Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T20:18:28.319Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hydrothermal Experiments Reveal the Influence of Organic Matter on Smectite Illitization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Jingong Cai ,
Jiazong Du ,
Zewen Chen ,
Tianzhu Lei  and
Xiaojun Zhu
Jingong Cai*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
Jiazong Du
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
Zewen Chen
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
Tianzhu Lei
Affiliation:
Lanzhou Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
Xiaojun Zhu
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Smectite illitization is an important diagenetic phenomenon of mudstones, but only rarely has the influence of organic matter (OM) on this process been examined. In the present study, hydrothermal experiments were conducted with smectite (M1, total organic carbon (TOC) <0.3%) and a smectite and N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (16DMA) complex (M2, TOC >1%). X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and organic carbon analyses were employed to characterize the mineralogy and OM of the samples and the effect of OM on smectite illitization. The XRD patterns showed changes in clay mineral parameters with increased temperature. These changes varied in both M1 and M2 and indicated a difference in the degree of smectite illitization. Moreover, the OM in M2 was mainly adsorbed in smectite interlayers, the OM was largely desorbed/decomposed at temperatures above 350°C, and the OM was the main reason for differences in the degree of smectite illitization between M1 and M2. Bulk mineral composition, elemental content, and infrared absorption band intensities were changed with increased temperature (especially above 350°C). This indicated the formation of new minerals (e.g., ankerite). Overall, OM entered the interlayer space of smectite in M2 and delayed the exchange of K+ by interlayer cations, and thus, suppressed the transformation of smectite to illite and resulted in differences in smectite illitization of M1 and M2. In particular, the formation of CO2 after the decomposition of OM at temperatures above 300°C led to the formation of ankerite in M2. This demonstrated the effect of organic-inorganic interactions on smectite illitization and mineral formation. The disparities in smectite illitization between M1 andM2, therefore, were linked to differences in the mineral formation mechanisms of a water-rock system (M1) and a water-rock-OM system (M2) in natural environments. The insights obtained in the present study should be of high importance in understanding organic-mineral interactions, hydrocarbon generation, and the carbon cycle.

Keywords

Hydrothermal ExperimentsMineral Formation MechanismOM OccurrenceSmectiteSmectite IllitizationSmectite-organic Complex
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 66 , Issue 1 , February 2018 , pp. 28 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2018

Footnotes

This paper was originally presented during the 3rd Asian Clay Conference, November 2016, in Guangzhou, China

References

Ahn, J. and Peacor, D., 1986 Transmission and analytical electron microscopy of the smectite-to-illite transition Clays and Clay Minerals 34 165–179.Google Scholar
Alstadt, K.N. Katti, D.R. and Katti, K.S., 2012 An in situ FTIR step-scan photoacoustic investigation of kerogen and minerals in oil shale Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 89 105–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altaner, S. and Ylagan, R., 1997 Comparison of structural models of mixed-layer illite/smectite and reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization Clays and Clay Minerals 45 517–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, D.E. and Chesters, G., 1964 Properties of protein-bentonite complexes as influenced by equilibration conditions Soil Science 98 39–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnarson, T.S. and Keil, R.G., 2007 Changes in organic matter—mineral interactions for marine sediments with varying oxygen exposure times Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 3545–3556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balsam, W.L. and Deaton, B.C., 1991 Sediment dispersal in the Atlantic Ocean: Evaluation by visible light spectra Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 4 411–447.Google Scholar
Baronnet, A., 1997 Silicate microstructures at the sub-atomic scale Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série 2. Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes (in French) 324 157–172.Google Scholar
Berthelin, J., Xu, J. and Huang, P.M., 2010 Soil microorganism-mineral-organic matter interactions and the impact on metal mobility Molecular Environmental Soil Science at the Interfaces in the Earth’s Critical Zone Hangzhou, China Springer 49–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bethke, C.M. and Altaner, S., 1986 Layer-by-layer mechanism of smectite illitization and application to a new rate law Clays and Clay Minerals 34 136–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boles, J.R. and Franks, S.G., 1979 Clay diagenesis in Wilcox sandstones of southwest Texas: Implications of smectite diagenesis on sandstone cementation Journal of Sedimentary Research 49 55–70.Google Scholar
Burst, J.F., 1969 Diagenesis of Gulf Coast clayey sediments and its possible relation to petroleum migration AAPG Bulletin 53 73–93.Google Scholar
Cai, J. (2004) Organic-complexes in Muddy Sediment and Mudstone. Science Press, Beijing, China, 212 pp.Google Scholar
Cai, J. Bao, Y. Yang, S. Wang, X. Fan, D. Xu, J. and Wang, A., 2007 Research on preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter in muddy sediment and mudstone Science China: Earth Science 50 765–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, J. Lu, L. Bao, Y. Fan, F. and Xu, J., 2012 The significance and variation characteristics of interlayer water in smectite of hydrocarbon source rocks Science China: Earth Science 55 397–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, J. Song, M. Lu, L. Bao, Y. Ding, F. and Xu, J., 2013 Organo-clay complexes in source rocksùa natural material for hydrocarbon generation Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology 33 123–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuadros, J., 2012 Clay crystal-chemical adaptability and transformation mechanisms Clay Minerals 47 147–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuadros, J. and Altaner, S.P., 1998 Compositional and structural features of the octahedral sheet in mixed-layer illite/smectite from bentonites European Journal of Mineralogy 10 111–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuadros, J. and Linares, J., 1996 Experimental kinetic study of the smectite-to-illite transformation Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 439–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickens, A.F. Baldock, J.A. Smernik, R.J. Wakeham, S.G. Arnarson, T.S. Gélinas, Y. and Hedges, J.I., 2006 Solid-state 13C NMR analysis of size and density fractions of marine sediments: Insight into organic carbon sources and preservation mechanisms Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70 666–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ding, C ^C, 2010 Mechanisms controlling adsorption of natural organic matter on surfactant-modified iron oxide-coated sand Water Research 44 3651–3658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drits, V.A. Lindgreen, H. and Salyn, A.L., 1997 Determination of the content and distribution of fixed ammonium in illite-smectite by X-ray diffraction: Application to North Sea illite-smectite American Mineralogist 82 79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D., 1978 Reaction series for dioctahedral smectites Clays and Clay Minerals 26 327–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D. and Srodon, J., 1988 Ostwald ripening and interparticle-diffraction effects for illite crystals American Mineralogist 73 1335–1345.Google Scholar
Egli, M. Mirabella, A. and Fitze, P., 2001 Clay mineral transformations in soils affected by fluorine and depletion of organic matter within a time span of 24 years Geoderma 103 307–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GBT 14506.28-2010, 2010 Methods for chemical analysis of silicate rocks-Part 28: Determination of 16 major and minor elements content Beijing Standards Press of China.Google Scholar
Ge, Y. Liu, L. and Ji, J., 2009 Rapid quantification of calcite in North Atlantic sediments by drifts and its climate significance-example of drilling site U1308 Geological Journal of China Universities 15 184–191.Google Scholar
Greenwood, P. Brocks, J. Grice, K. Schwark, L. Jaraula, C. Dick, J. and Evans, K., 2013 Organic geochemistry and mineralogy. I. Characterisation of organic matter associated with metal deposits Ore Geology Reviews 50 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grim, R.E., 1953 Clay Mineralogy New York McGraw-Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanke, A. Sauerwein, M. Kaiser, K. and Kalbitz, K., 2014 Does anoxic processing of dissolved organic matter affect organic—mineral interactions in paddy soils? Geoderma 228 62–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, H. Frost, R.L. Bostrom, T. Yuan, P. Duong, L. Yang, D. Xi, Y. and Kloprogge, J.T., 2006 Changes in the morphology of organoclays with HDTMA+ surfactant loading Applied Clay Science 31 262–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, H. Guo, J. Xie, X. and Pen, J., 1999 Experimental studies on the selective adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Cr2+ ions on montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite and the influence of medium conditions Acta Mineralogical Sinica 19 231–235.Google Scholar
He, K. Zhang, S. Wang, X. Mi, J. Mao, R. and Hu, G., 2013 Effect of gas generation from in situ cracking of residual bitumen in source on hydrocarbon generation from organic matter Acta Petrolei Sinica 34 57–64.Google Scholar
Howard, J.J. and Roy, D., 1985 Development of layer charge and kinetics of experimental smectite alteration Clays and Clay Minerals 33 81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. Eslinger, E.V. Hower, M.E. and Perry, E.A., 1976 Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediment: 1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence Geological Society of America Bulletin 87 725–737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W.L. Longo, J.M. and Pevear, D.R., 1993 An experimentally derived kinetic model for smectite-to-illite conversion and its use as a geothermometer Clays and Clay Minerals 41 162–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Kohyama, N. Kitagawa, R. and Watanabe, T., 1987 Chemical and morphological evidence for the conversion of smectite to illite Clays and Clay Minerals 35 111–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Watanabe, T. Kohyama, N. and Brusewitz, A.M., 1990 Characterization of illitization of smectite in bentonite beds at Kinnekulle, Sweden Clays and Clay Minerals 38 241–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, M.J. Pevear, D.R. and Hill, R.J., 2002 Mineral surface control of organic carbon in black shale Science 295 657–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kothawala, D. Roehm, C. Blodau, C. and Moore, T., 2012 Selective adsorption of dissolved organic matter to mineral soils Geoderma 189 334–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanson, B. Sakharov, B.A. Claret, F. and Drits, V.A., 2009 Diagenetic smectite-to-illite transition in clay-rich sediments: A reappraisal of X-ray diffraction results using the multi-specimen method American Journal of Science 309 476–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasaga, A.C. and Luttge, A., 2001 Variation of crystal dissolution rate based on a dissolution stepwave model Science 291 2400–2404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leithold, E.L. Perkey, D.W. Blair, N.E. and Creamer, T.N., 2005 Sedimentation and carbon burial on the northern California continental shelf: The signatures of land-use change Continental Shelf Research 25 349–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, J. and David, J.B., 2005 Palynofacies: Principles and methods Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 44 138–156.Google Scholar
Li, Y. Cai, J. Song, G. and Ji, J., 2015 Drift spectroscopic study of diagenetic organic-clay interactions in argillaceous source rocks Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 148 138–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y. Cai, J. Song, M. Ji, J. and Bao, Y., 2016 Influence of organic matter on smectite illitization: A comparison between red and dark mudstone from the Dongying Depression, China American Mineralogist 101 134–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W. Ni, Y. and Xiao, H., 2005 Preparation and characterization of hydrophobic cationic montmorillonite Transactions of China Pulp and Paper 20 169–173.Google Scholar
Lu, L. Cai, J. Liu, W. Teng, E. and Hu, W., 2011 Water bridges mechanism of organo smectite interaction in argillaceous hydrocarbon source rocks: Evidences from in situ drift spectroscopic study Oil & Gas Geology 32 47–55.Google Scholar
Lu, X. Hu, W. Fu, Q. Miao, D. Zhou, G. and Hong, Z., 1999 Study of combination pattern of soluble organic matters and clay minerals in the immature source rocks in Dongying Depression, China Scientia Geologica Sinica 34 72–80.Google Scholar
Mayer, L.M., 1994 Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 1271–1284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metwally, Y.M. and Chesnokov, E.M., 2012 Clay mineral transformation as a major source for authigenic quartz in thermo-mature gas shale Applied Clay Science 55 138–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., 1997 X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals New York Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mosser-Ruck, R. Cathelineau, M. Baronnet, A. and Trouiller, A., 1999 Hydrothermal reactivity of K-smectite at 300°C and 100 bar: Dissolution-crystallization process and non-expandable dehydrated smectite formation Clay Minerals 34 275–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosser-Ruck, R. Pironon, J. Cathelineau, M. and Trouiller, A., 2001 Experimental illitization of smectite in K-rich solution European Journal of Mineralogy 13 829–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. Wilson, M. McHardy, W. and Tait, J., 1985 The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis: Evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones Mineralogical Magazine 49 393–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naderizadeh, Z. Khademi, H. and Arocena, J., 2010 Organic matter induced mineralogical changes in clay-sized phlogopite and muscovite in alfalfa rhizosphere Geoderma 159 296–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nemecz, E., 1981 Clay Minerals Budapest, Hungary Akademiai Kiado.Google Scholar
Nguyen, T. Janik, L.J. and Raupach, M., 1991 Diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform (drift) spectroscopy in soil studies Soil Research 29 49–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olives, J. Amouric, M. and Perbost, R., 2000 Mixed layering of illite-smectite: Results from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and lattice-energy calculations Clays and Clay Minerals 48 282–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacton, M. Gorin, G.E. and Vasconcelos, C., 2011 Amorphous organic matter — experimental data on formation and the role of microbes Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 166 253–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parbhakar, A. Cuadros, J. Sephton, M.A. Dubbin, W. Coles, B.J. and Weiss, D., 2007 Adsorption of l-lysine on montmorillonite Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 307 142–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, M. and Small, J., 1988 Illite-smectite diagenesis and palaeotemperatures in northern North Sea Quaternary to Mesozoic shale sequences Clay Minerals 23 109–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peltonen, C. Marcussen, Bjørlykke, K. and Jahren, J., 2009 Clay mineral diagenesis and quartz cementation in mudstones: The effects of smectite to illite reaction on rock properties Marine and Petroleum Geology 26 887–898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pentrák, M. Bizovská, V. and Madejová, J., 2012 Near-IR study of water adsorption on acid-treated montmorillonite Vibrational Spectroscopy 63 360–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez, M.A. Moreira-Turcq, P. Gallard, H. Allard, T. and Benedetti, M.F., 2011 Dissolved organic matter dynamic in the Amazon basin: Sorption by mineral surfaces Chemical Geology 286 158–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, E.A. and Hower, J., 1970 Burial diagenesis in Gulf Coast pelitic sediments Clays and Clay Minerals 18 165–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, C.O., 1971 Appendix: Semidisplacive mechanism for diagenetic alteration of montmorillonite layers to illite layers Geological Society of America Special Papers 134 79–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusino, A. Liu, W. and Gessa, C., 1993 Dimepiperate adsorption and hydrolysis on Al3+, Fe3+, Ca2+, and Na+ montmorillonite Clays and Clay Minerals 41 335–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnis, A., 2002 Mineral replacement reactions: From macroscopic observations to microscopic mechanisms Mineralogical Magazine 66 689–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramseyer, K. and Boles, J., 1986 Mixed-layer illite/smectite minerals in Tertiary sandstones and shales, San Joaquin Basin, California Clays and Clay Minerals 34 115–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C., 1985.NEWMOD, A Computer Program for the Calculation of One-dimensional Diffraction Patterns of Mixed-layered ClaysGoogle Scholar
Roberson, H.E. and Lahann, R.W., 1981 Smectite to illite conversion rates: Effects of solution chemistry Clays and Clay Minerals 29 129–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulten, H.R. Leinweber, P. and Theng, B., 1996 Characterization of organic matter in an interlayer clay-organic complex from soil by pyrolysis methylation-mass spectrometry Geoderma 69 105–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J. Elsass, F. McHardy, W. and Morgan, D., 1992 Chemistry of illite-smectite inferred from TEM measurements of fundamental particles Clay Minerals 27 137–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theng, B.K.G., 1974 The Chemistry of Clay-organic Reactions New York, USA Wiley.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G., 1979 Formation and Properties of Clay-polymer Complexes Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G. Churchman, G. and Newman, R., 1986 The occurrence of interlayer clay-organic complexes in two New Zealand soils Soil Science 142 262–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thyberg, B. Jahren, J. Winje, T. Bjørlykke, K. Faleide, J.I. Marcussen, , 2010 Quartz cementation in Late Cretaceous mudstones, northern North Sea: Changes in rock properties due to dissolution of smectite and precipitation of micro-quartz crystals Marine and Petroleum Geology 27 1752–1764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tissot, B. and Welte, D., 1984 Petroleum Formation and Occurrence: A New Approach to Oil and Gas Exploration Berlin, Germany Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyson, R.V., Jenkins, D.G., 1993 Palynofacies analysis Applied Micropalaeontology Netherlands Springer 153–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B. and Vasseur, G., 1992 Estimation of the diagenetic smectite to illite transformation in time-temperature space American Mineralogist 77 967–976.Google Scholar
Wang, S., 1998 Stability of interlayer water of montmorillonite under burial conditions Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry 17 211–216.Google Scholar
Whitney, G., 1990 Role of water in the smectite-to-illite reaction Clays and Clay Minerals 38 343–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, G. and Velde, B., 1993 Changes in particle morphology during illitization: An experimental study Clays and Clay Minerals 41 209–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, S. and Harsh, J.B., 1992 Alkali cation selectivity and surface charge of 2:1 clay minerals Clays and Clay Minerals 40 567–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y. Lei, T. Xing, L. Cai, J. Wu, Y. and Si, G., 2015 Oil generation abilities of chemically bound organic matter in different types of organic clay complexes Petroleum Geology & Experiment 37 487–493.Google Scholar
Yariv, S. and Cross, H., 2002 Organo-clay Complexes and Interactions New York, USA Dekker.Google Scholar
Yariv, S. and Lapides, I., 2005 The use of thermo-XRD-analysis in the study of organo-smectite complexes Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 80 11–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, M. Li, J. Wu, X. Wang, M. Chen, X. and Wang, G., 2014 High-temperature pyrolysis gas-sourcing potential of organic matter in marine shale source rock system China Petroleum Exploration 19 1–11.Google Scholar