crystals on Rectorite: Testing the Intercalation-Synthesis Hypothesis of 2:1 Layer Silicates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Dirk Schumann ,
Hyman Hartman ,
Dennis D. Eberl ,
S. Kelly Sears ,
Reinhard Hesse  and
Hojatollah Vali
Dirk Schumann*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E8, Canada
Hyman Hartman
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Dennis D. Eberl
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine St. Boulder, CO, USA
S. Kelly Sears
Affiliation:
Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B2, Canada
Reinhard Hesse
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E8, Canada
Hojatollah Vali
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E8, Canada Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B2, Canada
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The intercalating growth of new silicate layers or metal hydroxide layers in the interlayer space of other clay minerals is known from various mixed-layer clay minerals such as illite-smectite (I-S), chlorite-vermiculite, and mica-vermiculite. In a recent study, the present authors proposed that smectite-group minerals can be synthesized from solution as new 2:1 silicate layers within the low-charge interlayers of rectorite. That study showed how oxalate catalyzes the crystallization of saponite from a silicate gel at low temperatures (60ºC) and ambient pressure. As an extension of this work the aim of the present study was to test the claim that new 2:1 silicate layers can be synthesized as new intercalating layers in the low-charge interlayers of rectorite and whether oxalate could promote such an intercalation synthesis. Two experiments were conducted at 60ºC and atmospheric pressure. First, disodium oxalate solution was added to a suspension of rectorite in order to investigate the effects that oxalate anions have on the structure of rectorite. In a second experiment, silicate gel of saponitic composition (calculated interlayer charge -0.33 eq/O10(OH)2) was mixed with a suspension of rectorite and incubated in disodium oxalate solution. The synthesis products were extracted after 3 months and analyzed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The treatment of ultrathin sections with octadecylammonium (nC =18) cations revealed the presence of 2:1 layer silicates with different interlayer charges that grew from the silicate gel. The oxalate-promoted nucleation of saponite and talc crystallites on the rectorite led to the alteration and ultimately to the destruction of the rectorite structure. The change was documented in HRTEM lattice-fringe images. The crystallization of new 2:1 layer silicates also occurred within the expandable interlayers of rectorite but not as new 2:1 silicate layers parallel to the previous 2:1 silicate layers. Instead, they grew independently of any orientation predetermined by the rectorite crystal substrate and their crystallization was responsible for the destruction of the rectorite structure.

Keywords

Clay MineralsHigh-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)Intercalation SynthesisLattice-fringe Imagesn-alkylammonium CationsOxalateRectoriteSaponiteTalcSmectite-group Minerals
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 61 , Issue 4 , August 2013 , pp. 342 - 360
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2013

References

Ahn, J.H. and Peacor, D.R., 1985 Transmission electronmicroscopic study of diagenetic chlorite in Gulf-coast argillaceous sediments Clays and Clay Minerals 33 228–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahn, J.H. and Peacor, D.R., 1986 Transmission and analytical electron-microscopy of the smectite-to-illite transition Clays and Clay Minerals 34 165–179.Google Scholar
April, R.H. Hluchy, M.M. and Newton, R.M., 1986 The nature of vermiculite in Adirondack soils and till Clays and Clay Minerals 34 549–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axe, K. and Persson, P., 2001 Time-dependent surface speciation of oxalate at the water-boehmite (γ-AlOOH) interface: Implications for dissolution Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 4481–4492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bain, D.C. Mellor, A. and Wilson, M.J., 1990 Nature and origin of an aluminous vermiculitic weathering product in acid soils from upland catchments in Scotland Clay Minerals 25 467–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnhisel, R.I. Bertsch, P., Dixon, J.B. and Weed, S.B., 1989 Chlorites and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite and smectite Minerals in Soil Environments Madison, Wisconsin, USA Soil Science Society of America 729–788.Google Scholar
Barron, P.F. Slade, P. and Frost, R.L., 1985 Solid-state SI-29 spin-lattice relaxation in several 2-1 phyllosilicate minerals Journal of Physical Chemistry 89 3305–3310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, P.F. Slade, P. and Frost, R.L., 1985 Ordering of aluminum in tetrahedral sites in mixed-layer 2-1 phyllo-silicates by solid-state high-resolution NMR Journal of Physical Chemistry 89 3880–3885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, T.E., 1986 Microstructure in mixed-layer illite smectite and its relationship to the reaction of smectite to illite Clays and Clay Minerals 34 146–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevan, J. and Savage, D., 1989 The effect of organic-acids on the dissolution of K-feldspar under conditions relevant to burial diagenesis Mineralogical Magazine 53 415–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, R.E. and Walter, L.M., 1996 Effects of organic acids on the dissolution of orthoclase at 80ºC and pH 6 Chemical Geology 132 91–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, J.R. Voigt, G.K. and Sawhney, B.L., 1967 Biotite flakes—alteration by chemical and biological treatment Science 155 193–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, W.F., 1950 The alternating layer sequence of rectorite American Mineralogist 35 590–595.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W., 1956 Allevardite, a swelling double-layer mica mineral American Mineralogist 41 91–103.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W., and Longstaffe, F.J., 1981 Structures and chemical composition of clay minerals Short Course: Clays for the Resource Geologist Italy International Clay Conference, Bologna and Pavia 1–21.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. Suzuki, T. and Thiry, M., 1983 Interstratified kaolinite smectites from the Paris basin—correlations of layer proportions, chemical-compositions and other data Bulletin de Mineralogie 106 403–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. Weir, A.H., Rosenqvist, I.T. and Graff-Petersen, P., 1965 The identity of rectorite and allevardite Proceedings of the International Clay Conference Stockholm 27–35.Google Scholar
Burst, J.F., 1959 Post diagenetic clay mineral-environmental relationships in the Gulf Coast Eocene in clays and clay minerals Clays and Clay Minerals 6 327–41.Google Scholar
Burst, J.F., 1969 Diagenesis of Gulf Coast clayey sediments and its possible relation to petroleum migration American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 53 73–93.Google Scholar
Caillère, S. and Hénin, S., 1949 Transformation of minerals of the montmorillonite family into 10 A micas; and experimental formation of chlorites from montmorillonite Mineralogical Magazine 28 606–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caillère, S. Hénin, S. and Esquevin, J., 1953 Synthesis of clay minerals Bulletin de la Societé Française de Mineralogie et Cristallographie 76 300–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couturier, Y. Michard, G. and Sarazin, G., 1984 Stabilityconstants of aluminum hydroxo complexes in aqueoussolutions at 20–70ºC Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 649–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossey, L.J., 1991 Thermal-degradation of aqueous oxalate species Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55 1515–1527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, R.S., 1983.Authigenic trioctahedral clay minerals coating Clearwater Formation sand grains at Cold Lake, Alberta, CanadaGoogle Scholar
Dobson, K.D. and McQuillan, A.J., 1999 In situ infrared spectroscopic analysis of the adsorption of aliphatic carboxylic acids to TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, and Ta2O5 from aqueous solutions Spectrochimica Acta Part A—Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 55 1395–1405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, O.W. and Martin, S.T., 2001 Surface complexation and dissolution of hematite by C-1-C-6 dicarboxylic acids at pH = 5.0 Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 4289–4301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, V.C. Smith, B.F.L. Wilson, M.J. Loveland, P.J. and Payton, R.W., 1988 Readily-extractable hydroxyaluminum interlayers in clay-sized and silt-sized vermiculite Clay Minerals 23 271–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fein, J.B., 1991 Experimental-study of aluminum-oxalate complexing at 80ºC—implications for the formation of secondary porosity within sedimentary reservoirs Geology 19 1037–1040.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fein, J.B. and Brady, P.V., 1995 Mineral surface controls on the diagenetic transport of oxalate and aluminum Chemical Geology 121 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fein, J.B. and Hestrin, J.E., 1994 Experimental studies of oxalate complexation at 80ºC: Gibbsite, amorphous silica, and quartz solubilities in oxalate-bearing fluids Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 4817–4829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruner, J.W., 1934 The structures of vermiculites and their collapse by dehydration American Mineralogist 19 557–575.Google Scholar
Güven, N., 1991 On a definition of illite smectite mixedlayer Clays and Clay Minerals 39 661–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, D.L. and Henderson, C.M.B., 1968 The preparation of silicate compositions by a gelling method Mineralogical Magazine 36 832–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, H. Frost, R.L. Deng, F. Zhu, J. Wen, X. and Yuan, P., 2004 Conformation of surfactant molecules in the interlayer of montmorillonite studied by 13C MAS NMR Clays and Clay Minerals 52 350–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, H. Ding, Z. Zhu, J. Yuan, P. Xi, Y. Yang, D. and Frost, R.L., 2005 Thermal characterization of surfactant-modified montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 53 287–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, H.P. Zhou, Q. Martens, W.N. Kloprogge, T.J. Yuan, P. Yunfei, X.F. Zhu, J.X. and Frost, R.L., 2006 Microstructure of HDTMA(+)-modified montmorillonite and its influence on sorption characteristics Clays and Clay Minerals 54 689–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, G.V., 1970 The origin of pyrophyllite rectorite in shales of north central Utah Clays and Clay Minerals 18 239–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hénin, S. and Robichet, O., 1954 A study of the synthesis of clay minerals Clay Minerals 2 110–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. Eslinger, E.V. Hower, M.E. and Perry, E.A., 1976 Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediment: mineralogical and chemical evidence Geological Society of America Bulletin 87 725–737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, R.E. Moore, D.M. Reynolds, R.C. Jr., Murray, H.H. Bundy, W.M. and Harvey, C.C., 1993 The nature, detection, and occurence, and origin of kaolinite/smectite Kaolin Genesis and Utilization Boulder, Colorado, USA The Clay Minerals Society 291–323.Google Scholar
Jakobsen, H.J. Nielsen, N.C. and Lindgreen, H., 1995 Sequences of charged sheets in rectorite American Mineralogist 80 247–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehler, S.J. Dufaud, F. and Oelkers, E.H., 2003 An experimental study of illite dissolution kinetics as a function of pH from 1.4 to 12.4 and temperature from 5 to 50 degrees C Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67 3583–3594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., 1979 Layer charge of regular interstratified 2:1 clay minerals Clays and Clay Minerals 27 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., 1981 Inorganic layer compounds—phenomena of interface reactions with organic compounds Naturwissenschaften 68 82–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., 1982 Layer charge heterogeneity in vermiculites Clays and Clay Minerals 30 215–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G. and Dékany, I., 2005 Adsorption on hydrophobized surfaces: Clusters and self-organization Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 114- 115 189–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagaly, G. and Weiss, A., 1969 Determination of layer charge in mica-type layer silicates Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Tokyo 61–80.Google Scholar
Lagaly, G. and Weiss, A., 1970 Arrangement and orientation of cationic surfactants on plane silicate surfaces. 1. Preparation of normal-alkylammonium derivates of mica type laminated silicates Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polymere 237 266–273.Google Scholar
Lagaly, G. and Weiss, A., 1970 Arrangement and orientation of cationic tensides on silicate surfaces. 2. Paraffin-like structures in alkylammonium layer silicates with high layer charge (mica) Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polymere 237 364–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G. and Weiss, A., 1970 Arrangement and orientation of cationic tensides on silicate surfaces. 3. Paraffin-like structures in alkylammonium layer silicates with an average layer load (vermiculite) Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polymere 238 485–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S.Y. and Kim, S.J., 2002 Expansion of smectite by hexadecyltrimethylammonium Clays and Clay Minerals 50 435–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C., 1949 Some notes on the recording and interpretation of X-ray diagrams of soil clays Journal of Soil Science 1 90–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maes, A. Stul, M.S. and Cremers, A., 1979 Layer chargecation-exchange capacity relationships in montmorillonite Clays and Clay Minerals 27 387–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malla, P.B. and Douglas, L.A., 1987 Identification of expanding layer silicates: layer charge vs. expansion properties Bloomington, Indiana, USA International Clay Conference, Denver, The Clay Minerals Society 277–283.Google Scholar
Meunier, A., 2007 Soil hydroxy-interlayered minerals: A reinterpretation of their crystallochemical properties Clays and Clay Minerals 55 380–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. Ahmed, J. and Grathoff, G., 1989 Mineralogy of the Eocene Ghazij Shale, Western Indus Basin, Pakistan Strasbourg, France Program with Abstracts: 9th International Clay Conference.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P.H. Wilson, M.J. McHardy, W.J. and Tait, J.M., 1984 Interstratified clays as fundamental particles Science 225 923–925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadeau, P.H. Wilson, M.J. McHardy, W.J. and Tait, J.M., 1985 The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis — evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones Mineralogical Magazine 49 393–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, E. and Hower, J., 1970 Burial diagenesis in Gulf Coast pelitic sediments Clays and Clay Minerals 18 165–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, E.A. and Hower, J., 1972 Late-stage dehydration in deeply buried pelitic sediments American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 56 2013–2021.Google Scholar
Powers, M.C., 1967 Fluid-release mechanisms in compacting marine mudrocks and their importance in oil exploration American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 51 1240–1254.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. and Hower, J., 1970 The nature of interlayering in mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 18 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, C.I., 1968 Hydroxy interlayers in expansible layer silicates Clays and Clay Minerals 16 15–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumann, D. Hartman, H. Eberl, D.D. Sears, S.K. Hesse, R. and Vali, H., 2012 Formation of replicating saponite from a gel in the presence of oxalate: Implications for the formation of clay minerals in carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of life Astrobiology 12 549–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sears, S.K. Hesse, R. Vali, H. Elliott, W.C. and Aronson, J.L., 1995 K-Ar dating of illite diagenesis in ultrafine fractions of mudrocks from the Reindeer D-27 well, Beaufort-Mackenzie area, Arctic Canada 105–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, S.K. Hesse, R. and Vali, H., 1998 Significance of nalkylammonium exchange in the study of 2:1 clay mineral diagenesis, Mackenzie Delta Beaufort Sea region, Arctic Canada The Canadian Mineralogist 36 1485–1506.Google Scholar
Shata, S. Hesse, R. Martin, R.F. and Vali, H., 2003 Expandability of anchizonal illite and chlorite: Significance for crystallinity development in the transition from diagenesis to metamorphism American Mineralogist 88 748–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, D.M. and Randall, S.R., 2003 Surface complexation of arsenic(V) to iron(III) (hydr)oxides: Structural mechanism from ab initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67 4223–4230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J., 1999 Nature of mixed-layer clays and mechanisms of their formation and alteration Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 19–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Eberl, D.D., and Bailey, S.W., 1984 Illite Micas Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America 495–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stillings, L.L. Drever, J.I. and Poulson, S.R., 1998 Oxalate adsorption at a plagioclase (An47) surface and models for ligand-promoted dissolution Environmental Science & Technology 32 2856–2864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoessell, R.K. and Pittman, E.D., 1990 Secondary porosity revisited—the chemistry of feldspar dissolution by carboxylic-acids and anions American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 74 1795–1805.Google Scholar
Sudo, T. Takahashi, H. and Matsui, H., 1954 A long spacing at about 30-KX confirmed from a fireclay Nature 173 261–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surdam, R.C. and MacGowan, D.B., 1978 Oilfield waters and sandstone diagenesis Applied Geochemistry 2 613–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tait, C.D. Janecky, D.R. Clark, D.L. Bennett, P.C., Kharaka, Y.K. and Maest, A.S., 1992 Oxalate complexation of aluminum (III) and iron (III) at moderately elevated temperatures Water—Rock Interaction Rotterdam Balkema 349–352.Google Scholar
Thyne, G.D. Harrison, W.J. Alloway, M.D., Kharaka, Y.K. and Maest, A.S., 1992 Experimental study of the stability of the Al-oxalate complex at 100ºC and calculations of the effects of complexation on clastic diagenesis Water-Rock Interaction 7 Rotterdam Balkema 353–357.Google Scholar
Vali, H. and Hesse, R., 1990 Alkylammonium treatment of clay minerals in ultrathin sections—A new method for HRTEM examination of expandable layers American Mineralogist 75 1443–1446.Google Scholar
Vali, H. and Hesse, R., 1992 Identification of vermiculite by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction Clay Minerals 27 185–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vali, H. and Köster, H. M., 1986 Expanding behavior, structural disorder, regular and random irregular interstratification of 2:1 layer silicates studied by high resolution images of transmisson electron microscopy Clay Minerals 21 827–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vali, H. Hesse, R. and Kohler, E.E., 1991 Combined freezeetch replicas and HRTEM images as tools to study fundamental particles and the multiphase nature of 2:1 layer silicates American Mineralogist 76 1973–1984.Google Scholar
Vali, H. Hesse, R. and Martin, R.F., 1994 A TEM-based definition of 2:1 layer silicates and their interstratified constituents American Mineralogist 79 644–653.Google Scholar
Weiss, A., 1981 Replication and evolution in inorganic systems Angewandte Chemie-International in English 20 850–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, S.A. and Ullman, W.J., 1996 Feldspar dissolution in acidic and organic solutions: Compositional and pH dependence of dissolution rate Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 2939–2948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, G.N. and Zelazny, L.W., 1988 Analysis and implications of the edge structure of dioctahedral phyllosilicates Clays and Clay Minerals 36 141–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, G., 1983 Hydrothermal reactivity of saponite Clays and Clay Minerals 31 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoon, T.H. Johnson, S.B. Musgrave, C.B. and Brown, G.E., 2004 Adsorption of organic matter at mineral/water interfaces: I. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic and quantum chemical study of oxalate adsorbed at boehmite/water and corundum/water interfaces Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68 4505–4518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, J.X. He, H.P. Guo, J.G. Yang, D. and Xie, X.D., 2003 Arrangement models of alkylammonium cations in the interlayer of HDTMA(+) pillared montmorillonites Chinese Science Bulletin 48 368–372.Google Scholar