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High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) Study of Stacking Irregularity in Fe-Rich Chlorite From Selected Hydrothermal Ore Deposits

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Sayako Inoué  and
Toshihiro Kogure
Sayako Inoué*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Toshihiro Kogure
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
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Abstract

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The structures of Fe-rich chlorite and berthierine and the formation mechanisms of 7 Å–14 Å interstratified minerals were not previously fully understood owing to the difficulties in analyzing them by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The present study characterizes Fe-rich chlorites in quartz veins of epithermal to xenothermal vein-type ore deposits without later structural modifications, based on high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) along with XRD examination and chemical analysis. Samples have a wide range of Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios from 0.38 to 0.98 and tetrahedral Al substitution for Si from 0.94 to 1.44 atoms per formula unit (apfu). The variation in Fe content nearly parallels the tetrahedral Al content. The formation temperatures estimated by chlorite geothermometry range from 190°C to 320°C. In HRTEM, most of the samples showed interstratification between 7 Å, 14 Å, and/or (in some samples) smectite layers. Chlorites with relatively low Fe contents (Fe/(Fe+Mg) ≈ 0.4) were characterized by mostly 14 Å periodicity with the polytype IIbb. In contrast, interstratification of 7 Å and 14 Å layers predominated with increasing Fe content and the proportion of 7 Å layers exceeds 80% in Fe-rich samples with Fe/(Fe+Mg) > 0.9. The 7 Å component layer approximated Fe-rich berthierine based on the chemical composition. Layer stacking structures in the Fe-rich samples were complex, and characterized by disorder of 7 Å and 14 Å layers, differences in the polarity of the tetrahedral sheets, variations of the slant of the octahedral sheets, and positional disorder between octahedral and tetrahedral sheets involving the hydrogen bonding, as indicated from HRTEM observations along the Yi directions of the phyllosilicates. The complex stacking structures observed in Fe-rich samples suggest that irregularity was controlled by neither the Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio nor the formation temperature; stacking was controlled by kinetic factors in the process of mineral precipitation under disequilibrium conditions.

Keywords

BerthierineChloriteHRTEMPolytypismSerpentine-Chlorite Interstratified Mineral
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 64 , Issue 2 , April 2016 , pp. 131 - 144
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2016

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